THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  CALIFORNIA 


GIFT  OF 
HORACE  W.  CARPENTIER 


Political  and  Commercial 
CONSIDERATIONS 
Relative  to 
THE  MALAYAN  PENINSULA 
BRITISH  SETTLEIffiNTS 

in  the 
STRAITS  OF  i«0E5H  >^^^'^<^'^ 

By  John  Anderson 

Printed  under  Authority  of  Government 
By  William  Cox 

1824 


Lbs  :lb  Ibo  ' 


crnsitirrxsv  -ish  tsi 


.*."-.• 


CfK;KO0 


^o-, 


••  -* 


Ir J^  rm^ri  fr  -ii;  •  ^  i*u  M::^ 


CARP£NTl£ft 

TO 
THE   HONORAftLB 

ROBERT  FULL^RtON,  Esq. 
JGOVfiRNOtt  Oif 

prfitte  of  ailate  f  slaitu  anti  tts  lOt^tt^^tizs^ 

THIS  TOLUMB  IS  RESPECTFULLY  INSCRIBED^ 
ttlS  MOST  OBEDXENTj  FAITHFUL  SERVANT^ 

THE  AtJtHOR* 


478 


DSSU 

A  5r 


Tn:^m. 


>    :•. 


(  '' 


/.:nr.r'/::r' 


i.:,,  .'C^ 


-Cf?  'lif 


CONTENfS. 


1«  t*refar«itofy  fteinar^s  ;.-.  vi*.*  i^^^/Page  i  to  vlii 
IS.  Lettei"  to  Government  .•«•..,«  i.  ^  •  i.  » * .  *  i  to  ix 
d.  Introductioil  .k.^    ..k^    *•»'.    .^.i,.    .t^.  i  to    xt 

'4»  Considerations  on  the  Conquest  of  Quedah 

and  Perak,  by  the  Siamese,  &c. . .  i »  . .  •   I  to  1 1i 
5.  Description  of  the  Tin  Countries,  &c«  ..4   113  to  204* 


APPENDIX* 


H'   ••■•■>> 


i.  'f  ranslation  of  a  Letter  front  the  Mfnist^i^ 
of  the  King  of  Ava  to  the  Rajah  of  Que- 
dah at  Prince  of  Wales  Island-..*  .^P^e   i    Id     if 

Si  Translation  of  a  Letter  from  the  Rajah  of 
Tavei  or  Tavoy  to  the  Rajah  of  Quedah 
at  Pulo  Pinan|;.  4 .  * . «    « ^  * .    .  • » ^    ^  ^ . .  iv  to    riii 

8,  Memorandum  of  a  eooferericc  bfelwe^n  the 
Honorable  the  Governor  and  th6  Mes* 
sengers  from  the  Rajah  of  Ligore^  od 
Saturday  the  Srd  April  1824.. i.    .. i. Viii  t6   iiV 

6.  Ouedah  Tfealy  **   .*^  .*-i  ...^   .*-.  xv  to^viilj 

7.  Perak  Treaty  .*. .   ...*   .-.^    -^4   ...ixviiito  xX 

8.  Salengore  Treaty  ... .   -...^   .--•-   .i. -xxi  to  xxiil 
^»  Johore  Treaty  **••  -*-i  -i**  •••fcik-*  xxiv  toxxvi* 


yy 


10.  AboriginaV  InhabUants  of  the  Malayan 
Peninsula,  and  particularly  of  the  Ne- 
groes called  Semang Page  xxvii(oxl?ii 

!!•  Descriptionof  the  Island  of  Junk  Ceylon. -xlviri   to   )x 

12.  Extract  of  a  Letter  addressed  by  the  late 

Mr,  James  Scott  to  the  Governor  Ge* 

neral,  relatire  to  Junk  Ceylon .Ix     to     Ixi 

13.  The  probable  advantages  of  the  English 

Company  possessing  Junk  Ceylon,   by    '       /'J      . 
James  Scott,  Esq . Ixii    to    Ixr 

14.  Extract  from  Captain  Kyd's  Memoir  oq 
Pinang •••. Ixvi 

15.  Extract  of  a  Letter  from  Colonel  Kyd.  ..Ixri  toIxTiii. 


>o<»<::^<r>ov 


■.>'t  I..-/'*- 


Some  Errors  of  the  Prcai  have  arisen  from  the  haste  witk 
which  the  following  sheets  have  bceo  priated  and  the  waot  of 
that  due  attention  to  the  correction,  which  the  Author's  public 
duties  prevented  him  from  bestowing,  to  the  extent  neccssar/^ 
He  therefore  requests  the  Reader  will  indulgently  overlook  suck 
defects. 


*gp!ff«ppifnii^9niH!;i««n«Rl!<P^^^ 


mf*im 


•a'---"^    ■[-:         i:» 


^iM  ijH 


LETTER  TO  GOVERN MBHT.. 


Tc^ 


W.    M.  WILLIAMS,  Esauias; 

Acting  Secretary  Ta  Govern afENTr 


,'^- 


Placed  as  I  have  been,  for  sometime  past,  in^  situations 
which  have  given  me  favorable  opportunities  of  acquirin|^ 
information  respecting  the  neighbouring  Native' Statej?^ 
while  Commercial  Agent  to  this  Government  andmorfe 
recently,  conducting  the  correspondence  between  the  late 
Governor  and  the  authorities  at  Ligore  and  Quedah — I 
take  the  liberty  of  respectfully  submitting  to  the  Honora- 
ble the  Governor  in  Council,  the  result  of  my  enquiries 
upon  a  subject,  which  has,  during  the  few  last  years,  en-* 
gaged  the  attention  ofthis  Government,  and  a  con^idera-* 
tion  of  which  is  daily  becoming  more  momentous,  in  con-* 
sequence,  not  only  of  the  com-nencement  of  hostilities 
against  the  Burmahs,  the  meditated  expeditions  against 
the  Southern  Ports  of  that  Empire,  the  very  unsatisfac* 
tory  footing  upon  which  the  British  Government  at  pre* 
sent  stands  with  Siam,  more  especially  vrith  the  raino^ 
State  of  Ligore  atid  its  present  dependency  of  Quedah,  but 


11 


Letter  to.  GovEaNMENt. 


also  the  unsuccessful  issue  of  the  late  Governor's  negocia- 
tions  in  view  to  effect  the  restoration  of  the  King  of  Que- 
dah;  the  deceit  and  cunning  evinced  by  the  Ligor  Chief 
and  his  agents,  during  the  whole  progress  of  these  negocia- 
tions  and  the  development  of  his  real  intentions,  by  the 
uncourteous  reception  of  the  agent  who  was  lately  deputed 
to  Traang. 

The  first  part  of  the  accompanying  paper  contains  some 
reflections  upon  the  conquest  of  Perak  and  Quedah,  a 
brief  account  of  the  early  Malayan  Establishments  on  the 
Peninsula  and  the  relative  connection  of  the  Quedah 
State  with  Siam  and  Prince  of  Wales  Island;  an  cxpo^'tion 
of  the  advantages  likely  to  result  from  declaring  Quedah 
and  the  whole  of  the  Malayan  States  under  the  protection 
of  the  British  Government,  restoring  a  weak  Ally  to  the 
Throne  of  his  Ancestors,  not  so  much  from  a  considera* 
tion  of  the  Claims  which  he  has  to  support,  however  strong, 
as  from  a  regard  to  the  interests  and  prosperity  of  the 
British  Settlements;  to  which  is  added  a  few  suggestions 
relative  to  the  policy  to  be  pursued,  for  the  improvement 
of  the  declining  commerce  of  this  port  with  these  States. 

The  second  division  contains  a  descriptive  Sketch  of  the 
Tin  Countries  on  the  Western  side  of  the  Malayan  Penin- 
sula, from  the  Island  of  Junk  Ceylon  to  the  river  Lingi, 
near  Malacca  and  the  rivers  on  that  Coast,  intended  to 
*hew  the  boundaries  of  the  several  States  as  defined  and 
admitted  by  the  best  Native  Authorities;  to  point  out  th^ 
separate  rights  of  each  and  the  facilities  which  exist  for 


Letter  to  Government*  iS 

oxtending^' the  commercial  intercourse  with  these  States 
and  drawing  forth  the  valuable  products  with  which  the 
Peninsula  is  known  to  abound. 

The  object  of  my  investigation  has  been  to  remove 
some  misconceptions  which  hare  been  too  generally  cir- 
culated, respecting  the  tributary  dependence  of  Quedah 
upon  Siam,  as^  implied  from  the  anciently  established 
Ceremony  of  transmitting  a  Boonga  Mas,  or  Gold  and 
Silver  flower, — and  to  direct  the  attention  of  the  higher 
aathorities  to  a  subject  of  deep  importance  to  this  Settle- 
ment, which  may  possibly  not  be  overlooked,  in  the 
future  negociations  with  the  Court  of  Siam.  It  has  beea 
my  aim,  by  collecting  and  carefully  comparing  different 
authorities,  to  shew,  not  only  the  advantage  to  British 
Interests,  but  the  absolute  necessity  of  immediate  inter* 
ference  in  the  affairs  of  Quedah. 

The  dispersion  of  the  Malays  by  the  lawless  oppres- 
sions of  the  Siamese,  is  unquestionably  giving  ericouragef 
ment  to  a  very  alarming  system  of  piracy,  and  the  decline 
of  trade,  the  scarcity  and  enhanced  price  of  grain  and 
other  supplies  have  been  too  sensibly  felt,  of  late,  to  escape 
notice.  Measures  of  the  utmost  forbearance  have  already 
experienced  a  trial  of  three  years,  but  the  prospect  of 
a  satisfactory  adjustment  appears  as  distant  as  ever,  while 
the  Government  is  obliged  to  comply  with  the  selfish 
policy  of  the  authorities  at  Quedah  and  pay  a  bounty 
upon  the  grain  which  used  to  be  imported  formerly,  at 
one  half  the  price* 


it  TOTTEtL  TO  GoYBRNUBltlW 

These  observations  were  penned   fn  the  latter   parft 
of  last  year,  prior  to  the  knowledge  of  an  intended  rup^ 
lure  with  the  Burinahs,  and  at  a  time  whea  the  publie 
mind')  at  this  Settlement^  was  ccnsiderably  agitated  by  the 
reports  which  daily  arrived,  of  a  meditated  invai^iun  b/ 
the  Siamese.     These  remarks  are*  submitted    therefore^ 
with,  the  utmost  deference,  in^  the  hope  that  the  Hon'ble 
the  Governor  m  Council^  will  indulgently   overlook*  any 
imperfections  in  the  executfon  of  the  task,  in  considerations 
of  the  importance  of  the  subject  to  the  interests  of  this- 
Island! 

.  r  have  the  honor  to  be«. 

V  -  Sir, 

V  ri^i-  Your  most  Obedient  Servant^ 

(Signed)  J.ANDERSON, 

.  ^  «-  .         Malay  TaANsLAxoa  xo  Govt;;. 

Pinang,.llth  Sept.  1824;.'—;^ 


^i-^ 


CONSIDERATIONS, 


Hi 


OK  THE 


CONQUEST  OF  QUEDJH  AND  PERAK. 


'      *'* ,     '  Introduction* 


I 


N  undertaking  the  compilatioa  of  the  following  work, 
and  presenting,  in  a   condensed  form,  a  detail  of  the  vari- 
ous circunistaaces   connected    with  th3  subversion  of  the 
Milayan  Government  of  Quedah,  and   the  subjugation  of 
other  minor  States  by  the  Siamese,  which  a  ready    access 
to  official  records   and    tiie   most  authentic  documents  has 
enabled  me  to  accomplish ;   in  bringing  forward  also,  in 
support  of  my   own   opinions  and  arguments,   founded 
upon  a  very  deliberate  con^'ideration   of  the  subject,  the 
most  powerful  and  respectable   authorities   in  favor  of  an 
immediate  interference,  on  the  part  of  the  British  Go?ern- 
ment,  in  affairs  which  so  nearly  concern   its  own  interests 
and  permanency  in  this  quarter ;  I  was   prompted  by  an 
anxious  desire  to  fulfill  a  duty   which,   however   desirous 
I  was  that  it  had  devolved  to  abler  hands  I  felt  myself  im« 
pelled,  from  the  consideration  of  the  Official  situation  I 
held,  and  the  opportunities  I  have  enjojed  of  visiting 


\ 


it  Introduction. 

Eomc  of  the  princfpal  places  on   the  \Yestcra  coast  of  the 
Malayan  Peninsela,  to  attempt  (he  execution  of» 

It  is  not  njy  wish  to  claim   any  merit  for  this  ToFuntary 
task,  (which  has  been   brought  to  a  conclusion  without 
the  aid  of  any  one  vrho   might    possibly  have  guided  ray 
inexperienced  judgement,)  beyond  that  of  diligence  and 
industry  in  the  collection  of  the  raaterials,  and  a  couscfen- 
tious  d^*ire  to  present,  in  as  concise   a  form  as  possible,  a 
fair  and  impartial  view  of  a  question  of  deep  fmportance, 
upon  which  so  many  conflicting  sentiments  hare  prevailed. 
My  investigation  ha^  been  laboriously  minute,  aiid  1  have 
overlooked  no  practicable  means  of  acquiring  the  most 
correct  information.     If  I  shall  have  succeeded,  therefore^ 
in  removing  any  mistaken    impressions   which  may   have  • 
existed  relative  to  the  political  connection  of  thd  Siamese  ' 
and  Malayan  States,   and  in   inducing  a  more  attentive  - 
consideration  to  a  subject  of  no  small  moment,  my  object^ 
will  be  attained.  ^^'^-^"^  ^' '^   ^  ''' 

When  we  reflect  upon  the  magnitude  of  our  possessions'' 
in  India  and  their  importance  to  the  Parent  State,  every 
thing  connected    with   them,    either  in  a  commefciat  or*' 
political  point  of  view   has  a  claim   to  serious  attention;'^ 
but  when  we  consider  what  an   ambitious   disposition  has, 
of  late  years,  been  evinced,  by   the   two  powerful  States  of* 
Ava  and    Siam  to   ruake   enc'  roachments  upon  the  ter- 
ritories of  their  neighbours,   and    how  deeply  British  in- 
terests have  been,  and  still  are  afl'ected  by  such  proceed- 
ings, the  necessity  of  examining   and  carefully  weighing^' 
every  circumstaace  connected  with  our  political  relations, 


Introduction.  ,  \iii 


befiomes  apparent  5  and  it  h  the  paramount  du(y  of  all 
who  have  ihe  interests  of  their  employers  at  heart,  and 
vliose  Official  situations  enable  them  to  form,  a  judgement 
of  such,  events, — to  lend  a  helping  hand  in  warding  off  ^ 
impending  dangers, — to  anticipate  probabilities, — no  less 
than  to  endeavoar"  to  restore  tranquillity  amongst  the  ' 
surrounding  nations.  ^ 

Th^  recent  events  which  hate  involved  the  British  Go^  . 
vernment,  in  defence  of  its  rights  and  in  opposition  to  the 
unjustifiable  aggressions  of  the  Burmahs,  in  active  hostili-? 
ties  with  the  powerful   Etiipire   of  Ava,  and  the  extra- 
ordinary and  alarming  line  of  conduct  which   has  marked  , 
the  proceedings  of  the   no  less  ambitious  power  of  Siani 
towards  the  Malayan   States  and    the  Britisli  Government 
of  Prince  of  Wales   Island,   seem  to  point  out  the  present,  , 
as  a  fit  time,  for  offering  such  observations  as  an  attentive  . 
reflection  may  have  originated. 

We  have  lately  beheld  a  remarkable  illustr^ti^pjr^^of  the  ^ 
aggrandizing  spirit  of  the.  Ava   Govcrnmentj.Jn,  the  cor- 
respondence of  the  Ministers  of  that  Court  and  jhe  R^juh 
of  Tavoy  with  the  Ex-King   of  Quedah,*     That   corres- 
pondence fully  evinces  a  desire  to  reduce  the  whole  of  the 
Malayan  States  to. tributary   dependence  Upon   Ava,  and  * 
an  intentjon;orwrestiug  froih  the  Siamese,  the  possessions; 
lately  acquired  by  treachery  by  that  equally  despotic  Go* 
vernment.     We  have  .also   witnessed  other  projects,  in-^, 
dicaling  the  extent  of  their  policy  and  deep  schemes,  ia; 

•  Vide  A^'fcodix*        ^'''^^^''^^^^^■:^\^"^r^t 


mmmmmm^ 


iv*^  LVTRODUCTib>\ '" 


the  attempt  of  the  Burmahs  to  form  a  closer  connectioa  ' 
and  alliance  with   the  Cochin-Chinese   Government,    by  '' 
the  deputation,  last  year,  of  a  Mission  to  that  Court,  under  ' 
Mr.  Gibson.     The   prompt  declaration  of   War   by  the 
British  Government  and  the  extensive   warlike  operations 
which  followed,  have,  no  doubt,  diverted   for  a  time,  the 
Burmahs  from  the  plans  they   were  well  understood  to  be 
making  rapid  preparations  for  executing  ;  and  we  are  in- 
debted  to  the  vigorous  measures  of  the  Supreme  Authorities, 
that  this  neighbourhood  is  not,  at  this  moment,  the  scene 
of  war  and   depopulation.     Relieved,    however,    by  ac«^ ^ 
cidental  circumstances,  from  such  expected  calamities  on 
one  hand,  the  present  aspect  of  aflfairs,  in   regard  to  the 
Siamese,  cannot  fail  to  engender,   in   the  minds  of  those  ' 
who  take   a   careful  review   of  all  the  circumstances  con«  ' 
nected   with  the  negociations  with  the  Rajah  of  Ligore,- ^ 
an  expectation,  that  the  relief  is   but  temporary  and  that  ' 
the  present  order  of  things  is  not  such  as  to  encourage  a 
belief,  that  the  British  Government  will  be  able  to  submit  - 
much  longer  to  the  line  of  policy  pursued  by  the  Siamese,  t 
The  state   of  agitation    and   apprehension  in  which  the  - 
Settlement   of  Pinang  has   been    kept  since  the  arrival  of  j 
the  Siamese  at  Quedah  and  the  many  inconveniences  whicK*  v 
have  resulted  both  to  the  British  Government  and  its  du«^> 
merous  subjects,  as  well  as  the  inhabitants  of  th^  populous  - 
countries  around  us,  do  assuredly  point  out  the  necessity  ! 
of  a  speedy   consideration  and  final  adjustment  in  sonie 
wajorothcn  ^       .       '•'  ' 


JiSiRonuctios.*  t 

:    "The  sooner  we   interfere  In  the  affvrs  4>f  Qucdali,  the 
^greater  will  be  the  probability  of  suceess.     The  Siamese 
mil,  no  doubt,  be  under  isome  alarm  at  our  proceeding! 
«ith  th«  Burraahs,  so  long  sls  we  continue  •siK^cessfiii ;  as 
they  would  encroiich  iipon us  more  and    more,  were  the  <i 
contrary  to  be  xhe  result.    We  should  now  avail  oarselTeg^'v^ 
therefore,   of    the  opportunity  of  taking    advantage  of 
iheir  alarms:  [or  pacific  niegocialioiis  have  been  tried^i 
-but  tried  in  vaia*     The  longer  they   retain  Quedah,  thQ. 
stronger   will  Jbe  their  claims,   and  it  would  certainly  bs. 
extremely  injudicious  in  us  to  delay  .until  all  their  projects 
have  been   brought  to  maturity^  and  they  have  acquirec^ 
claims  by  longaud  ujiopposed  passessioa. 

Much  diversity  of  opinion  has  prevailed  relative  to  the 
principles^f  policy  which  should  guide  the  authorities  m 
ihis  country^  in  their  intercourse  and  conneeUo4is  with  the 
various  Native  powers;  but  experience  has  fully  testified 
that  the  liberal  and  enlightened  views  c»'  Lord  Wellesly 
are  the  best  adapted  to  the  peculiar  circumstaeees  ef  our 
vast  Empire,  which  has  grown  upon  us  inseusibly,  and 
that  a  steady  adherence  to  that  system  is  well  calcalated 
to  secure  the  tranquillity  of  India  and  the  permanency  of 
our  authority  in  these  extensive  regions,  no  less  than  so- 
lid advantages  to  the  state,  by  increasing  revenues  and 
improvement  in  the  condition  of  the  numerous  and  di- 
versified population  of  the  country,  as  an  opposite  praetiee 
would  infallibly,  eventually  entail  upon  us  the  most  per- 
nicious consequences  and  endanger  the  security  of  ouc 
possessions*  *-   :-..^^>   r^^t: 


...,,,^,.,jj4ij|iuy]iiiiyii^^ 


ri  iNTBODircTroifi; 

Distinct  and  different  as  are  the  inhabitants  of  the  East 
from  ihe  West,  as  dissimilar  in  respect  to  many   points  of  - 
principle  and  character  as  they  arc  in  their  colour;  bound 
Lj  few  moral  obligations ;  ignorant  and  utterly  disregard*^ 
ful  of  those  sound  maxims  and  principles  of  policy   irhick 
guide  the  more  enlightened  Nations  of  the  West,  and  uni« 
tersally  regarding  might  as  right,  we  shall,    in  vain,   en^ 
deavour  to  guide  our  conduct  towards  them  by  fixed  prin-^ 
ciples  or  to  compel  them  to  a  steady  and  faivhful adherence 
to  any  proposed  and  consistent  system*     Naturally  tyran* 
nical  and  ambitious  in   their  dispositions^   power  is  their 
idol,  and  if  vested  with  the  means,  they  regard  no  acts  as 
unjustifiable  or  unfair  in  gaining  the  ascendency  and   in  : 
wresting,  by  force,  from  their  neighbours,  what  they  can- 
not assume  as  a  right  or  obtain  by  measures  of  pacific  ne* 
gociation.     This  remark  is  more  or  less  applicable  to  the 
whole  of  the  nations  of  Asia,  with  whom  we  have  had  in* 
tercourse, (but  to  none  mere  so  than   the   Siamese  and 
Burmahs,)  and  from  the  natural  and  inherent  constitution 
and  character  of  these  races^  it  may  be  visionary   even  ta 
expect,  that  education  and  familiarity   with  '^hc   customs 
of  other  nations,  will,  for  a  series  of  ages  to  come^  cradi* 
cate  such  deep  rooted  prejudices.'  ..  i  ifrp 

However  desirous  the  British  Government  has  been  ti 
conciliate  the  good  will  of  its  neighbours,  how  ready 
soever  it  has  always  shown  itself  to  repay  concession  by 
concession,  and  to  encourage  the  most  friendly  commercial 
relations,  how  aversci  at  all  times,  to  proceed  to  extremi'* 


iNTBObirCTIOli. '  '  TU 

tics,  Vfhen  reluctantly  forced  to  repel  aggression,  still  mo* 
deration  has  its  limits,  and  a  compromise  of  its  just  and 
inherent  rights  or  a  tardiness  in  repelling  encroachment, 
would  generally  entail  more  serious  evils  than  wc  suffer  from 
being  engaged  in  occasional  hostilities.  The  ascendancy 
which  the  British  name  and  power  has  gained  throughout 
the  East;  an  ascendancy  certainly  established  chiefly 
by  the  sword,  renders  it  the  more  necessary  to  dci^troy  the 
first  seeds  of  opposition  and  encroachment,  at  this  late 
period  of  our  sway,  on  the  part  of  any  native  power,  lest 
the  example  of  our  forbearance,  in  one  case,  should  give 
encouragement  to  other  powers,  and  thus  involve  us  ia 
far  greater  calamities  than  we  seek  to  escape  from,  hf 
pacific  meaus^  undoing  all  that  has  been  done,  by  the  sacri* 
fice  of  wealth  and  human  lives,  for  the  attainment  of  ob« 
jects,  which  if  preserved,  confer  a  blessing  upon  the  mother 
country,  and  will  continue  to  raise,  as  our  struggles  and 
our  moderation  as  victors  have  raised  the  British  name 
through  all  countries.  Let  not,  then,  any  delusive  hope  of 
success  from  an  experimental  and  illusory  system  of  avoid- 
ing War  by  undue  forbearance,  when  we  are  forced  bycir* 
cumstances  to  resist,  induce  us  to  pursue  plan?  of  whicli 
our  whole  experience  and  history  affords  abundant  evi« 
deuce  of  the  futility.  '-'K 

Many  arguments  have  been  adduced  in  favor  of  the 
neutral  system  of  policy,  which  looks  to  the  wars  and  con** 
tentions  of  other  States  as  the  best  safeguard  for  our  own 
security  ;  but  these  have  been  successfully  combated  by 


ii'iii  Introdvctioi^ 

tlie  most  able  and  experienced  practical  men,  whose 
opinions  from  their  long  and  intimate  acquaintance  with 
the  very  peculiar  character  of  the  Natives  and  State  of 
the  country,  must  be  entitled  to  infinitely  more  wjeight 
and  consideration  than  the  plausible  and  speculative 
theories  of  some  politicians  who  take  but  a  superficial  view 
of  the  subject  and  who  do  not  permit  their  minds  to  dwell 
on  future  consequences  and  contingencies.  In  vain  shall 
we  attempt  to  conform  to  the  prescribed  line  of  policy,  at 
present,  with  any  expectation  of  success  or  advantage* 
*'  No  line  of  policy,"  said  an  able  Chairman  of  the 
Court  of  Directors*  many  years  ago,  ''  could  be  more 
fatal  to  us,  than  that  of  suffering  any  of  the  more  power* 
^ul  chieftains  ef  India  to  swallow  up  the  rest,  which  must 
be  the  case,  if  they  are  permitted,  without  restraint,  to 
perfect  their  knowledge  in  the  art  of  war  as  practised 
among  the  nations  of  Europe,  and  to  direct  the  acquire- 
ment to  the  attack  and  destruction  of  their  weaker  neigh« 
'bours."    "  '-'''-  '<;./>',...:•:';  ,;-..;  i^  r 

We  have,  of  late  years,  observed  the  avidity  with  which 
the  Burmahs  and  particularly  the  Siamese,  hare  beea 
collecting  immense  supplies  of  arms  and  ammunition! 
as  it  were  in  anticipatioQ  of  some  extensive  hostilities* 
The  wholesome  regulations  of  the  statute,  which  prohibit- 
ed  the  export  of  warlike  stores  from  England  were  rigid- 
ly supported  by  the  Pinang  Government  during  a  series  of 
yearS|  but  the  extensive  importation  of  arms  from  the 


iNTRODUCTIONt  IX 

continent  of  Europe,   into   Sincapore,   which  have  beea 
sent  in  ship  loads  to  Siiini,  and  the  (I  must  term  it)   injudi- 
cious excitements  held  out  by  the  papers  of  that  Settlement, 
for  farther  supplies,  are  matter   for   consideration  by  the 
superior  authorities,  in   viewing   the   probable  intentions 
of  the  Siamese.     We  D»ust  narrowly  watch  the  proceedings 
of  that    Government  through  all   its  various  ramifications 
and  windings  of  cunning,  intrigue  and  prudential  foresight, 
to  form  a  proper  estimate  of  its  designs.     Upon  their  pro- 
fessions  and  declarations,  experience  has  shewn  us,  we  can 
place  but   little  reliance.     A  remarkable  and  very  con- 
vincing proof  of  this  is  exhibited  in  the  assurances  made 
by  the  Envoys  from  Ligore,*  the   fallacy  of  which  were 
too   clearly  exemplified   in  the   reception     given   to  the 
Embassador  from  Pinang,  immediately    afterwards.      It 
has  been  well  observed,*]-  "   it   will  never    be   sufficient 
for  us  to  confine  our  views  or  political  relations  to  the  bare 
preservation  of  our  possessions    in    India;  we  mu«t  look 
further    from   us,   and  possess,  not  a  remote   but  an  im- 
mediate interest  and  cause  in  the  condition  and  changes  of 
our  neighbours;  whatever  affects  them  must,  in  its  opera- 
tion, bear  upon  us  in  some  shape  or  other," 

The  advantages  and  sound  policy  of  employing  the 
power  and  influence  of  the  British  Government  in  cases 
when  inferior  States,  (with  which  we  have  had  even  an 
indirect  connection,  not  to  say  alliance,)  are  oppressed 
by  their  more    powerful  neighbours  have  been  succesful^ 

'  •  Vide  Ccu)f«rence  in  ihe  Aj'pendix, 
f  Sammar/'  of  the  Mabrat^iL^nd  Ptpdiree  Campat^a,  page  is* 


X  iNTRODtrcnw*  >: ! 

Ijr  advocated  and  maintained  by  one  of  the  ablest  anti 
most  distinguished  Servants  of  the  Honorable  East  India 
Company*  Sir  John  Malcolm,*  is  decidedly  of  opinioa 
that  the  Security  of  our  possessions  is  more  likely  to  be 
maintained  by  using  the  great  and  commanding  power 
which  we  have  acquired,  to  preserve  the  general  peace 
and  tranquillity  of  India,  than  by  a  policy,,  which  declared^ 
ly  looks  to  the  wars  and  disputes^  of  its  neighl)Ours,  as  one 
of  the  chief  sources  of  its  security,  and  which,  if  it  does 
not  directly  excite  such  wars,  shapes  its  political  relations 
with  inferior  States  in  a  manner  calculated  to  create  and 
continue  them.  "  The  professed  object  of  this  system,'^ 
says  he  ^^  is  to  aveid,  by  contracting  our  political  relations 
that  continual  embarrassment  to  which  it  is  argued,  we 
must  otherwise  be  subject,  and  all  measures  pursued  are 
to  be  conformable  to  certain  general  principles,  which, 
like  a  broad  shield,  are  to  save  us  from  every  injury,  and 
simplify  the  whole  scheme  of  our  Government  in  India* 
"  If  such  a  result  was  really  attainable,  the  task  of 
rule  would  become  easy,  and  the  whole  machine  of  Go- 
vernment might  be  kept  in  order  by  a  very  moderate 
share  of  attention  and  understanding;  but,  unfortunately 
all  experience  is  against  such  a  conclusion,  which  is  indeed 
contrary  to  the  nature  of  man.  Wemust,  if  we  endea- 
vour  to  fly  from  those  political  embarrassments,  and  com* 
plex  relations  which  have  been  in  all  ages  the  conditionji 
of  extended  power  and  dominion,  always  meet  with 
.    .    5'Pt>liiicalHutorj  oflodia*      ~  ^*^  «*  , 


IntaodvctiovI  xi 

mnch  greater  evils  than  those  from  v^hich  ^e  try  to  escape* 
With  regard  to  all  general  principles  oF  rule,  we  shoul4 
recollect,  that  their  value  is  npt  in  their  abstract  excellence, 
but  in  their  seasonable  and  just  application;  for  it  is  the 
great  and  sole  art  of  Government  to  a()(q)t  principles  to 
the  continual  changes  of  human  affairs,  npt  to  force  hu- 
man affairs  into  a  shape  that  suits  principles.  This  ob- 
servation applies  with  peculiar  force  to  our  Empire  in 
India;  which  from  its  foundation,  the  nature  of  if s  Go- 
vernment and  the  various  tribes  and  nations  which  it  in- 
cludes, demands  more  wisdom  and  more  modification  of 
system  in  its  Government  than  perhaps  any  that  ever  was 
established  in  the  universe,  .r    \  ,,, 

"  This  Empire,  though  raised  by  the  operation  of  many 
and  various  causes,  has  been  chiefly  established,  and  must 
be  constantly  maintained,  by  the  sword.  But  though 
we  must  continue  to  Govern  as  conquerors,  it  is  our 
<Juty  to  make  our  rule  a  benefit  to  niankind;  and  to  carry 
among  those  whom  we  ha^e  subdued,  the  blessings  of 
peace,  knowledge  and  iniproveiuent  in  all  the  arts  of 
civilized  life.  And  at  that  stage  which  pur  power  in 
India  has  attained,  we  will  probably  find  the  accomplish- 
ment of  such  an  object  easier,  and  more  conducive  to  our 
security,  than  all  the  wars  and  contests  in  which  a  selfish 
and  neutral  policy  can  ever  involve  our  neighbours." 

''  *  On  the  political  principles  which  should  regulate 
our  future  intercourse  with  the  Native  Powers  in  India, 
I  have   before  stated  an    opinion,  to  which  I  can  only 

*  Sir  J.  Malcolm'*  Pulitical  Hiftor/  of  lodi^^  pag«  462,  3  &  4. 


Xli  iNTRODUCTIOITi 

add,  that  such  intercourse  is  likely  to  be  marked  bjr 
events  and  contingencies,  which  will  disappoint^  as  has 
been  the  case  heretofore,  all  hopes  that  we  can  ever 
fonn  of  the  Local  Government  in  India  being^  able  to 
follow  any  exact  rules,  which  are  laid  down  for  its  gnid* 
ance.  The  neutral  system  of  non-interference,  and  of 
trusting  in  a  great  degree  for  onr  security  to  the  contests 
of  our  neighbours,  has  been  proved,  by  experience,  to 
be  equally  unwise  and  impracticable*  We  shall  there^ 
fore  best  maintain  the  peace  and  prosperity  of  our  owa 
territories,  by  using  our  establi>hed  power  towards  the 
great  object  of  preserving,  as  far  as  we  have  the  means^ 
the  general  tranquillity  of  India.  It  will  not,  perhaps^ 
be  easy  to  effect  the  complete  accomplishment  of  this 
object,  nor  are  we  called  upon  to  interfere  in  every  case 
of  quarrel  between  States  with  whom  we  have  no  engage* 
nients/  but,  if  we  shape  our  general  policy  towards  this 
end,  we  shall,  from  the  commanding  State  of  our  power, 
gradually  promote  peace,  without  much  danger  of  in* 
Tolving  ourselves;  and  we  shall  receive  our  share  of  those 
benefits  which  this  system  will  bring  to  others*"  J  - 

''  It  is,  however,  certain,  that  with  whatever  care  we 
cultivate  our  external  relations,  and  however  ranch  we 
endeavour  to  avoid  future  wars,  we  cannot  expect  to 
escape  altogether  an  evil,  which  is  among  those  condi- 
tions on  which  human  dominion  is  enjoyed.  But,  as 
we  can  only  hope  for  a  comparative  exemption  from  this 
c?il  by  the  complete  eflScieucy  of  our  Military  force,  that 


tNtROI>UCTtOI^»  ^iii 

iwriU  atways,  in  the  reduced  state  of  the  present  povref  s  of 
India,  enable  us  to  defeat  it,  and  we  can,  on  its  occur-* 
tenc^,  if  circumstances  connected  with  the  local  situation 
X)f  the  Countries  which  we  conquef,  or  arty  other  consi« 
deration,  forbid  us  Annexing;  conquests  to  our  own  ter* 
Htories,  confer  thetii  upon  some  of  oar  Allies  on  such 
terms  as  tre  deem  proper,  aftd  every  such  act  of  liberal 
policy  will  give  life  and  strength  to  the  exercise  of  that 
large  influence  and  ppwer  through  w)iich  we  may  hope 
to  establish  the  permanent  tranquillity  of  India.'^ 

The  war  in   which  w^  are  at  present    engaged  with 
the  Burmahs,    a  war  of  just  retaliation   and  which  has 
doubtless  been  long  anticipated  by  that  Government,  from 
ihe  preparations  which  they  have  been  making  and  which 
inight  have   been  more  serious,  had  we  granted    them 
d  longer  delay  to  mature  their  extensive   plans  of  ope* 
ration,   may  possibly  enable    us,   if  circumstances  should 
not  compel   us  to  come    to   an   open   rupture  with  the 
Siamese,   (a  measure  seriously  to   be  deprecated  unless 
from  the  most  urgent  necessity,)  to  make  some  arrange* 
ments  for  granting  that  power  the  concession  of  the  more 
southerly  ports  of  the  Burman  Empire,  viz.  Tavoy  and 
Mergui,  which  were  taken  from  them  many  years  ago,  ia 
exchange  for  the  restoration  o(  Quedah  to  its  rightful  owner 
and  an   engagement   to  avoid  all   future  interference  with 
the  States  on  the  Malayan  Peninsula,  from  the  latitude  of 
8«  40'  N,  which  would  include  the  Island  of  Junk  Ceylon^- 
a  post  which  might  be  turned  to  great  account* 


Xir  iNTRODtrCTION. 

I  hare  endeavoured,  and  I  hope  satis factorilj,   to  ^Ifew^ 
that   the  Rajah  of  Quedah  was  an  AH;  of  the.  British 
Government;  that  the  Settlement  of  Pinang  was  ceded 
as  a  condition  of  protection  and  that  the  treat;  is  one 
of  defensive  aUiance  ;  that  having  been  closely  counecte4 
^ith  the  £nglish  Government  35  years^  and  t^e  Britis^ 
Settlement  having  derived   its  principal  suppHes  from  his 
country;  we  are  bound  to  protect  him  against  the  encroach- 
ment   of  a   minor   power   dependant   upon  Siam,    both 
from  a  regard   to  such   powerful  claims  and  to  our  owa 
interest.     It  is  the  policy  of  theBritish  Government,  whose 
resources  are  unlimited,   to  support  a  weak   Ally,  anc| 
as  Sir  Stamford  Raffles  elegantly  expresses  h^  in  animad- 
Terting,  with  some  degree  of  severity,   upon   the  policy 
pursued    by  the   Pinang  Government  in   regard   to  the 
King  of  Acheen,  and  alluding  to  the  advantages  which  the 
Eastern   Islands   possess  with  respect  to  commercial  re* 
sources,"  *  Were  legitimate  and  acknowledged  Sovereigng 
assisted  in  resuming  their  due  authority,  piracy  and  rebiei* 
lion  might  be  destroyed,  these  shores  would  be  peopled  with 
their  Native  Inhabitants,  whose  industry  awakened  and  in«i 
^ited  by  the  opening  of  a  safe  navigation  to  the  Capitals, 
would  in  fleets  of  small  Vessels,  so  essential  to  the  prosperity 
of  our  Eastern  Settlements,  bring  the  produce  of  the  interior 
down  the  innumerable  Rivers  and  communicate  to  Coun« 
tries  beyond  the  reach  of  foreign  adventurers,  the  com* 
ibrts  of  civilized  life.    '  "    ''  '  *  /'  *-    '      -  '    '     ^        '  !  *"*7 

"  A  few  years  of  repose  to  these  Islands,  and  of  safe' 
luuQterruptcd   Commerce    with    its  attendant    blessings^ 
^  Uiitsry  of  Jaf»»  vof»  if'p'S^  iii*  '    *-       ^'  '"''^i  ** 


Introdvction. 


xr 


iTould  repay  with  gain  incalculable,  what  they  no^ 
claim  from  our  benevolence  and  philanthropy,  if  hot  from 
the  justice  of  EuropWns  who  have  so  essentially  contributed 
to  their  degradation.  If  left  neglected  without  capital, 
without  a  safe  navigation,  almost  without  laws,  the  Go- 
vernment disunited,  the  people  groaning  under  vassalage 
and  slavery,  these  races  must  descend  still  further  in  the 
scale  of  degradation  until  scarcely  a  vestige  will  remain  to 
vindicate  the  records  of  their  history,  and  their  political 
existence  will  only  be  testified  bj  acts  of  piracy  perpe- 
trated on  defenceless  vessels,  which  from  accident  or  igno« 
ranee  may  visit  their  inhospitable  shores,''  The  Nativel 
draw  no  other  conclusion  from  our  forbearance,  than  a 
consciousness  of  weakness.  *Tis  hazardous  to  allow  such 
sentiments  to  gain  strength. 

I  have  ventured  to  prefix  thus  much  to  the  observations 
contained  in  the  following  pages,  which  have  been  sub- 
mitted to  the  immediate  authority  under  which  I  have 
the  honor  to  serve,  by  which  authority  they  are  now  print- 
ed, for  the  more  ready  reference  of  those  whose  duty  it  may 
be,  to  decide  upon  questions  of  such  importance.  Whatever 
errors  or  omissions  there  are,  must  be  wholly  ascribed 
to  myself;  and  inexperienced  as  I  am,  in  such^  composi- 
tions, I  too  sensibly  feel  my  own  disqualification  for  the 
arduous  task  I  Ifave  undertaken.  However  impressed 
I  may  be  therefore,  with  such  conviction,  I  commend  the 
following  sheets  to  the  generous  and  liberal  indulgence  of 
my  superiors,  in  the  full  confidence  that  my  motives  will 
prove  a  shield  against  the  imperfect  execution  of  the  duty* 


Ki/f--=i|.      '':'-■}        t-j 


rrS'^fi 


.^.       ^.^:»:1 


i.:v.;:|t,,..;J  ■:•': 


^;.r  <;r  :u>  f:/.rr".! 


;M«r 


'1  >  • 


j'i? 


i?'»T'!- 


:>J;t*i.  r  :.<f: 


FAMT   FIMST. 


;e  Y 'J  :'■:■;:> 


PART    FIRST. 


CONSIDERATIONS 


ON     TUB 


CONaufeST  OF  QUEDAH  AND  PERAK, 


BY    THB  1 


SIAMESE^ 
a  brief  account  of  tl)e  cavl|)  ;fVtaIa2an  €stal)lfeljments^ 

ON     THB  i 

PENINSULA.  OF  MAL\CCA|  ^| 

AND    THB  ^    ^  J 

MODERN  RELATIONS  WITH  StAMj 

TOGSTRCft    WITH  « 

\ 

AN    fiXPOSlTlOX    OF   THB    RELATIVE   COiS NEKTON    OP   THSl 

I 

aUEDAH    STATE    WITH  PRINCE    OF    WALES    ISLAND;       \ 

1 

AND  i 

\ 

SUGGESTIOS'S  for  THE  SECURITY  OF  BRITISH  INTEREStaj 
AND  THE  IMPROVEMENT  OF  TUB  COMMERCE  OF  TH«; 
BRITISH     SETTLEMENTS     IN    THE    STRAITS   OF    MALACCA* 


T-^^-^  i^    r  A 


5  f^tp^^?-^.*N 


■r>       . ,s- ;   rv.  ^.yT>   -f'*"!         '  '  ■    :«>•*•■  -   •  •/  • 


Jj^*'ni»«viji^  » 


•^V 


PART  FlRSr, 


CONSIDTERATIOPfS 

ON  THS. 

C&NQUEST  OF  QUEDAH  AN-D  PERAE^ 

KT  THS 

SIAMESE, 


■  .-'!■   ':J 


T> 


H  E  intelligence  of  a  sudden  invasion  by  A  Target 
Sraraese  Force,  from  Ligore,  of  the  Territories  of  the* 
King  of  Quedah,  the  old  Ally  of  the  British  Governments 
-which  reached  Prince  of  Wales  Island  in  November  1821^ 
and  the  various  rumours  which  prevailed,  regarding  the 
ulterior  objects  of  the  Siamese  Army,  spread  terror 
throughout  the  Island,  and,  although  there  was  a  considera«r 
We  Military  Force  at  the  Presidency,  (he  alarms  of  ther 
NaHve  Populalfon  were  difficult  to  be  appeased.  Many^ 
of  the  wealthy  rnbabitants  buried  aud  concealed  tbefr^ 


2  CONQUEST    OF    QUEDAH  AND  iPBRAlcV  Part  !• 

valuable  property,  while  others  made  preparations  (ot 
conveying  it  away  to  other  British  Settlements/  The 
supplies ofgrain, cattle  and  poutlry,frora  the  QiiedahCoun- 
try,  on  which  Pinang  had  so  long  chiefly  depended,  were 
suddenly  withheld,  and  there  was  considerable  di*tre^s 
amongst  the  poorer  classes,  by  the  encrcased  price  of 
provisions. 

The  prompt  and  humane  measures  of  Government, 
however,  not  only /or  quieting  the  fears  of  the  Inhabitants, 
and  allaying  all  apprehensions  of  an  attack  by  the  Sia« 
mese,  but  for  obtaining  supplies  ofgrain  from  Bengal 
and  other  quarters  ;  while  in  the  mean  time,  large  i>sue9 
of  Rice  were  made  from  the  Honorable  Company's  Stores, 
which  was  distributed  to  the  poorer  classes  at  a  moderate 
price,  prevented  much  distress,  which  must  have  other* 
wise  ensued,  and  speedily  restored  greater  confidence  in 
the  strength  and  resources  of  the  Government,  which, 
could  command  ample  aid  in  case  of  need*      >    - 

For  a  better  understanding  of  this  unexpected  event, 
it  will  be  proper  to  take  a  short  review  of  (he  circum* 
stances  connected  with_it.  On  Sunday  the  ]2thofNo« 
vember  1821,  about  noon,  a  large  fleet  of  Prows  full  of 
Siames^^ was  observed  standing  ,pito  the  Quedah  river, 
coming  in  the  direction  from  Traang,  a  large  river  to 
the  Northward,  where  the  Armament  had  been  equipped. 
The  Pangulu  or  Commandant  of  the  Fort  instantly  sent 
notice  of  its  approach  to  the  Bindahara  or  General  of  th^ . 


Parti*  AND    POLITICAL    RELATIONS  WITH    SIAM.  S 

Qnedah  Armj  and  the  Laksamana  or  High  Admiral, 
who  were  a  short  distance  up  the  river,  and  having  some, 
apprehensions  of  treachery,  prepared  the  guns  to  bear 
upon  the  Prows,  waiting  only  for  the  orders  of  the 
Bindahara  to  fire  upon  them.  The  Genera!,  however, 
who  was  taken  by  surprise,  did  not  choose  to  authorize 
this,  and  determined  to  employ  measures  of  pacificatioa 
in  the  first  instance*      ». 

The  arrival  of  the  Siamese  was  so  sudden,  that  the 
Malayan  Chiefs  had  time  to  assemble  only  a  few  of  their 
dependents,  with  whom  they  proceeded  to  the  wharf  or 
public  landing  place,  which  is  about  1.50  yards  beyond 
the  Fort,  and  which  was  surrounded  by  the  Siamese  fleet, 
well  armed.  The  Bindahara,  Laksamana,  Tamungong 
and  a  few  of  the  Quedah  Chiefs  were  seated  on  the  covered 
wharf,  and  the  Siamese  ascended  in  a  large  body  with 
muskets,  spears  and  other  warlike  weapons  in  their 
hands.  The  Bindahara  interrogated  them  as  to  the  ob» 
ject  of  their  visit,  and  was  informed  that  they  wanted  rice, 
being  about  to  attack  the  Burmahs.  The  General  pro- 
mised them  an  immediate  supply;  but  while  the  conver* 
sation  was  going  on,  the  Siamese  had  assembled  a  large 
party  ashore,  and  surrounded  the  wharf;  they  now 
threw  off  the  mask  and  told  the  Quedah  Chiefs,  they  had 
come  to  seize  them  and  they  must  submit  to  be  bound. 
The  Bindahara  and  Laksamana  exclaimed,  with  one  ao 
cord,  «  we  are  betrayed,  le^  us  attack  them  furiously,'*' 


eoNQC^ssx^  OE  oujsDAii  ANi>>  FBfi^%^  Pari  I  ^ 


<.  ='.  '-•  I 


anxJ-  instantly  drawing  their  Creeses,  pkinged-  them  int<»* 
the   Siamese  who  stood  nearest  themr-'  A  general  batttl^ 

f  The  venerable  Laksamana  and'Tamungong,  who  used*- 
tp  boast  thathe  was  invulnerable,  withseveral  other  C  hiefs^' 
were  soon   dispatched,  the  Bind ahara  was- disarmed  and^ 
bound,  and:  their  nien^    dispirited  and<  panic  struck  bf 
the   loss   of  their  leaders,  fled  in  all   directions,  pursued'^ 
by  the  SiamesCy  who  butchered^  them-  iff-  great  numbers 
and  put  them  to  death^  by  means  the  most  ci^ei  and  re-*' 
volting  to  human   nature*.  These  operations  being  ob^. 
served  from-  the  Fort,  a  few  guns  were  now  brought  to  bear; 
upon  the  Siamese  vessels,  and  twxv  oi?  three  wore  sunk». 
Tiie  Siamese  then  proceeded   to  set  fire  to  some  of  the. 
house?,  previously  dragging  out  any  of  the  men  who  had  . 
taken  refuge  in  them4|.  aiid  toitu ring  them   to  death,  piU^ 
laging  the  housies  of  all  their,  contents  that  were  of  anf  . 
value  ;,  and  the  J  seized,,  indiscriminately,. all  the   Prow»n 
and  Vessels  in  the  river  at  the   time^  amongst  which.  werQ- 
severaV.  small  trading  Boats  from  Pinang,.        ,  ^  ^        .   .  ;  /j 
Having,   after  a  slight  opposition,  possessed  themselves  ,- 
of  the  Fort,  which   was  garrbon^d  principally   by  a  fe^r/ 
Bengal  and,  Chooliah  Sepoys,^  they  dispatched  a^  party  ^ 
immediately  ta- the  Kwala  Mirhow,  a  large  River  to  the^-. 
Southward,  and  niearfy  in, sight  of  Pinang.  ForU  .  On  jhev 
following  day,   Mondar,.^hey  ^entered  the  MTrbow  and^v 
met.  with,  a  sUght  and  inefTectual  opposition  from  a; small, 
Batterjr.  aear  the  mouth  of  the  Rfter,whicii  kept  thi^m 


Part  I.  AND    POLITICAL    RELATIONS    WITH   SUM,  5 

in  check  for  a  shart  time,  an  J  allowed  an  opportnnity 
for  the  intelligence  of  the  approach  of  a  hostile  fleet  to 
reach  the  King  of  QueJah,  who  was  residing  in  floating 
houses  a  few  miles  farther  up,— »vhere  he  was  forming 
a  new  Settlement  and  cutting  a  Canal  from  that  River 
to  the  Miida,  .another  large  River ,  to  the  Southward^ 
uhich  forms  the  Northern  boundary  of  the  British  Ter« 
ritories  on  the  main.    . 

Hearing  that  the  Siamese  Force  was  ascending  the 
River,  and  having  oily  a  very  few  alhere;it§  at  haud,  he 
Lurried  off  in  the  greatest  consternation  with  all  his  Wives 
and  Children,  and  mounting  them  together  with  his  most 
valuable  ornaments  and  as  many  Dollars  as  he  could  collect 
upon  several  Elephants,  whix;h  were  fortunately  close  at 
band,  he  proceeded  across  the  Jungles,  in  a  direction  to- 
wards the  Prye  River,  within  the  Territory  of  the  Hono* 
ble  Company.  The  King  left  a  large  Brig  and  a  Schooner, 
on  board  of  which  was  a  large  amount  of  treasure  whichf 
fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Captors.  Numbers  of  his  attend* 
ant?  who  fled  with  him,  but  were  not  mounted  upon 
Elephants,  perished  from  fatigue  and  hunger  in  the  woods, 
and  particohiVly,  several  of  his  most  respectable  and  vc- 
nerable  Chiefs.  The  King  himself,  after  five  d^ys  of 
severe  fatigue  and  exposure,-  during  which  time  he  sepa* 
rated  from  several  of  his  Elephants,  and  much  of  his  va» 
luable  property,  which  was  no  doubt  purposely  conveyed 
away  ill  a  diiTereutdirection.byhisowa  falihlessatteadanlv 


6  CON  aXTEST    OF    aUBDAH   'AN'tf  fzixk '^  ^  Y^xi  Iw 

to  whom  he  had  entrusted"  it,  arrirea  at  a '  plhc^  d^llecS 
Kota,  the  residence  of  his  Brother  Tuaiiko  Solyidaii^  up 
the  Pry e  River;  where  embarking  all  his  followers  aack 
property  on  board  four  or  five  Prows  he  descended  to  ih© 
mouth  of  the  River,  and  solicited  the  protection  of  the  Bri* 
tish  Government.        ^      'V^  r.<^ini    ..-.u.;ac|   :3m  > 

The  Governor  of  Prince  of  Wales  Mand^  with  that 
humanity  and  con.sideration  whiclv  was  due  to  an  old 
Ally,  instantly  granted  the  protection  sought  for,  and  the 
King  was  not  only  provided  with  suitable  accominoda-- 
tions,,  but  a  strong  guard  of  Sepoys  was  posted  at  hi*^^ 
residence,  to  prevent  any  attempt  to  carry  him.  oflThji^ 
forcej  and  he  was  granted  an  allowance  adequate  to  mainJ 
tain  himself  and  numerous  family  comfortably.  His  Ma^ 
jesty  has  remained  ever  since,  in  the  enjoyment  of  these 
advantages,  and  supports  his  trials  with  becoming  forti^- 
tade  ind  dignity:'   '^"'"■' ''  f"'""''  \        ■      ^^'^'-i^^'^;'* 

On  the  mornings  after  the  King  crossed  over  front* 
Prye,  a  fleet  of  fourteen  or  fifteen  Siamese  Prows  wasr 
observed  standing  close  along  shore  in  pursuit  of  Hi# 
Majesty,  and  they  had  actually  the  audacity  to  attempt 
^o  enter  the  Prye  River,  where  they  believed  the  King  still 
"Was..  The  fleet  was  driven  back  by  two  of  the  Honorabler 
Company's  Cruizers,  which  had  strict  orders  afterwardct 
to  ,  prevent  any  ,  Siamese  vessels  from  coming  near*  thl^ 
harl)our,.  without  previous  examination  and  permission^ 
A  few  days  after  this  occurrence,  the  Rajah  of  Ligbrer 
^eat  a  letter  tot.  the  Goyernorj  couched  in  very^  haught/ 


PartJv  AND, POXtlTICAL    RELATIONS. WITH    SIAM, 


7 


}) 


and  disrespectful  terms,   desiring  the   Kinsf  of  Qiiedah 
to  be  delivered  up  to.  him,,  a  demand  which  was  met; 
by    a    digaifi:sd,  ^  refusc^l^  .   accompaaied    by    a. ,  salutarjr 
admonition  as, ..to  the  .style. of    future,  correspondence 
with    the    llepresentative    of    the    British   Goye^ament. 
Some  of  the   Siame>c  Troops  having  pursued  the  Malays 
into  the  Territory  of  the  Flonorable  Company,    near  the 
Kwala  Muda;  the  Government  lost  no  time  in  dispatch- 
ing  a  Company  of  Sepoys,  under  an  active  Officer,  CapU 
Crooke  of  the  20th  Regt.,  for  the  purpose  ofexpelling  such^ 
daring  intruders,  and  affording  protection  to  such  emigrants 
as  might  seek  shelter  under  the  British  flaa^  and  escape  the 
persecution  of  the  relentless  enemy.     The  temperate,  but 
at  the   same  resolute,  conduct  of  that  Officer  in  support* 
ing  the  dignity  of  the   British  Goverhment,   and^iiiseiisV 
ing   and  disarming  a  party   of  Siamese   who  maie  an  en-^ 
croachnient  upon  Province    Wellesly,   was  ho  doiife,  cat* 
cuhued  to  evince  to   the  Siamese  Authorities,  the  power 

and  the  deterinination  of  the  British   Govern?iicnt  to  op- 

•  •   .  ■  \  ■■  .         '  ■  ■  ■/         •  •  • 'f 

pose  such  proceeding-,  and  the  moderation  of  the  mca- 

sures  adopted  in  the  first  mstance.     ^ 

The  Natives  from  Quedah,  and  the  traders  froinothet^ 

Countries    whose   vessels  had   been   seized,  and  vvho  haa 

been    deprived  of  all  their   property,  now   flocked  to  VU 

nang   in   thousands,  many  in    small   Canoes    formed  of  a 

tree  hollowed  out.     It  is  scarcely  possible  to  conceive  the 

state   of  distress   and  misery  in  which  hundreds  of  these 

poor  fugitives  landed  at  Pinang;  men,  women  and  chili* 


8  CONQUEST  OF  iiuEblH' A^sb'-^gRAic'-  Firt'lf; 


dren  crowded  together  for  several  days  in  small  bo^VsVWrth* 
out  any  provisions  and  scarcely  any  clothing;  most  of  theiik 
escaped  clandestinely,  and  many  boats  which  were  6\'erlba(l*^ 
ed'  with  passengers  were  lost;"  the^'euifgraDts  fiiidfn^  4- 
i^lief  from  their  sufferings  in  a  watery  gravel  M^anjr 
Malays  who  were  detected  in  the  attempt  to  escape,  wert' 
put  to  death,  and  the  'wires  and  daughters  were  forcibly 
dragged  from  their  husbands  and  fathers  and  ravished  uji 
the  Siamese  soldiery.  The  mode  of  execution'  was 
horrible  in  the  extreme;  the  men  being  tied  up  for  the 
most  trifling  offence,  and  frequently  upon  mere  su&i  - 
picion,  their  arms  extended  with  bamboos;  whei| 
the  executi  >ner,  with  a  ponderous  instrument  split  thera 
right  down  from  the  crown  of  the  head,  and  their  man* 
ffled  carcases  were  throwa  into  the  river  for  the  AUiffa* 
tor^  to  devour.     "^ 

The  King  of  Quedah's  second  and  favorite  Son,  Tuanko  ^ 
Yakoob,  attempted  to  escape  like  the  rest,  but  was  pursued, 
and  taken,  and  has  since   been  sent  in  bonds  from  Que- 
dah  to  Siam,i     The  Bindahara  or  Prime  Minister,  after 
being  kept  in  chains  a  long  time  at  Quedah  and  deceived ^^ 
with,  hopes  of  liberation,   for  which  the  Pinang  Govern* 
ment  earnestly   interceded    with   the  Ligore  Chief,   was 
carried  away  and  poisoned  on  the  road  to  Sangoral  ^  '  It 
is  impossible  to  calculate  the  number  of  Malays  who  huvi'' 
perished  by  the  swords  of  the  Siamese,   by  the  loss  o!^!_ 
prows  on  their  way    to    Pinang   and  other   placed,  aiid" 
bji  famine  and  fatigue  ia  the  woods.    Ererj  aid  W» 


Tnrlju-  AN^j.PqUJJCAL   RBtATIONS  WITHrSlAlf;  9 

administered  to  the  refngees  who  fled    to  Pfnan^,  atfft 
beneficial   regulations    subsequently^  made    by   Govern* 
ment    for  affording  thena  the  means/  of  rurelihodd,  r  It 
is'  proper  in   this   placeV' to  rtotics  the  highly  creditableP 
conduct  of  the   late  Governor  of  Malacca,  Mr.  Timmei*-^ 
man   Tyssen,  who   no  sooner  hearing  of  the  conquest  of 
Quedal),  and    having   received   exaggerated    accounts  of . 
the  Siamese  force,  and  the  probability  of  an  attack  upon 
Pinang,  than   he  dispatched  one  of  His  Netherland  Ma-i 
jesly '3  Frigates,  which  was  lying  in  Malacca  roads  at  the 
time,    with  a   handsome  offer  of  co-operation,  in  case  of  ; 
the  Siamese  engaging  in  hostilities,  and  even  the  Chiefat, 
of  some  of  the  surrounding  Malayan  States  were  not  ^b.ack*^y: 
ward  in  making  respectful  tenders  of  all  the  aid  their  fi-^^: 
mittcd  means  would  admit  of;  which  werq  suitably  ?k> 
knowledged  by  the  Government  of  Pinang.    Si^chwas^thCr: 
opinion    of  all  the   neighbouring   Malayan;  S^^a^t^  of, the 
treachery  and  injustice   of  the  Siamese  in  attacking  Qu^^ : 
dah,  and  such  their  apprehension  of  jjecoming  themselvesGt 
the   victims  of  their  rapacity,  that  they  were  eager  to  em^v* 
ploy   their  utmost  efforts  to  expel, the  SiaaieseTrpiu.Que-*-, 
dah,  and  looked  up,  vvith  Tuil  confidence^  to  the  British  i** 
Government  supporting  its  old  Ally^,^,.^      .h-j.'vi;>  >  om^ 
^Having  effected  the  complete  subjugation   of  Quedajj^i 
and  possessed  himself  of  the  c(<u  a  try,  the  Rajahlof  Ligore  i 
next  turned  his  attention  to  one  of  its  principal  Depen^(| 
dencies,   the   Lancavy  Islands,   and    fitted   out  a  strong t^ 
fFcll  equipped. ^xpeditioDi  which  proceeded  to  thepciociTd 


le*       cp^aueati ©F^  auupAa  ana  p^aA^i  ?a      Vm^UH 

p^llslandj  which,  indepexidant  of  possessing  a  fixed  p<K»*i 
pulatioQ  of  betvi'eeo  3  and  4,000  souls,  had  received  a^i 
large  accession  by  emigrants  from  Qaedalu  _Her.«.  t0<v^ 
commenced  a  scen^  of  death  and  desolation,  almost  exceed-u 
ing  credibility;   The  men  were  murdered,  and  the  womea* 
and  female  children  carried  off  to  Quedah;.  while  the  malex 
children  were  either  put  to  death,  or  left  to  perii^h.     That^ 
fine  Island,  from  which  large  supplies  were  derived^  i^i 
now  nearly  depopulated,  and  such  of  the  male  poptila*^^ 
tion  as  did  escape,  driven  from  their  home>  and  bereaved  . 
of  their  families,  have  been  carrying  on  a  predatorv  war«( 
faire  both  with  the  Siamese  and  peaceable  traders  close > 
to  Prince  of  Wales  island.     Some  of  them  hare  ^ettled' 
iir  Wellcsly  Province,  and  are  employed  as  cultivators*  '  ^< 
Several  badly  planned  and   ineffectual  attempts  have^^ 
at  different  times,  been  made   by  small  and  unorganized; 
bodies  of  the  King  of  Quedah's  adherents  in  the  country^ 
tacut  off  the  Siamese  garrison  at  Quedah;  but  these  have 
all  been  followed  by  the  most  disastrous  results;  not  ontjf' 
by  the  destruction  of  the  assailants,  but  by  encreascd  peW 
secutioh    towards    the   remaining   Malayan   Inhabilautii*' 
I'he   King  himself j  for  some  time,  was  anxious  to  hiive'' 
made  an  effort  to  regain  his  country,  in  concert  with  some" 
Native  powers  which  had  promised  hin\  aid  in  vesseU  and 
men ;  hut  he  was  dissuaded  from  so   perilous  aiid  certkihi»^' 
ly  doubtful  an  enterprize  bv   those  who   weie  intcf* e»ted*^ 
in  hf>  cau?e«  and  who  appreJiended  his  certain  ovcfhrdvif^' 
aud^u^uuciiou  fioai^u€h^aiijUteui4>t«  ^  There  is  ao  doub^' 


part' l4'  ANI>^  POLTTICAI.    RBtA^lbNS  WITH    CT^tMi  li- 

the Siamese  were  too  powerful  and  too   wtW  prepa-eii  fi^  | 
any  ^uch  ill  arraoged  expedition,  as   it  co^ild  have  bueaq 
within  the  compass  of  the  Quedah  Hajah^S:  means  to  h^fQiC 
brought  against  them,  to  hare  had  any  chance  of  success  ;r> 
and  it  would   have  been  inconsistent  with  the  profepsecl,^ 
neutrality  of  the  British  Government   to  have  pennitt^cl> 
any  equipments  or  warlike  preparations  within  its  Portf^J 
the  more  particularly  so,  ^  a  Mission  had  just  proceeded  id ? 
Siam  from  the  Governor  General  of  India*    V';   viv  sn  "tu 
However  much  disposed  the  Pinang  Government  mights 
have  been,  on  the  first  brush  of  the  affair,  to  have  stopped^^; 
such  proceedings  on  the  part  of  the  Siamese,  and  jo,,biJ^^f I 
checked  such  ambitious  and  unwarrantable   aggr^^ssiaii  ^v* 
however  consistent  and  politic  it  might  have  been,  toihav^; 
treated  the  Ligorean . Troops  as  a  predatory    horde,, audi 
expelled  them,  at  once,  fron  the  Territories  9i  ^n  Sik 
ajid  faithful  Ally  of  the  British  Government;  the;Mi;isH>£|f 
from  the  Supreme  Government  of  Bengal  to  th|^  Coarf  o^ 
Siam,    and   the.  probable   eyrl  consequences,  of  .aiv,iin;fg; 
mediate  rupture,  were    considerations  whic)^  ^cpuld,^  n^tj 
fail  to  embarrass   the  Pinang  Cpvernm^^jti^and   reni^i^ 
it   necessary   to  deliberate   weU   before  it  .embarked  .ij[ig» 
any  measures  of  active  hostility;  while  the .  di  pof eab}^^^ 
force  on   the  Island,  although  fully  adequate  to  the,  safd^^ 
guardianship  and  protection  of  the  place,  and  s^ifjBcientito^^ 
repel   any  force  that  the  Siamese  could  possibly  bring  a^; 
gainstit^  was   yet  insufficient  for  prosecuting  a   vigoro.aSi 
war,  or  maiataioiog  its  conquests  against  the  recruited^ 


Id 


CONQUEST    OP    QUEDAH    AND    PKRAK*  Part  T«3 


Legions  which  the  Siamese  poorer  coiiM  ha^e  transported 
with  facility,  ere  reinforcements  could  have  arrived  frdni' 
oiher  parts  of  India.     Under  all  these  circtim^  tahccs,  ihft^ 
policy  of  suspending  hostilities  was  manifest^  and  it  wai* 
deemed   proper  to  await  the  orders  of  the  superior  aii4'- 
controuli ng  authorities* "       '  '     '      '  '    ''   '"  * '        "      ^     ' ' 
But,  there  was  a  more  urgent  necessity  than  eren  th^'* 
feregoing  considerations  dictated,    of  not  acting  without 
the  consent  of  the  Supreme  Government,  a^  that  author 
rky   has  always   declined  sanctioning    any    interference 
\Tith  Siam  and    Quedah,  in  the  innumerable   references 
\rhich  have  been  made  from  the  Chiefs  of  the  Settlement 
of  Pinang  since  Captain  Light  first  took  possession,  during 
all  which  long   period  of  35  years,  the   King  of  Quedah 
has  been  subject  to  incessant   alarm   and  apprehen.>ioa 
from  the  Siamese,  and  sufiered  all  the  oppression   they 
could   inflict,  without  actually   possessing  themselves   of* 
any  part  of  his  Dominions.     The  Supreme  GoTernment 
admitting  that  Quedah  has  always  been  tributary  to  Siam, 
has  ever  objected  to  any  interference  that  would  be  likely 
to  excite  a  collision  with   the  haughty  power  of  Siam^ 
which  it  appeared  to  be  the  object  of  the  British  Govern* 
ment  to  conciliate.      It  was  expected  that  the  Mission, 
would   have  produced  same  results  advantageous  to  the 
interests  of  our   Ally,  by  the  mediation  of  the  Amba>>a9^ 
dor;  and  that,  at  all  events,  the  affairs  of  Quedah  would 
have  been  settled  upon  a  proper  footiug,,y^*i»i*xuU  .mi!i^^  icir 


f .  Sq.  far,  ^  ho\yeTcr3, ;  fR^noi,  artj.,  pf  these  ^  most^ |  ^^^irabler 
objects  which,  w^re  contemplated  being  attain^^j;  Uje,^ 
Siamese  Authorities  not  only  assumed  a  tone  of  insolence 
and  eyasioa  to  _ all  the  reasonable  propositions  .^of  the. 
Jfimbassador,  but  signified  their  expeolatipn  that  the  King 
of  Quedah  should  be  delivered  up  to  them;  and  the 
obstacles  which  existed  to  a  free  commercial  in t^rcoiijrse 
have,  not  been  removed.         ..  ,,  ij,,^,    ,,<;,.* 

,  The  King  of  Ligore  not  satisfied  with  the  con  quest  v 
of  Quedah,  and  grasping  at  more  extended  domihion, 
under  pretence  of  conveying  back  some  Messengers  frbm 
Perak,  who  had  carried  the  Boonga  Mas,  or  tokeh  oft 
Homage  to  Quedah,  requested  permission  for  a  fleet  tb* 
pass  through  Pinang  harbour,  which  being  conducted* 
beyond  the  boundaries  by  a  Cruizer,  proceeded  to'  Perak,^ 
and  after  a  short  struggle,  his  forces  also  possessed  ^  them-^ 
selves  of  that  country,  which  had  been  reduced  by  the 
Quedah  forces  in  1818,  by  the  orders  of  Siam,  in  con^^ 
sequence  of  a  refusal  to  send  the  Boonga  Mas;  which  thd 
history  of  that  oppressed  State  affords  no  instance  of  suclr 
a  demand  ever  having  been  made  by  Siam|  or  complied 
Kith  be[bre.>-.\  '.;./•.  .•.>^;.:  .,..i:,.;  z:  r)^/'^.'r.(^]!:   .    a^^'V^f 

..It  was  understood  that  Salangorc,  a  Settlement  ori- 
ginally peopled  by  Buggese,  was  to  he  the  next  place 
of  attack;  but  the  timely  preparations  and  commanding 
and  determined  posture  of  defence  assnmed  by  the  ilajah 
pf  that  Country,  deterred  the  Siamese  Ibraiimei  frbhi 


14  CONQUEST    OP    QUBDAH   AND  PBRAI^  ???tjl^ 

making  the  attempt;  if  we  are  not  .misiafaifmjej  ,ho¥^T 
ever,  extensive  preparations  have  been  long,  in  prpgr^sf 
at  Traang,  for  carrying  these  designp^Uc^.^^y^.^ffi^ct, 
There  is  little  doubt,  the  SianiesQ  contemplate,, the,  total 
overtHrow  and  subjugation  of  all  the  Malayan  States <oa 
the  Peninsula,  and  the  subversion  of  the  Mahometan 
Religion.  Patani  and  Tringano,  the  principal  States  oa? 
the  other  side  of  the  Peninsula  have  Ippg  suffered  froini 
the  Siamese  oppressions^  and.  if,  as  it  is.  generally  be« 
lieved  the  Rajah  Muda  or  Brother  of  the  Emperor  of 
Siam  is  about  to  establish  himself  at  Traang,  and  the, 
Ilajah  of  Ligore  has  actually  proceeded  to  convey  him 
thither  from  the  Capital,  Bangkok;  there  are,  no  doubt^ 
some  schemes  in  embryo,  which  it  is  difficult  to  conjecture^ 

During  the  two  years  that   have  elapsed  since  Quedah 
fell   into  the  hands  of  the  Siamese,  the    supplies  of  pro- 
risons  to  Piuang  have  been  very  scanty,  and  every  thing  > 
has  been  prodigiously  enhanced  in  price.     The  Govern-. 
ment  of  Prince  of  Wales  Island,  seeing  but  little  prospect 
of  a  speedy  termination   of  the  disturbances   at  Quedah, 
or  a  satisfactory  settlement  of  affairs,  and  anxious  to  pro- 
vide for  the  numerous  fugitives  who  had  voluntarily  placed  - 
themselves  under  its  protection,  and  become  British  subjects^  ; 
considered   it  advisable  to  appoint  a  Resident  at  Province^  • 
Wellesley,  who  had  authority  to  portion   out  small   tractj  r 
of  land  to  such  families  as  might  wi^h  to  settle  permanent*  "^ 


fcirf  Tf;,         ASDvoLvncAh  relations  with  siam.         ii 


ljran(i' -cultivate;  to  make  small  advances  of  cash  repaya* 
hie  within  a  certain  period,  in  grain,  and  to  give  eYery 
cncoirrageineht  to  the  cultivation  of  paddy;  and  the  reaf^ 
irig  ofcattlfc  and  poultry,  by  which,  it'was  hoped,  the 
Island  would,  ere  long,  be  plentifully  supplied  with  pro* 
Tisions.  The  population  there  has  had  a  large  encreasc 
by  the  emigrants  from  Quedah,  and  there  is  every  proba-" 
bility,  that  in  time,  under  good  management,  and  by  a 
conciliatory  line  of  conduct  towards  the  inhabitants,  con-- 
siderable  supplies  may  be  obtained  from  that  source.  As 
yet  however,  they  have  scarcely  exceeded  what  was  obtain- 
ed from  thence  before  the  capture  of  Quedah;  the  new 
settlers  being,  for  the  most  part,  indolent  and  undetermm* 
ed  in  their  movements.'  '    - 

The  longer  experience  we  have  had  of  the  Siame?e 
Government  of  Quedah,  the  less  do  they  appear  to  evince 
any  desire  to  conciliate  the  British  Government,     Several 
atrocious  murders  have  been  perpetrated   in  the  Quedah 
River  upon  some  inoffensive  and  peaceable  native  traders^  ^ 
subjects  of  the  English    Government  of  Pinang,  and  thc^r 
whole   of  their    property  plundered,  as  has  been  fully  as-, 
certained,   by  the  connivance,  if  not  the  direct  authority, 
of  some  of  the  principal  Siamese  Chiefs;  nor  have  thefe 
authorities  made  that  atonement  for  such  outrages,  which 
ihe  British  Government  has  a  right  to  expect,  and  whiph  it 
will   doubtless  enforce.     In   short,  instead   of  adopting  a/? 
mild,   conciliatory  system  of  administration,   calculated  to; 
engage  the  uffcctiooi  of  the  Inhabitants  whose  Countrjr 


IB 


XJONQUESt   OF^  aUBt>Att'iNI>'1PBRiS^  Krf  K 


has  been  wrested  from  them,-  there  has  been  one ^e&jatiiiu* 
Cil  scene  of  the  most  brutal  rapine  and  carnage,  oppres- 
sion and  dev^tation  that  can  possiblj  be  imagined;^' Bri* 
tish  su bjects,  with  whom,  it  niight  have  -bebn  isu^p05ei, 
they  would  have  had  some  dread  to  interfere,  have  been 
cruelly  put  to  death,  and  the  British  Government  not  only 
gjighled  and  in*uUed  by  evasive  repUes  and  frivolous  de- 
lays, but  the  population  of  the  Presidency  kept  in  a  con- 
stant state  of  alarm  and  agitation  by  daily  reports  of  large 
armaments  destined  to  make  an  attempt  upon  the  Island, 
fitting  out  atTraang  and  other  Rivers.  How  improbable 
soever  such  designs  may  be,  still  it  is  essential  that  tlic 
fears  of  the  native  inhabitants  should  be  appeased  ;'i<^ 
avert  the  injury  which  the  Commerce  of  the  Island  would 
necessarily  sustkiQ>^-^^  '^^"  >:...;....   .^.  .       >   rl^ 

In  advocating  the  cause  of  the  injured  and  oppressed 
Nation  of  Quedah,  as  1  humbly  profess  to  do,  I  may  be 
permitted  to  notice,  that  the  records  of  the  Pinang  Govern-^ 
mentfrom  1785  to  1790  furnish  ample  evidence;  first,  that 
the  right  of  ,  interference  o(  SJam  with  Quedah  was  hot, 
acknowledged  at  the  period  of  the  cession  of  Pulo  Pinang, 
to  the  British  Government;  secondly,  that  that  cession  was 
made  upon  the  express  condition  of  succour  p^d  protec- 
tion against  a  powerful,  relentless  and  overbearing  eneioy; 
thirdly,  that  we  accepted  the  grant  upon  this  understand- 
ing^  that  is,,  without  making  any  objections  to  the  propo^ 
fials  of  the  ,^ajali  of  Qaedah  before  posses^toa  was  takeii!» 


Part  K              A5D    POLITICAL^  RELAXrONS  WITH    SIAM.            17  j 

■i 

And  lastly  thai  we  are  bound  by  considertitlons  of  philan« 

thropy  and  humanity  to  extend  our  aid  to  an  oppressed  j 

Monarch,  who  has  long  been  our  friend  and  Ally,  and  to  I 

a  defenceless  multitude  groaning  under  the  most   bitter  ,  ] 
tyranny,    and   suffering    all   the   horrors   and  calamities 

Trhich  a  ferocious  enemy  can  inflicti    ,  ;  j  >b  ^ij  if^  '.  1 

Their  religion  is  violated,  their  wives  and  their  children  I 

are  forcibly  dragged  from  them^  the  aged  parent  and  the  \ 

helpless  babe  are  butchered  by  these  ruthless  and  sanguis  i 

nary  barbarians,  who  consider  them  as  useless  appendages^  j 

and  the  most  wanton  murders,  perpetrated  by  means  the  \ 

most  cruel  and   painful  to   the   wretched  victims,  are  of  j 

daily  occurrence.     Surely,  a  powerful  nation,  which  hag  j 

ever  been  foremost  to  dispense  justice  and  to  succour   the  i 

oppressed,  will   not  suffer  such  acts  of  horror  and  cruelty  | 

at  its  very  door,  without  employing  its  power  and  influence  j 
to  check  such  Enormities,     The  history  of  our  possessiong 
in  Continental  India,  affords   numberless  instances  of  our 

'interference  on  many  far  less  pressing  occaisions,  and  shall  1 
.we  not  extend  our  fostering  protection  to  our  Friend  and 
:Ally;  to  the  acknowledged   and  rightful  Sovereign  o^onc^<« 
of  our  four  Presidencies,  who  has   been  overcome  by  sm^a^ 

ambitious  and  powerful  neighbour  ?ri:;\ii^  i 

,  ,  When   we  add  to  the  many   powerful  and  irresistible  ! 
inducements  for  our  interference,  considerations  of  a  more 
interested  nature  as  regards  our  own  prosperity  and  stabi-* 
lity  in  this  quarter,  and  look  to  the  baneful  effects  of  the 
Siamese  Coa(}uest  of  Quedah,  in  the  stoppage  of  our  ao* 


18  CONaVBST   OF    aUBDia    AND  PBRAlK  Faft  Ti*'  ^ 

cu§tome(J  .supplies,  to  the  distress  of  out  Inhabitants  b^'-' 
the,  encreased  price  of  Provisions,  to  , the  almost  entii'^-^ 
Btagnatioir ipf  tradefrom  that  quarter^  when  we idvcrt W^'^ 
the  indignities  and  cruelties  inflicted  upon  quiet  andpSeace^"^ 
able   British  subjects,  who    ventured  to  continue    theilf ^ 
Commercial   pursuits  with.  Quedah;    when   we  consider"'^ 
the  ^tate  of  disorder  and  <  confusion  around  us,    and  tha^*^ 
piracy  is  daily  increasing  (the*  natural  result  of  Ihousanthr- 
of  Malaysbeing  driven  from  their  home?,)    and  thaiH^^ 
predatory   w?irfareis  carrying  on   in   our  immediate  vi«^^ 
cinity;.  nay,  sometimes    within  sight    of  our    harbour^ -^ 
when  we  know  that  many  of  our  own  unoffending  subjects^ 
have  suffered  in  common  with  the  enemy;  when  we  reflect'^ 
upon  the  tone  of  insolence  and  contempt  hitherto  assumed 
by  the  haughty  .Ruler  of  Siam ;  the  presumption  even  of 
the  lowest  .Officers  of  this  proud  Despot,  with  whom  we* 
have  had '  correspondence  or  connection;   'when   we  rcsr 
member   the  uucordiat   reception  of  our  Mission,  and  thi^^ 
h)dignities  andcorporal  punishment  inflicted   upon  twoF 
defenceless  JSnglbhmJen,  in  the  palace  of  the  Eraperoi*/ 
for  ^  trilling;  breach,  of  their  peculiar  laws  and  ignoraChii^ 
of  the -customs  of  the  Country;  when  we    conUd^f^^fii 
short,  tlic  pnsociable  propensities,  if  I  may  so  term  itj  of 
the  Siamese  power,  ^4  its  evident  disinclination  io  treat 
itith  us  upon  a  footing  of  equality;  or  to  cbiiciliatdlthb 
'friend. ship  and  good  will  of  a  nation  which  has  thS  p'd^^ 
to  crush  it  in  a  moment;,  when  we  observe. that  the  tradts 
of  the  Country  is  by  no  means  equal  to  tde  exagg;eratett 


Part  U,i-       AND    POLITICAL    RELATIONS  WITH  SIAM»  19 

slatein^its.of  itsjmportanceand  value,  while  we  hare  the 
example  in  tlxe  history  of  our  transactions  with  the  no  tesr  >-i 
imperious  power  of  China,  that  Trade,  fhoagK  it  may  baiL- 
inierrupted   for  a  tiniei    will  eFentiially- floiirish'^more^j!? 
after  Uie  establishment  of  a  proper  uriderstanding  anB  anil 
occasional  contention  for  just  rights  and  privileges;  and- *? 
when,  moreover,  we  observe  that  the  eyes  of  all  the  surV) 
rounding  States  are  upon  us,  and  expect  us,  not   only  imli 
succour  the  King  of  Quedah,  ourancient  Ally,  but  tooppoatju 
a  barrier  between  them  against  the  unjustifiable  encroaiih^o 
ments  i>f  the  Siamese,  we  shall  surely  have   incentiv^lil 
enough  for  taking  a  vigorous  part  iu  the  defence  of  .thcr 
Quedah  Kingdom. .  -  -;'*  i^^^^i/^rfj  v/cd^  orra^An 

:  Do  we  admit  the  principle  that  the  SiamesC:.IiAr,^,ftj 
right  to  subjugate  all  the  Malay  States  oq  this  Mde  tl>^ 
Peninsula,  viz.  Perak  and  Salangofe,  which  havft;lwi(|| 
greater  inaccuracy  been  stated  as  always  tributary. t^c 
Siam,  we,  in  fact,  give  encouragement  to  the  total  des!# 
truction  and  annihilation  of  the  valuable  trade  whicjl 
forms  the  principal  export  of  this  Settlement^!  ofistjii^ 
Jlevenues  of  the  Honorable  Company^  and  of  the;  taean'^ 
of  support  and  livelihood  of  our  numerous  and  industri* 
ous  subjects.  The  Emperor  of  Siam  may  in  many 
respects,  be  compared  to  the  former  ambitious  ruler  .^ 
France,  and  if  his  projects  Sre'nbt  nipped  Iu  the  budf 
there  is  no  foretelliug  what  the  result  will  be,  if  the 
ifruit  is  allowed  to  attain  maturity^ '^''-      ■n^r.UMl^  oj 


20         ^      CONQUJBST^OF.QUEDAlf    AND  PERAIC  Piart  U 

Various  are  the  .opinions  which  hare  preraileij  refatire 
iq  the  tributary  dependence  of  Qtiedah  upon  Siam^  and 
it  shall  be  my  endeavour,  as  far  as  the  paucity  of  materiah 
^yrlll  admit  of,  to  deduce,  from  a  carefuVexamin^t}on  and 
comparison  of  different  authorities^  evidence  to  shew,  that 
Queduh  has  submitted  only  to  a  certain  limited  depend* 
ence  upon  Siam,  in  no  way  dero^tfng  from  her  Sove- 
reignty, still  retaining  to  herself  the  right  of  adminis* 
teripg  her  own  Government  according  to  her  own  laws 
und  institutions,  and  that  consequently  the  subjiigatioa 
of  the  country,  is  an  act  of  unprovoked  aggression,  which 
it  IS  the  poUcy  of  the  British  Government,  to  resent, 
'^  His  Highness  of  Quedah,  (as  juslly  remarked  by  tl^ 
Honorable  the  Governor  of  Pinang  in  December  1821,) 
Kas  certainly  much  misgoverned  his  Kingdom,  yet  his  long 
close  connection  with  the  British  Government  has  givea 
lis  a  far  greater  influence  over  his  mind  and  character, 
'than  what  We  can  expect  to  acquire  with  regard  to  ^e 
Chief  who  may  be  placed  on  the  Throne  of  Quedah  by 
i\\Q  Siamese,  It  appears  to  me,  that  the  British  Govern* 
nietit  should  not  hesitate  to  endeavour  to  obtain  the  res* 
toratiou  of  our  Ally  to  theThroneof  his  Ancestors,  because 
it  is  undoubted  policy  to  prevent  the  near^app roach  ^f 
the  Siamese  influence  and  power,  and  because  his  re^ 
toration,  if  effected  by  our  means,  would  redpund  highly 
to  the  honour  and  reputation  of  the  British  Chaipacte^ 
.^mong  the  surrounding  Malayan  States ;^' to ,  which, may 
be  added  the  opinioa  of  |^^.  ^r^^f^cte^,,  predecessor^  |i)f 


fifatd  Cbldnd  Jbto  Ifeiander^B^  wti'^,^'irt  aU 

Lhisioft  to  the  difficulties  in  which  the  King  of  Quedah 
^1  was  inrolyed  in  1 8 1 8^   by  the  demands  of  thii  Siamese, 
i  i^bserie^i^  ^^  Indeffendant:  oP  the' cdusir  of 'hiiitikhity  which 
^^I'as  never  been  dr>iregarded '  by  the  Bntisb  Goyerhment 
"  or  our  Honorable  Etnployers,'  theVe  are  *  ihany  other  mo« 
tires  that  strongly  bias  me  at  this  junctiire  in  favor  of 
His  Majesty'  of  Qiiedah's  propositroh,     THer6  is  ho  dou^t 
^t)ut  that  our  Commerce   with  the  'neigiibouririg  Malay 
States  is  much  impeded  by  the  dissensions  subsisting  be- 
tween these  Princes,  and  that  the  trade  with  Ferak  in 
particular^  from  which  our  rev^'mies  once  derived  gre4t 
benefit,  is  now  almost  wl^dlly  s'uspenjded.^^i    ,'.^Jj         t^ 

The  following  extract  from  the  dispatch  to  the  Suprqnpie 

Government,  dated  the   28th  November,  1821,  from  the 

Pinang  Government,  clearly  shews  the  opinion  entertained 

©f'tlie  necessity   for    the  removal   of  jhe  ^iamcie  from 

Quedah,     "  In  apprizing  your  Excellency  of  the  pre^sent 

istate  ofaffairs  at  Quedah,  it  cannot  be  considered  uniiii<« 

portant  to  observe  that  unless  some  arrangements  are  made 

^b'y  which  the   Siamese  power  may  be  withdrawn  from  our 

'immediate   neighbourhood,  there   will  be  an  evident  ne-> 

cessitv  for  encreasinff  our  disposeable   force  at  this  t*resi-i 

"dency,  m  view  to  secure  against  that  arrogant  and   formi« 

dable   power,  the  tra(nquillity  of  this  setllenient,^  and  the 

freedom  of  its  Trade  with  the  northern  ports.    '  Hitherto 

there  has  been  no  difficulty   in  ^ this  respect^  the  state  df 

KedaK  has  served  as  a  *  barrier  between  the  Siamesepos* 


2#-^  C0NQFK3T^0P'<iUBWff   ANiy¥BftAtfi''A         Patt^Ki 

Ecssiohs  siiitJ  the'tiompany^s^teiTko^^  kftd  hd«'6cen^b6tifit>i3 
to '  us  by  Trieaty  and  reciprocally  engaged  for^our  be^*i 
Befit  ;^'  and  in*  reference  to  the  dbpoiiit ion  ofthe^  Siain^e^ 
Government  in  comparison  with  the  Malayan^ '>*;  Bqt  we^^ 
apprehend  such  woiihi  not  be  the  case  with  a  Siamese  Go^rl 
Ternment,  so  closely  bordering  on  us,  the  natural  in30^o 
lence  and  haughtiness  of  the  nation  would  be  apparent  ia,> 
every  intercourse,  aad  they  could  only  be  held  in  chec^:) , 
by  the  strong  arm  of  power  and  a  contmual  preparatioa'i 
to  repel  the  aggressions  which  would  be  at  all  times  tQQ:, 
ready  to  be  manilestedJ*  '-^v>^  ?  li  ir^'tfDf^-ftKn^M 

In  adverting  ta  the  conquest  of  Quedah  and  Perak  by  7 
the  Siamese,  we  are  naturally  led  ta  take  a  brief  review:  r 
of  the  political  relations  which  have  heretofore  subsisted - 
between   them..     Confused    and    ihcongruou^  as    is    the 
History  of  the  early  Settlements  of  the  Malays  on  the 
Peninsula,  which  we  fijid  narrated  in  the  Sejjarah  MaTayu^-:^ 
or  Malayan  Ann al«,   we  are  enabled  to  gather  sufficfentv 
to  shew,   that  prfor  to  the  emigration  of  the  Malays  from: 
Sumatra  in  A.  D.  J/ 80,   the  more  Northerly  partof  the- 
Malayan  Peninsula  was  partially  inhabited  by  Siamese, 
The  Malays  pretend  to  derive  the  decent  of  their  Sove^:  r 
reigns  from  Alexander  the  Gceatvand  trace  in  a  regulaif;: 
line  of  genealogy,  the  successive  Dynasties  and  Kings  of  Hin»v 
dostan,   till  the  time  of  Rajah  Suran,  Grand^on  of  llajah  , 
Sulan^  who  reigned  ia  Andam  N^gara,  andall  the  L<mds.;v 
of  the  East  and  West  were  subject  to  him.     The  first  pla<;e,' 
of  importance  he  apgearsrto  have  reached  oa  the  Peaiiiff^U 


Fart  r^  AND  POLITICAL   n%I,A.Tl(}m^^l^pi^ glj^^m  SJv^ 

sula,  waff  a  Fort  skuated^  on  tb&  RiVef  Dinding^  m  {^e  jric^Tj,^^ 
nity  of  Pprak.     The  King  extended  bis  Con^quests  to  ^Jie^j 
Country  of  GlangKhiair,  whfch  in  former  times  was  a  grea^  . 
cQuntryy  possessing  a  Port  of  Stone  up  M  th^;Riy;er  ,r<>hp.^t;:3 
In  the  Sianie^ .  Language,  this  word  signifies  tjie  jp^ace^  ^ 
df  the  Emerald    (Klang  Khiau.)     The  atrcient  City?, pf|^ 
Singapore  vras"  esfablished  by   Rajah  Sang   Nila  Ufamaf ; 
(a  descendant  of  Raj.^h  Sman,)  who  emigrated  from  they 
East  Coast  of  Sumatra,  it  h  supposed  from  the  Coiin^ry  j 
now  known  by  the  name  of  Siack,  which  borders  on  the  < 
Menangkaban  Countryr     After  the  destruction  of  Singa-*  : 
pura,   by  the  forces  of  Ihe  Rajah   of  Majapahit,  thei^^^a 
powerful  State  on  the  Isknd   of  Java,  Rajdb  Se^and.ir-, 
Shdh  founded  the  City  of  Malacca.     He  died  jij^^  f274«.^^ 
The  conversion  of  the  Malays  to  hlamism,  is  saiil  to  iiave 
taken  place  about  the  year  1270,  in  the   reign  of  Raiahk- 
Kechil  Besar,  who  after  conversion,    assiimed,  the   titlev* 
of  Sultan  Mahumed  Shahr     !»  1509,  the  Anir^js  xep^e*^^^ 
sent  Malacca  as  being  one  oF  the  first  Cities  of,,the,East^t 
and  the  Kings  of  that  powerful  State  had  successfully^  op^?, 
posed  every  attempt  of  the  Siamese  to  subdue  themtfv^lAt^i 
this  time  it  is   said  Malacca  was   in   a  very  flouFfehinjfr 
State,  ^^  and  the  general  resort  of  Merchants,  'frdiit^  Ayier^i 
Leleh,  the  trickling  stream,   to  the  entrance  of  theBaj^' 
of  Moar,  was  one  uninterrupted   market  placei'    Frdda'^ 
the   K  li ng  Town   likewise,  to*  the   Bay  of  Feuagar,  f  the c^ 
btiildings  extended   along  the  shore,  in   an'  uninterruptbdc 
line.     If  a  person  sailed  from  Malacca  to  Jagra,   (Parce^^u 


lar  Hill)  tterc  ^Wasna  occasion  itdcai^ryfee"^wit1i  ^btfe^ 
far,  wherever  he  stopped,  he  ^owld  flnd>p^oplc^s^rion^ys# 
On  the  Eastern  side  likewise  from  i  Malacca^  la^^fiii^^a^ 
^.  BatttJ^a|^^t,  (hewn  Stone),  there  v  wa*i  fhe«  sameiinitlter* 
rupted  succession  of  houses^  an<l  a  great  •  ia^oy  pcoi>le 
dweU  along  the  shQre;.fand  the  .City  of  Malacca,   witli^ 
out   incl ud iug    the    exterior,   contained    nineteen    laicas 
of  Inhabitants  (190,000).','    ,  /f  he  Ust  engageiuept^ J^.^- 
tweeh  the  Malay aii,  and , Siaut^ese  Forces,  which jis  . rjc- 
corded  in  the  Annals  prior,  ta  the  Conquest  of  Malacca, 
by   the  Portuguese,   is   thus  described.^      '*- The    Rajah 
of  Ligor,^>yas  ,ordQred  by  the  King  of  Siaiii   to  attack 
Pahang,,  apd   Sultan  .Mahupfi^d  of  Malacca  deteVmioed 
to  send  assistance  to.  Pahang,  ,  At   this   time,,  the  sub- 
jects of  the  City  of .  Malacca  alone,   besides  those  of  the 
Coast  and   Villages,  amounted  to  ninety  Lac.     The  Ma- 
lacca people  ainyed,?it  Pahang,  and  in  a  few. days  finished 
a  large  Fort,  i  ,Th^  Hajah  of  Ligor  now  advanced  with  all 
l^ia  host,  which  was  innumerable,  and  commenced  the  war 
ill  a  manner  which  cannot  be  described,  and  the  Soldiers, 
qf  Ligor  died  like  hens  of  the  pip.     The  men  of  Malacca 
and  Pahang  attacked  them,  and  they  gave  way;,  and  were 
broke  and  completely  dispersed.     Maha  Raja  Dcwa  Susa 
fled  to  the  uplands  of  Pahang,  and   proceeding  straitly 
by  land  to  Callantan,  from  whence  he  returned  to  LigonV 
This  happened  in  15G9. ?    In  1 51 1 ,  the  Port ugues-e  arrived 
and  bceiged  Malacca.  Sultan  Mahumed  fled,  and  found* 
ed  a  Fort  at  Bintanger.     He  afterwards  retired  to  Pahaiig) 


find  was  received  with  gf eat  kindness."  It  trarf  aftervrai^ci  s 
^  that  he  fouiKied  the  City  of  Johor^and  subieijueatlj  Rhio^ 
-.©ntbeUaQdoCBiutangi.  ?  i'^^iil  c;l  ^  «  -}';;-l  0.3   nO 

-V  I«  the  subseqaefttyear/the  Malays' raaderan^atti^^ 
.re-take  Malacca  from  the  Portuguese.  In  I5l6y  17^  18, 
and  V9f  Suhan  Mahumed,  Ex-King  of  Malacca  arid  noW 
King  of  Bintanjpfand  Johor,  blockaded  Malacca,  buHn  tKe 
last  was  defeated.  Iiyl52I,  the  Portuguese  made  an  at- 
tempt upon  BinCang^  but  were  defeated  by  the  Mdays 
under  the  celebrated  Laksamana.  l>uring  the  subsequent 
five  year's,  there  were  inces=ent  hostilities  between  the 
Portuguese  and  Maktys^  and  the  former  attacked  Pahang. 
tind  Pataui,  miirdering  and  laying  wa«te.  lii  1537^  aa 
attempt  was  made  on  Johor  by  the  Portuguese.  They 
jwere  defeated  by  Sultan  Aluden  and  the  Laksamana^  biit 
in  a  second  attempt^  they  reduced  and  sacked  the  Towh 
t)f  Johor.  In  1559,  Sultan  Abdul  Jalil  the  first,- ascended 
the  Throne  of  Johtfr.  From  this  period  till  1610,  ttiere 
is  little  heard  of  Johor.  Sultan  Abdullah  Shah  ascended  the 
Throne  in  this  year,  and  in  1613,  we  find  that  thWKiii^ 
of  Acheen,  the  ancient  Ally  of  the  Ex-King  of  MSlaWf 
possessed  himself  of  Johor,  Pahang,  iand  other  places'  bift 
the  Peninsula.-^     ::in:  :  .    >^n'^n.^V.,^)vn.Uifiw.  ha^^Jvids 

'  It  does  not  appear  that  Si nga^ura,  Malacca,  Perak^ 
Johor,  Pahang,  or  Rhio,  or  indeed  any  of  tHe  Malay 
States  which  were  founded  by  emigrants  froih'S'uhiatr a, 
ever  were  subject  to  Siam  during  the  long  interval' fro lii 
il60,  when  Singapura  was  firstsetiled,  up  to  the  period 


26  CONQITKST    Cnf    WSWH  -  ANtI  ^  ^EftAlZ:  "i  Taki  t^ 

of  the  conquest  of  Malacca  by  the  PbrtuglHSS^  ittPtSlIi 

oil  the  contrary,    there   is  unequivocal  proof^  thati  the^ 

Malays  successfully  maintained!   their   position^  audirem 

quently  repelied   the  attempts  of  the  Siamese;  >,  In  l'567^. 

i/re  are  informed  by  Marsden,  that  '*  Sultan  Mansur  ShalL 

fi-om    the   Kingdom  of  Perak  in  the  Peninsuta,  ascended 

the  Throne  of  Achecn,  after  several  preceding  Sovereigns 

had  been  murdered  by  the  Acheenese.     The  same  authot 

informs  us,  that  m  1613,  the  Kfng  of  Acheen,  whom  the 

aiiuals  name  Sekuadar  Miida,  was  known  to  our  travellers 

by   the  Title  of  Sultan   Pad uka  Sri,  (words  equivalent  to 

most  gracious)  Sovereign  of  Acheen,  and  of  the   Countries 

of  Aru,  Delli,  Johor,  Pahang,  Kcdah,  and  Perak   on  the 

one  side,  and  of  Harus,  Passaman,  Tiku,  Sileda,  and  Pri* 

aman   on  the  other.      Some  of  these    places   were  con* 

quered  by  him,  and  others  he  inherited.     It  is  supposed 

by  Mr.  Marsden,  that  during  the  r^eign  of  Sultan  Ala-wa* 

edden,   (and  the  opinion  has  been  quoted  by  others  as  an 

authentic  fact,)  who  ascended  the  Throne  of  Malacca  id 

1 447,  that  the  country  was  uuder  the  power  of  the  Siamese 

during    some  part  of    his  reign  of  30   years;  but   this 

conjecture  is  by  no  means  supported  by  the  Malayan  His* 

tory  of  that  reign,    and    the    successful    opposition  by 

the  Malays  to  all  the   attempts  of  the  Siamese,  seems 

to  contradict  such  a  supposition,  which  has  perhaps  beei| 

inadvertently  advanced    by    this   generally    correct   and 

enlightened  anthor.     In  It)  19,  the  King  of  Acheen  made 

9k  Conquest  of  the  Cities  of  Kedah  aud  Perak,  on  the 


MklayattT  Coast.     Af  this  time,^  Perafc   sent  a  Gold  and 
Silver   Flower  fa  A<jh«en,    in   token  of  homage.     Mr., 
Marsdenr  states,  that  in    1641,  "  the  whole  terntory  of/ 
Achcen  wais  almost  depopulated  By  wars,  executions!  and^ 
©ppressiom  •  The  Emg  endearotited  to  o)phold  theCounW. 
try   by  his  Comjuestsv    Having  i^vaged  the  Kingdoms  off 
Johor,  Fahang,   KedaK,  Perak,  and  Delli,  he  transpbrt-^ 
ed  the  Inhabitants  frora  these  places  to  Acheen,  to  thb 
number  of  Twenty  two  Thousand  Persons.*'— In   1614^, 
we  fii\d  "  the  Dutch  complain  that  the  Queen  of  Acheed 
gave  assistance  to  their  enemies,  the  people  of  Perak.??  ^ 
I  shall  now  proceed  to  take  a  cursory   and  abstract  vie^' 
of  the  poh'tical  connection  of  the  several  principal  Ma* 
layan  States  on  the  Peninsula,  up   to   the  period  of  the? 
c:stablishment  of  the  British  Interests  at  Prince  of  Wal^, 
Island,    under    their    separate    hea;ds,'    beginning    with' 

f.    i  •  **         ■"-■  ■'     c  ...'ja     It^r-  ■ 

Long  prior  to  the  conquest  of  Malacca  by  the  Fortu* 
guese,  the  Annals  inform  us,  that  the  Rajah  of  Kedali 
proceeded  to  Malacca  for  the  Nobats*,  Avhich  were  grant* 
ed  him;  he  was  well  received,  j,obtaiped  .his  dignities 
direct  from  Malacca,  and  was  considered  tributary  to  that 

T^.^*    1  :V     - j  ? ^' \*  The  Dfutts^ff  ioii^oi»  ofRof aliy^*     - .  -  .      -       * 


2S        .  co^QirssT  or  qubdas  and  pssak  .  Part  l. 

Stater    Whether  after  the  conqnesi  of  MaTacca;^  or  prior 
to  that  event,  is  not  preciselj  ascertained,  the  King  of 
Quedah  sent  a  Boonga  Mas,  of  Gold  Flower,  to  Siaoi, 
and  the  origin  of  this  CHStom  is  thus  accounted  for  bjr 
<the  Malays  of  the  present  daj.     In  early  years,,  the  King 
of  Quedah  sent  a  Flower  of  Gold  to  (he  eldest  Son  of 
.the  King  of  Siam,  a  Child,  to  play  with,   and  the  pre- 
sent   being   construed    into   a   token,    of    inferiority,    or 
toHiage,  the  custom  has  been  kept  up  triennfally  ever 
since;  but  the  King  of  Quedah  has  usuany  received  in 
return  a  present  of  superior  value,  such  as  a  Gold  Seree 
Stand,  handsome  gold   wrought  Cfoths,  &c.     "By   long 
custom,''  says   Mr.  Light,  "  the  Kings  of  Quedah  have 
acknowledged  the  King  of  Siam  as  their  Lord  Paramount 
and   sent  triennially  a  Gold  and  Silver  tree  as  a  token  of 
homage ;  in  return   for  this  the  King  of  Quedah  was  sup- 
plied  with  Elephants  from  the  forests  of  Ligore  and  the 
Provinces  of  Siam,  which  to  him  was  matter  of  great  pro- 
fit, (his  was  all  the  connection;  the  pre>ent  King  demands 
a  heavy  tribute  of  Money,   Arms,  Men,  Boats  and  Pro- 
visions to  be  employed  in  his  wars  against  the  Burmahs;  to 
avoid  this  the  King  of  Quedah  seeks  the  alliance  of  the  Eng- 
lish, he  has  no  alternative,  either  he  must  join  the  Siamese 
against  the  Burmahs  or  defend  his  country  against  the 
Siamese;   the  latter  is  by  far  the  most  prudent  and  bene- 
ficial."    Quedah  being  a  small  country,  as  th^  King  ei^- 
presses  it  in  one  of  his  Letters,  and  very   near  Ligor^ 
iu  order  to  preserve  a  i^ood  understanding^,  this  Flower. 


]?£^f  r»  A-ND    POLITICAL'  RELATIONS  WITH    SFAM*  2&^ 

^of  Gald^  (frpm  whatever  caifeet^^^^^^  ftiay  hafd'  6rt- 

,  ginated,)"  has  always'  been:  sent  periodically  to'  Sfani  ^la 
token  of  hoiirage,  and  tn^  like  manriefi  thtf  hafiighty  Dcf^« 
yj)bt-  of  Siain'  even  condescends  to  send  a' similar' 'taft^a 
triennially  to  China,  by  which"  he  secures  very  iniportattt 
privileges  in  thfe  way  of  ti^add'  arid  exerbption -froVh 
duties*  In  his  case,  th6  [jr^sentatibri  of  thle  token  -  of 
homage  k  considered  -a^'  entitling  hintf  to'ihdulgehWi 
whereas  on  the  other  liaild,'  its  receipt  from  the  Mai 
layari  State*  by  him,  is  made  si  plea'  fdr  oppressioit. 
Mr.  Crawfurd  States,  that  "  the  Kiiigof  Si^nf;  althougli 
the  circamstarice'  bS'irot  gerieraHy  know n,'^^  acknowledges 
himself  a  tributary  of  the  Eniperot*  of  Chrna,''  His  doing 
soy  does  hot  ari>e  from  any  political  necessity  or  consi^ 
deration,  or  out  of  any  actual  dependence  of  3iam^  lipoit 
China,  but  altogether  from  this'  mercenary  motive,  that 
the  vessels  which  carry  the  Ambassadors,  riiayV  under 
pretext  of  their  doing  so,  be  exempted  frdin '  the"  payment 
of  all  Imposts.  With  this  view,  two  of  the  largest  descrip- 
tiori  6f  Junks  amounting  to  nearly  lOOl)  Tons  eachi^  sail 
annually  froih  Bangkok  to  Canton  toad ed  with* Merctian-i 
dizei     They  carry  Ambassadors  anniiallv  to  the  Viceroy 


bflity  from  the  Viceroy,'ahd  a^iVnie'the'-Wstiime  oP'tK^^ 
Chinese/  They  carry  the  Chinese  Emperor  a  goldeit* 
Flower  in  token  of  tribute,  but  receive  in   return  gifu  to 


30      ,  CONQUEST    OF    QUEDAH^  A^D^  FBRA^  Fal:t  K 

a  far  greater  Talue^^    The  vanity  of  the  one  Court,  and  the 
rapacity  of  the  other,  have  long  rendered  this  intercourse 
a  permanent  one." — If  in  this  case,   the  presentation  of  a 
Golden   Flower  is  made  a  pretext  for  obtaining  very  con- 
siderable immunities;  does   not  arise  from  any  political 
necessity,  and  does  not  betoken   any  inferiority,    but  is 
viewed  merely  as  a  complimentary  offerings  it  is  diflScult  to 
discover  upoa  what  grounds  Mr,  Crawfurd   and  others 
have  hinged  their  arguments,  that  a  similar  offering  on  the 
part  of  the   Quedab  State  indicates   a  feudal  subjection 
\vhich  an  occasional  non-compliance  with,  or  omission  of 
the  ceremony,  justifies  the  Siamese  in   subjugating  the 
whole  Country,  and  wresting  the  Kingdom  from  an  acknow- 
ledged  and  rightful  Sovereign.     But  of  this,   more  here- 
after.    Quedah  has  occasionally  sent  a   Golden  Flower  to 
Acheen  and  to  Ava.     The  ceremony  seems  indeed  to  be  a 
mere  interchange  of  civility,  or  a  polite   acknowledgment 
of  inferiority,  like  one  Gentleman  giving  precedence  to 
a  superior  in  rank,   though  both  may  be  equally  inde- 
pendant.     In  1770,  the  Buggese  attacked  and  plunder- 
ed   Quedah,   burning   many  houses.     In  17S5,  the  King 
ceded  the  Island  of  Pinang  to  the  English,   up  to  which 
period,  there  is  no  account  of  the  Malayan  State  of  Que* 
dah,  which  flourished  under  a  succession  of  Mahometan 
Sovereigns  many  centuries,  and  was  at  one  period  a  place 
-  of  very  considerable  trade,   ever  having  been  under  the 
Authority  of  Siam,  further  than  is  implied  from  the  trans* 
mission  trienQially  of  a  Gold  and  Silver  Fiowerr       V*.'  '■' 


Fart  f  #  A'ND   rOLITICAL    El^tiATIONS  WITH  SIAMr  31 


■.-.    •  , 

PERAK. 

M    t^*j'>'i5*'j[ii     ^hf>     ;> 

^'r^'iV'-'         • 

*j'^o  i''i>h^'  n-y-i  '■■ 

..*     •                    .                             ' 

,  -    '■  no-  '^uMti.;''* 

y-iui  ^^.■■--■..      •.     . 

Thie  ofd  fimiJaharai:  of  Johbr  was  originally  appointed 
Rajah  over  Ferafc,  under  the  Title  of  Sultan  Muzafcr 
Shah,     He  married   the   Princess   of  Perak,    and   begat 
Sultan   Mansur,  who  reigned   at  the'  timie  the  Malayan 
Annals  were  written,  in  the  Year  of  the  Hejirat    I02h 
There  is  no    tradition  that   this    State   ever     did   send 
the    Boonga    Mas  to     Siaraf,    nor    does    it  appear   that 
.any  such  demand  Was  made*     It  acknowledged  depeni* 
ance  upon  Malacca,  even  prior  to  a  King  being  appointed 
from  Johor,  when  it  Was  under  the  controul  of  a  Pangu- 
lu,  or  Minister  of  the  Malacca  State,  bat  after  the  year 
1567,  when  its  own  King  became  Sovereign  of  Achecn, 
a  token  of  homage  was  sent  to   that  State  by  his  Suc- 
cessor to  the  Throne  of  Perak. 


SALENGORE. 


<¥^, 


This  Settlement  was  formed  principally,  by  an  craigra- 
tion  of  the  Bugge^e  from  Celebes,  and  has  never  been  in 
any  way  dependant  upon  Siara.     In  1783,  the  Saleogore 


31  CONQUEST    OF    QV£DAXI    AMD  Ji^B^I^  ^Pw^TJ. 

people  joined  those  of  Rliio^  and  went  by  lapcFto  Ma* 
lacca,  which  they  blockaded. — A  fleet  from  Holland  arrived 
opportunely   in  1784.  It  is   reported   by  MrrLrght  who 
writes  to  the  Governor   General,  that  "  the  Dutch  then 
proceeded  to   Salengore,   which:  they  Found  empty,-  the 
King  with  his  followers  having  fled  to  Pahang.     The  Dutch 
at  the  begining  of  this  war  wrote  ta  the  Rajahs  of  Tringa- 
na  and  Quedahfor  assistance,  the  former  joined,  but  the 
latter  declined,  excusing   himself  on   account  of  a  war  in 
Patani.     This  will  account  for  the  King  of  Tringano's  re- 
ception of  your  Letter,  and  for  the  King  of  Quedah's  anx- 
ious  desire   to    have  the    Honorable    Company  for    his 
Protector,     In  July  last,  the   King  of  Salengore  having 
collected   aboat  two  thousand   Pahang?,  crossed   over   to 
Salengore,    and  in  the  night  sent  a  few  desperadoes  to 
massacre  the  Dutch.     They  got  into  the  Fort,  and  wound- 
ed oneof  theCentinek  and  the  Chief,  but  the  Garrison 
taking  alarm,  killed  eight  of  the  Buggese,  dispersed  the 
rest,  and  in   the  morning,  the  Dutch  being  afraid  of  ano« 
ther  attack,  embarked    in  their  vessels,    and  fled  to  Ma- 
lacca, leaving  all  their  Stores,  Provisions  and  Ammunition 
undestroyed ;  the  King  took  possession,  and  still  keeps  it. 
The  King  of  Salengore  cannot  remain   long  in  his  pre- 
sent situation,   his  people  are  kept  together  by   hopes  of 
assistance  from  the  English,  which  he  expects  from  the.  in- 
dulgence and  preference  our  Merchants  always  received 
from  him  and  his  Father,  above  any  other  nation,']^    I 


Ladf  scarcely  arrivetT  wften  I  recefred  intelligence  that 
the  Dutch  Fleet  consisting  of  three  large  Ships  and  four** 
teen  sail  of  Prows  and  Sloops,  were  before  Salengorfc. 
The  King,  unable  to  procure  provision,  or  to  support  him^ 
self  longer  without  assistance,,  entered  inta  a  Treaty  with 
the  Dutch,  the  particulars  of  whiclrl  hare  not  learnt.  It 
is  said,  they  obliged  hinr  ta  swear  on  the  Koran  he  would 
send  all  the  Tin  to  Malacca,  and  be  a  friend  to  the  Dntchr 
They  took  away  the  Guns  which  they  had  lost  there,  and 
have  now  sent  for  him  to  MaTncca."  — In  the  early  part  of 
the  year  1786,  the  llajah  of  Salengore,  Sultan  Ibrahim^ 
who  is  still  alive^  sent  a  letter  to  the  Governor  General 
of  India  saying,  that  the  Dutch  Company's  people  had 
gone,  (having  been  expelled  by  force,)  and  requested  the 
British  Government  to  form  a  Settlement.  It  does  not 
appear,  that  this  State  has  ever  had  any  intercourse  direct 
or  indirect  with  the  Siamese,  either  commercially  or  po» 
liticallyr        ,       ,,  . 


COLONG 


This  was  formerly  a  Dependency  of  Malacca,  and 
afterwards  fell  under  Salengore.  In  the  reign  of  Sultan 
Madhiifcr  Shah,  the  third  Mahometan  King  of  Malacca, 
Cofoog  was  one  of  the  most  flourishing  Settlements  ua« 


"J 


34^  CONQUEST   OF    QITBDAH    AND  •  PBRAR^  Pakt*lW' 

der  Malacca,  and  formed  originally  by  emigritt!^  froiilr^?^" 
Singapura  and  that  place. — In  trie  year  1340,"  the  Cliier  ^ 
of  this  placcy  Tuaa  Perak,  Son^  of  the'  decesls'ed  'Bihda^  i^ 
hara,  V- -^^ •- •^.-^-^-^-•y  Srieva  Rajah,  ^a»    principally'^'' 
instrumental  in  repulsing  the  Siamese  m  one  of*  their*  ^'^ 
attempts  upon  Malacca*     The  circumstances  are  thus  re-*' >* 
}a^cd  in  the  Annals:    "^  About  the  year  134(V  it  is  re-r  i- 
ported  that  the  King  of  Siam,    who   in  ancient  itimcs^-: 
was  named  Salien  Nani,  hearing  that  Malacca  \fas  a  great  ^ 
Countr)-;  and  did  not  own  his  Allegiance,   sent  ta  demand   - 
a  letter  of  submission,  but  the  King  of  Malacca  refusedr  * 
The  Siamese  prepared  to  attack  Malacca,  and  Had  reach-^  ' 
ed  Pahang,  when  all  the  Inhabitants  fron>  Mouar  as*  '* 
sembled  at  Malacca,   and  Tuan   Perak  brought  up  the  ^ 
people  of  Colong  with  all  the  Women  and  Children/* 
The  people  of  Colong  complained  of  their  Chiefs  condnctt 
in  bringing  up  their  Wives   and   Childreir,  as  only  the 
males  froni  other  places  had  arrived^    His  Majesty  de- 
manded  why  he  had  done  sof  Tuan  Perak  replied  ''  The 
reason  1  have  brought  their  Wives  and  Children,  is,  that 
they   may  contend  wi^h  a  true  heart  against  the  foe,  and 
even  if  the  Rajah  were  disposed  to  shrink,  from  the  com-* 
bat,  they  would  only  be  the  more   eager  to  prevent  the 
Slavery  of  their  Wives  and  Children.     For  this  cause,  they 
wiljl  contend  strenuously  against  the  Enemy.     The  King 
of  -Malacca  was  highly  pleased  with  Tuan  Perak  and  said  •?• 
*'  Tuan   Perak,  you  must  not  live  longer  at  Colong,  you  1 
UkVLst  come  and  livehere/^^ — The.  men  of  Siam  however  n 


arrived,   and  engaged  iri  fighr  >f th  the  men  of  Malacc^j    I 
The  war  continued  far  a  longtime,  and  grejit  numbed' 1 
of  Siameise  perished^   but  Malacca  tvas  not  subdued.'' 'At' ^ 
Ia;st,  the  ^hole  Siamese  Array  fetreated;     Tuan   Pfer^-  '1 
VFus  appointed  Bindahara^  or  Geuerali     Souid  time  after  ^  J 
the   Siamese   made  another  attempt.     **  The/  adVancCd     \ 
as  far  as  Batu  Pahat,  k  pkde  at  fevr  miles  to  the  South-^     j 
tvard  of  Malacca,  but  were  vigorously  opposed  by  the 
Malays;  (he  Siamese  Champion  said:— the  prepairatioa**    i 
of  the  Malays  are  immense.     If  they  advance  what  a  fine 
situation   we  shall  be  in,  especially  as  we  found  ourselvet     l 
to  day,  unable  to  contend  against  a  siniple  Prahu  of  their*?. 
Then  all  the  Siamese  returned.     In  their  retreat,  they 
Were  pursued  by  the  Bindahara,  Paduca  Rajah,  as  far     \ 
as  Singapura.'* 


i.v. 


JOHORE. 


^iMi. 


Was  founded  by  Sultan  Mahomed,  Ex-King  of  Malae-*  ^ 
ca in  1512.  The  place  was  destroyed  by  the  Portuguese^ 
in  1608,  and  a  new  Town  built  higher  up  the  River,  r 
In  1613,  wheii  the  Dutch  had  a  sraaU  Factory  there,  j 
it  was  conquered  by  the  Achinese.'  In  1703,  says  MiU^ 
burn,  "  Captain  Haitiiltoti  visited  the  place,   and   wag. 


3S         coNCurssx  or  auBDAsr  xvj}  vnli^  FaitT^ 

kindly  rcccivecf*.  TKe  King*  made  hirar  a  present  ©ftte 
Island  of  Sincapore^.  situated  near  the  entrance  of  (he^ 
River^  but  he  declined  taking  possessioa  of  it^  notwith-- 
standing,  its  convenient  situation  for  Trade,  and  the  sur-^ 
rounding  country  being  well  supplied  with  excellent 
Timber  and  Trees  fit  for  Masts." — In  more  recent  timesy. 
it  has  been  little  heard  of,  and  from  being  a  large  and 
populous  City,  dwindled  to  a  small  fishing  Villager  Johor 
has  long  been  a  Dependency  of  Rhio* 


PAHANG. 


In  the  reign  of  Sultan  Mansur  Shah  of  Malacca,  an  Er«* 
pedition  was  sent  against  Pahang.  It  is  thus  related  iir 
the  Annal>  t  "  The  Bindahara  proceeded  against  it,  and 
after  a  day's  j^ourney,  the  Malacca  forces  reached  Pahang^. 
and  defeated  the  Inhabitants  with  great  ease.''  1  he  King 
of  Malacca  married  the  beautiful  Princess,  Wanang  Sri^ 
the  Daughter  of  the  Pahang  Chief,  Maha  Rajah  Dewa 
Sena^  who  fled..  During  the  reign  of  Sultan  Mansur  Shahy 
the  Siamese  never  returned  to  Malacca,  nor  did  Malacca 
men  interfere  with  the  Siamese.  Towards  the  conclusion' 
of  this  King\  Reign,  he  sent  an  Embassy  to  Siam  with  a 
letter    which  oontaioed  neither  greeting  nor  salutatioOy , 


Part  !•  AND    POLITICAL   RELATIONS  WITH   SIAM.  3? 

kn^raii  thiiai  '^  it  is  desirable  that  there  should  be  nofiir- 
•the'^'Waf^,  for.  there  is  reason  to  fear  the  loss  of  life,  and 
•.';Terily>  Paduca  Biibaugan  is  to  be  dreaded  in  war,  but  there 
j  is'  great  hope  of  his  forgiveness  and  favor.','  ThqEm- 
;>peror  ofSiam  asked  how  it  wa?  Malacca  had  not  been 
taken  by  the  Siamese,  and  Tuan  Talani,  the  Envoy  from 
~~^  Malacca  "  called  an  old  man  of  Sayor,  who  had  the  J^le- 
phantises  in  his  legs,  to  display  hFs  slull  in  the  Spear, 
He  tossed  up  Spears  in  the  air,  and  received  them  on  hi^ 
back  vvifhdut  the  smallest  wound."  "  This,  Sire,  said 
he,  is  the  reason  why  Malacca  was  not  conquered  by  the 
Siamese,  for  all  the  Men  are  of  his  description,"  The 
Siamese  also  sent  a  Mission  to  Malacca,  and  the  King 
of  Malacca  was  rejoiced  and  said,  **  now  my  heart  is  at 
rest,  for  my  enemy  is  converted  into  my  friend" — and 
as  the  ni>torian  expresses  it.  "God  knows  the  whole, 
and  to  Him  be  grace  and  glory,"  The  Kingdom  of  Ma- 
lacca was  powerful  at  this  time,  and  it  is  reported,  that 
Embassies  were  sent  to  and  from  the  Kmperor  of  China 
and  the  King  of  iMalucca,  In  the  reign  ofSullaii 
Alu-eddin,  the  Succe-sor  of  Sultan  Mansur  Shah,  the  Lakf- 
samana  was  sent  to  Pah:ing,  to  call  the  King  to  acco  mt 
for  killing  a  Malacca  Chief.  It  has  been  supposed  by 
some  Authors,  that  during  the  reign  of  this  Prince,  Sultan 
Ala-eddiu  ilayat  Shah,  the  Country  of  Malacca  was  un* 
der  the  Siamese  power,  but  this  does  not  appear  to  be ' 
by  any  mean?  the  case,  as  it  would  seem,  that  Malacca, 
during   that  King's   long   reign   of  thirty  years,   was  as 


38  COKUUEST    OF    QUBDAH    AND'  FERAK:  Fart  T«. 

pawerful  as  it  had  ever  been,  as  has  been  before  shewn. 
Pahang  in  later  years,  has  been  considered  under  the 
Authority  of  RhiO.  The  King  was  desirous  of  having; 
the  English  there^  but  it  was  never  taken  possession  of^ 


.ii^rV' 


PACKANJA. 

This  was  also  a  Dependency  of  the  Rhio  Statew 


i'i.-.      K      . 


TRINGANa 

Before  Fmang  was  settled,  the  Sultan  offered  a  Settle- 
ment at  this  place^  and  about  the  same  time,  he  writes  to 
the  Supreme  Government  "  accor(iiug  to  the  advice  com- 
.luunirated  to  us  through  Captain  Glass,  we  gave  fair 
words  and  liberal  presents  to  Siara,  but  Siam  is  not  con- 
tended. He  demands  ourself,  or  our  Son  to  go  and  do 
homage  at  the  foof  of  his  Throne,  and  if  we^o  not  coraw 
ply  with  his  demands,  he  threatens  to  destroy  our  coun- 
try ;  there  is  no  example  or  precedent  from  the  earliest 
period  of  any  Prince  of  this  Country  doing  homage  ia 
any  other  manner  than  by  Letter.'^i   c\^  .*i    Uji:  ^nith 


Tart  1.  AND    POLITICAL    HELATIOXS  WITH    SUM.  39 

CALLANTAN. 


This  State  was  rendered  tribo(ary  to  Malacca  in  the 
reign  of  Sultan  Mahmud  Shah.  The  event  is  thus  de- 
scribed, in  the  Malayan  Annals.  *'  After  some  time,^  the 
Prince  ordered  Sri  Maha  Raja  to  attack  Callantaft..  At 
that  period,  the  Country  of  Callantan  was  much  more  pow- 
erful than  Patani,  and  the  name  of  the  Rajah  was  Surtan 
Secunder  Shah,  who  refused  to  do  homage  to  Malacca; 
Callantan  was  taken  by  the  Malacca  men.  The  Sultan  of 
Malacca  married  the  oldest  Daughter  of  the  Rajah  of 
Callantan^  whose  death  some  time  afterwards,  distressed 
the  King  much.  The  Chiefs  of  Callantan  have  often 
complained  of  the  vexatious  demands  ofSiam;  but  have 
never  acknowledged  more  than  fts  Inferiority  to  Siam, 
and  maintained  its  independence  under  a  regular  suc- 
cession of  Malayan  Kings,  extremely  friendly  and  dispos- 
ed to  conciliate  the  English.  The  Rajahs  of  Caljantan 
have  repeatedly  solicited  the  protection  of  the  British 
Government  and  requested  the  establishment  there  of 
an  English  Factory,  offering  very  considerable  advantage?. 


40       ,    ..COKOPfiST   OF  .<IUJ5DAH  MND,  ]P^&Jil^  ,jParfel. 

The  origin  of  the  Patani  State  is  thus  described,  "It  is 
related  thatahei^e  is  a  Country  named  Cota  Maliger,  the 
JR ;» jab  0/ which  was  a  Moslem,  and  named  Rajah  Soli- 
inan.  This  Country  came  to  be  mentioned  in  Siam 
as  a  very  fine  Country,  but  not  subject  to  Siam. 
A  Son  of  the  King  of  Siam,  named  Chaw  Sri  Bang>a, 
proposed  to  go  and  reduce  it,  and  proceeded  against 
it  accordingly  with  an  inuumierable  host,  like  the 
leaves  of  the  Trees,  and  when  he  reached  Cota  Ma- 
ligei.  Rajah  Solinian  came  out  and  engaged  Chaw  Sri 
Bangsa,  man  to  man,  and  each  of  them  mounted  on  au 
Elephant.  Chaw  Sri  Bangsa  declared,  that'  ijf  he  was 
victorious  o?er  Rajah  Soliman,  he  would  assume  the 
Doctrine  of  Islam.  The  place  was  taken,  and  the 
Siamese  Chief  became  a  Mahometan,  arnd  desired  his 
Astrologers  to  search  for  a  good  place  to  found  a  City. 
There  was  a  Fisherman  who  had  a  Son  nanied  Tani^ 
whence  he  was  called  Patani,  (Tani's  Father,)  the  City 
was  built  where  he  resided,  and  hence  it  was  called  Pa- 
tani." The  King  of  Patani  sent  Ambassadors  to  the  King 
of  Malacca,  requesting  the  Nobats  to  be  granted  to  him, 
and  Patani  became  a  Dependency,  of  Malacca.  The 
tngliih  established  a  small  Factory  in  1610,  which  was 


Part  K  AND   POLITICAL'  RELATIONS  WITH    SIAJTv  41 

abandoned  in  1625.  The  Sianvese  about  the^tfint  Pinang 
was  taken  possession  of^  plundered  the  place,  and  itiiiiw' 
dered  and  carried  off  the  Inhabitant*,  and  in- subsequent 
years,  the  State  became  separated  and  disunited  under 
different  Leaders,  or  petty  independent  Rajahsr 
.  hi  the  history  of  the  first  Malayan  Settlement  at  Sin- 
gapura,  we  fnid  that  the  Emigrants  from  Sumatra  founi 
no  Inhabttants,  and  met  with  no  opposition,  and  in  their 
subsequent  expuUion  from  thence,  their  Establishment^ 
at  Malacca,-  and  again  at  Johor  and  other  places,  were 
effected  under  similar  happy  circumstances j  nor  do  we 
read  in  the  whole  annals  of  Malayan  History,  of  their  Co- 
fonies  on  the  Peninsula,  of  one  single  instance  in  which 
a  Country  was  wrested  by  force,  from  aboriginal  Inhabitants* 
It  his  been  admitted  by  the  greatest  Philosophers  and  Po* 
litieians,  tliat  *'  All  mankind  have  a  right  to  things  that 
have  not  yet  fallen  into  the  possession  of  any  one,  and 
those  things  belong  to  the  persons  who  first  take  possession 
of  them.  When  therefore  a  nation  finds  a  Country  un- 
inhabited, and  without  an  owner,  it  may  lawfully  take 
possession  of  it,  and  after  it  has  efficiently  made  known  its 
will  in  this  respect,  it  cannot  be  deprived  of  it  by  another 
Nation.^^*  It  follows  from  this  argument,  that  the  Emi- 
grants who  founded  the  Malayan  Colonies,  had  an  ua-* 
doubted  right  to  possess  themselves  of  the  desert  Conntriei 
which  they  found  on  the  Peninsula,  and  that  having  pos- 
session, and  never  relinquished  it,  during  a  period  of  660 

I  •  ,      J.         ;^  •  VdicteU  Chap.  i8.  P^^e  99. 


42  CoiiQiUESt    OF    QXrEDAH*  AND  PiBE^Kj'  Part  IV 

yearly  they  are,  and' must  Be  considered,  the  rigBtful'  pos-- 
sessors  of  these  Countries  at  the  present  day;- 

Having  fully  established  the  rights  of  the  Malay*  to  co* 
ionize  the  Peninsula,  and  having  previously  shewn,  that 
Quedah  was  the  only  State  which  ever  acknowledged  anjf 
degree  of  dependence  upon  Siam^  after  the  dismember-^ 
nient  of  the  Malacca  Kingdom,  of  which  it  was  a  part,  I 
shall  now  consider  what  constitutes  a  Sovereign  State,  and 
the  several  degrees  of  submission  or  dependence  known  to 
US,  as  existing  among  different  nations  and  States,  which  will 
enable  us  to  draw  a  satisfactory  conclusion,  respecting  the 
relative  situation  of  Siara  and  Quedah,.  which  it  is  niore 
particularly  the  object  of  the  present  Paper  to  discuss* 
The  celebrated  Vattel  says,  in  speaking  of  States  bound  by 
unequal  alliance,  ''  We  ought  to  accoimt  as  Sovereign 
States,  those  which  have  united  themselves  to  another 
more  powerful,  by  an  unequal  alliance,-  in  which,  as 
Aristotle  says,  to  the  more  powerful  fs  given  more  honor, 
and  to  the  weaker,  more  assistance*  The  conditions  of 
these  unequal  alliances,  may  be  infinitely  varied.  But 
whatever  they  are,  provided  the  inferior  Ally  secure  to 
itself  ^Sovereignty,  or  the  right  of  governing  its  own  body, 
It  ought  to  be  considered  as  an  independent  State  that  keeps 
up  an  intercourse  with  others  under  the  Law  of  Nations." 
Of  States  allied  by  Treaties  of  protection,  he  remarks, 
**'  Consequently  a  weak  State,  which,  in  order  to  provide 
'for  its  safety, .  places  itself  under  the  protection  of  a  more 
powerful  one,  and  engages,  in  return,   to  perform  several 


i 
fkft  Tl  AND    POLIxrCAL.  UBLAtiOKS  T^ITH    St^A^f,       -     49 

Officer  equivalent"  to   that  protection,  v^ithoi^f  Hqtrerer 
divestiirg  itself  of  the  rights  of  GoFeroment  and  Sorereigni^ 
tyr  that  Static  I  saj,    does  not,   on  this   account,  c^ase' to* 
rank  among  the  Sovereigns  who  acknowledge  no   other 
taw   than  that   of   Nations*''     In  r^ard   to  Tributary 
States,  he  ob^erv^s.    "  There  occwf 3  no  greater  difference 
With  Tributary   States,   for  though  the;  pajment  of  TTri-^ 
,bute  to  a  foreign  Power,  does  in  some  degree  diminish-  th« 
dignity  of  those  States,  from  its  being  a  confession  of  their 
weakness,   yet  it  suifers  their  Sovereignty  to  subsist  entire. 
The  custom  of  paying  Tribute  was  formerly  very  common, 
the  weaker  by  that  means  purchasing  of  their  more  pow- 
erful neighbour,  an  exemption  from  oppression,  or,  at  that 
price,  securing  his  protection  without  ceasing  to  be  So ve« 
reign."     And  of  Feudatory  States,  it  is  stated  by  the  same 
author.     "  The  Germanic  Nations  introduced    anoiher 
custom,  that  of  requiring  homage  from  a  State  either  van- 
quished, or  too  weak  to  make  resistance.     Sometimes  even 
a   Prince  has  given  Sovereignties  in  fee,    and  Sovereigns 
have  voluntarily  rendered  themselves  feudatory  to  others. 
When   the  homage  leaves  independence  and  Sovereiga 
authority  in  the  Administration  of  the  State,  &  only  means 
certain   duties  to  the   Lord  of  the  Fee,'  as  some  honorary 
acknowledgement,   it  does  not   prevent  the  State  or  the 
Feudatory   Prince  being  strictly  Sovereign.     The  King  of 
Naples   pays  homage  for  his  Kingdom  to  the  Pope,  and 
is  nevertheless  reckoned  among  the  principal  SoTcreigng 

in  Europe.''^        '    -  '    * 

t  Vattel.  Cbap.  i.  Page  s  &  J. 


44  coNauKst  or  qubdaht  a>d  febaic  Part  F» 

The  original  object  no  doubt  of  the  Quedah  St^e'  send-- 
Ing  a  Boonga  Mas,  or  token  of  honiage  toSiatn^  afiter  th^ 
custom- had  been   once  Established,  was  to  secure  the  pro* 
tectfonofits  more  powerful  nieiglibour,   and  we  shall  now 
see  the  obligations  of  the   protector  as  well  as  protectedV 
^  When   a  Nation  is  nor  capable  of  preserving  herself  ff 
says  Vattel,   "  from  insult  or  oppression,  she  may  procure 
the  protetetion  ofa  more  powerful  State.  If  she  obtain  this 
by  only  engaging  to  perform  certain  Articles,  as  to  pay 
tribute  in  return  for  the  safety  obtained',  to  furnish  her 
Protector  with  Troops,  and  tQ  embark  in  all  his  Wars 
as  a  joint  Concern,  but  still  reserving  to  herself  the  right 
of  administering  her  own  Government,  at  pleasure,  it  is 
a  simple  Treaty  of  protection,  that  does  not  at  all  de* 
rogate  from  Sovereignty,  and  differs  not  from  the  ordi- 
nary treaties  of  alliance,  otherwise  than  as  it  creates  a 
difference  in  the  dignity  of  the  Contracting  Parties.''-^  and 
again  *'*if  the   more  powerful    nation  should  assume  a 
greater  authority  over  the  weaker  one,   than  the  Treaty 
of  protection]  or  submission  allows,  the  latter  may  con« 
sider  the  Treaty  as  broken^  and  provide  for  its    safety 
according  to  its  discretion.     If  it  were  otherwise,  the  in- 
ferior  nation  would  lose  by  a  convention  which  it  had 
only  formed  with  a  view  to  its    safety,  and   if  it  were 
still  bound  by  its  engagements   when   its  protector  abuses 
them,  and  openly  violates  his  own,  the  Treaty  would, 

^     .       •-  ^-;i--,  .  +  V.ucl  Chap.   ,6.  P.ge  93.:-i-5^ii,;,a^-^- .v^  :• 

f  V.ttd  Cba^  i6.P-iic  94.  H;a^^-;at;Xa  t-^^--^ 


i 

Part  r»        AND  POLITIC Ai;  relations  \TitastAB&.        45 


to  the  weaker  party,  prore  a  downright  deception,'*     If 
then  such  privileges  may   be  retained  by  a  State  volua* 
tarily  subnoitling  to  another,  the  mere  tacit  aknowledg-» 
ment  of  homage  implied  by  the  trahsmissioh  of  a  Golden 
Flower,  (for  History  does  not  record  the  admission  orf 
the  part  of  Qaedah  of  the  right  of  the  Siamese  to  any 
further  concession,)  we  cannot  fail  to  regard  the  subju* 
gation  of  Quedah  as  an  unjustifiable  usurpation. 
"  In  support  of  the  opinion  which  I  hare  here  advanced, 
regarding  the   dependence  of  Quedah  upon  Siam,  as  imw 
plied  from  the  transmission  of  a  Golden  Flower,   it  may* 
be  satisfactory  to  refer  to  the  sentiments  of  Csptain  Light, 
and    as  he  obtained  the  grant,  he  was   the  best  qualified 
to  form  a  judgement  upon  this  question.     In  reply  to  the' 
directions  of  the  Supreme  Government  that  he  would  as« 
certain   "  whether  the   King  of  Quedah  was   the  rightful 
Sovereign  thereof,"    he  thus  writes,  "  It  does  not  appear, 
either  by  writing   or  tradition,  that  Quedah  Was  ever' go- 
verned by  the  Siamese  Laws   or   Customs'.     There  would 
have  been  some  remains  had  there  been  any  affinity    bet* 
ween    theiri^     The  people  of  Q'uedali  are  Mahomefans,; 
their  letter  Arabic,  and  their  Language  Java.     The  King 
originally  from  MenangkabaiJ^  in  Sumatra;  but  as  Quedah 
was  very  near  Ligore,  a  Kingdom  of  Siam,  they  sent  every . 
third    year  a   Gold  and  Silver  Tree,  as  a  token  ofnomage 
to  Ligore.     'Hits  was  done  to  preserve  a  good  correspon*. 
dence,  for,  at  this  period,  the  Siamese  were  very  rich  aixd. 
numerous,  but  ao  warriors,  and  a  considerable  trade  wa& 


46     ^  CONQUBST    OF   QUEDAH  AND  PERAK  i   Parf  fc  Vl 

carried  on  between  Ligore  and  Quedah.;  After  the  dc»- 
struction  ofSiam,  the  King  of  Ara  demanded  the  Gold 
and  Silver  Tree,  and  received  the  token  of  homage  from- 
Quedah.  Pia  Tack  drove  away  the  Burmans,  and  built  a 
new  City  at  Siam;  the  Kingof  Quedah  sent  the  Tree  to 
Siam,  and  kept  peace  with  both,  paying  homage  some- 
times to  one,  and  sometimes  to  the  other,  and  often  to 

Between  the  years  1780  and  1785,  we  find  the  Bengal 
Government  had  turned  its  attention  to  endeavouring  to 
secure  an  eligible  post,  in  or  near  the  Straits  of  Malacca,  for 
the  purpose  of  establishing  a  small  Settlement,  for  the  pro- 
motion of  the  commerce  of  Western  India,  and  the  securi- 
ty ofour  Traders  passing  to  and  from  China  and  other 
quarters;  and  we  are  indebted  to  the  troubles  in  which 
the  Rajah  of  Quedah  was  involved,  by  the  oppressions  of 
Siam,  for  the  Settlement  of  Prince  of  Wales  Island.  Under 
the  expectation  of  securing  a  powerful  Ally,  and  encourag- 
ed, no  doubt,  by  promises  of  protection  and  support 
from  the  British  Government,  which  Mr*  Light  evidently 
pledged,  the  King  of  Quedah  ceded  the  Is'and  of  Pulo 
Pinang,  by  which  he  incurred  the  certainty  of  the  almost 
entire  al)straction  of  the  foreign  trade  from  his  Dominions, 
and  an  actual  loss  in  revenue  of  20,000  Dollars  annually. 
Being  tifier wards  disappointed  in  the  hopes  of  succour  from 
the  British  Goyernment,  on  which  he  had  confidently  re- 
lied, and  oppressed  by  the  numerous  demands  of  Siam  for 
Tesiels,  men,  and  arms,  which  he  assures  the  Superiuteud- 


Pari  I#./^I       AND  POLITICAL    RELATIONS  WITH  SIAM.  47  '  . 

ant  were  without  precedent  or  example,  and  confident  in 
his  own  strength,  he  determined   to  make  an  attempt  to 
free  himself  from  such  thraldom  and  oppression,  and  while 
the   Siamese  were  engaged  in  a  distant  war,  make  a  sad- 
den  incursion  into,  and  possess   himself  of  the  provinces 
contiguous  to  his  own  State*     He  w  as  however  dissuaded 
from  such  an  enterprize,  by  the  British  Resident,  who  ad» 
vised  him  to  reply  to  the  Emperor  of  Siam's  demand,  that 
the  distressed  State  of  the  Quedah  Country  could  not  af"» 
ford  such  supplies,  the  wars  between  the  Dutch  and  Malay*, :,. 
having  for  several  years,  prevented  any  foreign  Trade  with- 
Quedah,  and  that  this  year  was  attended  with  a  scarcity  5^^ 
in  the  mean  lime,  he  was  advised,  not  to  neglect  providing  ^t 
for  his  own  security,     Mr.  Light  also  told  him,   that  were 
he  determined  to  put  his  projects  into  execution,  of  mak« 
ing  an  attack  upon  the  Siamese  Provinces,  "  being  the 
aggressor,  he  would   put  it  out  of  the  power  of  the  Ho- 
tiorable  Company   having  any   excuse   for   making  war    ' 
against  Siam."     Having  now  brought  down  the  history  of 
the  several  States  to  the  period  when  the  British  Government 
formed  a  Settlement  at  Pinang,  it  may  be  useful   to  refer 
to  the  opinions  of  some  persons,  whose  experience  enabled 
them  to  describe  the  political  relations  of  the  several  States, 
at  that  time,  ^ 

The  most  authentic  accounts  which  are  to  be  found 
of  the  political  connection,  which  has  subsisted  between 
AvaaudSiam  and  the  other  States  in  their  vicinity,  ^e/ 


48  CONaifEST  ,0P  QUBDAH  AND  PBAAK  Part  L 

contained  in  the  correspondence  of  some  of  the  earlier 
settlers  at  Pinang,  Captain  James  Scott,  a  Gentleman 
well  known  in  this  quarter,  many  years  ago,  as  aa  Eastera 
Trader,  and  afterwards  a  Merchant  and  Planter  at  Plnang^ 
resided  some  time,  at  the  Island  of  Junk  Ceylon,  at  Que« 
dab,  and  at  Selangore,  and  from  his  Lung  acquaintance 
and  intercourse  with  the  Malays,  was  well  qualified  to 
describe  the  countries  which  had  so  long  been  the  scene. 
of  his  Mercantile  operations*  He  subxuitted  to  the  Su-* 
prerae  Government  a  Paper  professing  to  convey  ''  some 
Idea  of  the  Political  situation  of  the  CounLnes  East  of  the 
Bay  of  Bengal,."  of  which  I  shall  here  transcribe  an  ex« 
tract,  as  necessary  to  a  proper  understanding  of  the  po* 
litical  relations  at  the  period.  '^  Arracan,  Pegue  and 
Siam  formerly  possessed  the  Shores  from  Chittagong  to  Qu&» 
dah»  Some  20  years  ago,  the  oppressions  of  Government 
drove  the  Merchants  from  frequenting  the  Ports  of  Ar- 
racan, «ince  which  they  have  been  little  heard  of.  Pegue 
has  lately  been  conquered,  and  is  become  a  Province  of 
Ava.  Siam  formerly  possessed  from  Martaban  to  Que- 
dah,  which  last  was  tributary  to  them.  Ava  was  little 
known  to  Europeans,  previous  to  their  some  25  years 
ago  over-running  Siam;  they  then  extirpated  the  Royal 
Family,  burnt  the  Capital  of  Julhia,  carried  off  immense 
numbers  of  Inhabitants,  leaving  that  Country,  once  fo  rich, 
a  mere  wild.  The  Siamese  under  a  bold  Usurper,  called 
Pia  Tack,  drove  home  the  Burmans,  and  recovered  all 
they  had  overrun,  except  Martaban,  Tavoy^  and  MerguiV 


^Par(>r»  ANI>   POLITICAL    RELATIONS  WITB    SIAM.  49 

:>vhi(^"tftcyv  retain  at  this  time.  They  have  dwindled, 
tiinden;Ava,  fo  mere  Villages,  from. losing  the  Exports 
of  the  Western  Provinces;  of  Siam,:  which  have  in  some 
measnre  come  to  Salang.  1  ri^l  778-9^  Pia  Tack  conquer* 
ed  Caraboja,  Chia,  and  Ligor,  and  overwhelmed  the  whole 
Peninsula;,  but  in  1783,  Cam boja  revolted.  He  sent  an 
Army  against  them  under  Pi  as  Check  and  Sussin,  two 
Brothers,  who  having  reduced  Camboja,  returned  to  Ban- 
cock,  killed  Pia  Tack,  and  possessed  themselves  of  the 
.Government,  where  they  now  jointly  reign.  In  1783, 
Ava  made  War  on  Arracan;  the  event  is  yet  unsettled^ 
Tonquin  and  Cochin  China  during  the  last  ten  years, 
have  been  depopulated  by  Civil  Wars,  and  the  eruptions 
of  some  barbarous  Mountaineers,- which  attacked  either 
party,  and  plundered  both.  In  1783-4,  the.  one  compe- 
titor drove  the  other  out,  who  retired  to  Siaih  for  assist- 
ance. The  successful  one  sent  a  French  Missionary^ 
Bishop  to  Pondicherry  to  solicit  the  assistance  of  the  French 
ao^ainst  Siam  and  the  Mountaineers.  The  Dutch  had 
likewise  an  Agent  there,  who  offered  the  assistance  of 
Batavia.  His  negociation  failed,  and  we  heard  he  lost 
his  life.  In  1781-5,  the  Siamese  sent  an  Army  of  15,009 
Men,  and  150  Prows  and  Junks.  The  Fle^t  by  accident 
or  treaciiery  were  surprised  and  taken,  and  only  5,000 
Men,  with  their  Generals,  reached  Siam  again.  Ava 
has  joined  Cochin  China  and  the  French,  and  every  thing 
is  preparing  on  the  opening  of  the  dry  season,  to  conquCf 
Siam;  and,  from  all  accounts,  the  internal  State  of  Siaoi 


50  CONQUEST   OF    Q9BDAH    AND   PEHAXr  PaitlU: 

is  weak  beyond  conception ;  that  bond  of  union  which 
seems  to  cement  large  Empires,  is  feebl«  under  the  two 
jarring  Usurpers,  and  in  a  few  years  will  probably  fall 
to  pieces  of  itself,  without  a  foreign  concussion.'* 

After  Pinang  had  been  occupied  a  short  time.  Captain 
Glass,  the  Commanding  Officer  of  the  Troops,  gives  the 
foUowiug  description  of  the  several  States  of  the  Peainsula^ 
and  their  more  powerful  neighbours,  which,  though  era* 
bracing  other  points  foreign  to  the  present  subject  of  dis* 
cussion,  had  better  he  preserved  entire,  as  a  satisfactory  elu* 
cidation  of  the  sentiments  of  those,  most  conversant  with 
the  subject  in  those  days,  of  the  connection  subsisting  be* 
tween  the  Malayan  States,  and  the  powerful  Empire^ 
ofSiamand  Ava,  as  well  as  the  policy  which  appearecf 
proper  to  be  pursued  by  the  British  Government,  in  re- 
gtilating  their  new  Establishment  and  Connections  to  th^ 
Eastwards 

'^  1st.  The  Empire  of  Ava,  with  whose  Southern  Pro- 
vinces there  will  be  a  considerable  communication*  The 
haughty  ferocity  of  this  people,  and  the  lofty  pretensioni 
of  their  Sovereigns  who  treat  all  men  as  their  Slaves,  pre- 
Tcnts  Treaties  of  Commerce  being  formed  with  them,  ^r 
if  formed,  having  any  reliance  thereon,  because  a  compact 
supposes  an  equality,  which  cannot  exist  in  the  re« 
lation  of  Master  and  Slave;  it  is  immaterial  whether  the 
relation  exist  in  fact,  or  in  idea,  the  consequence  is  the 
same*  From  a  small  tribe  called  Purmaa,  they  hare 
conquered  Cossac  to  the  Northward,  Fegue  and  Arracati 


.Parti*  AND    POLITICAL    RELATIONS  WITS    SFJ^M,  (gji 

to  Ihe  Southward,  three  independeYit  States;  they  have 
likewise  wrested  the  Provinces  ofMartaban,  Tavoy,  and 
Mergui  from  Siatn;  but  while  the  Siamese  can  keep  them 
eujploycd,  there  is  little  to  fear  from  them  here;  but 
should  they  be  successful  in  the  pre>ent  Contest  with  Siam, 
they  may  again  adopt  their  wish,  the  reduction  of  the 
Malayan  Peninsula.  This  is  the  only  Native  Power  whose 
Force  vre  have  to  fear  in  open  War.  t 

2d.  Is  Jan  Salang.  This  Island  is  a  distant  and  ne* 
glected  Province  of  the  Empire  of  Siam,  which  in  itself 
ha?  no  effective  force  to  be  dreaded.     ;  ■  ,;, 

3d.  Is  Quedah,  which  comprehends  a  Sea  Coast  of 
40  to  50  Leagues,  and  the  best  cultivated  part  of  the 
Malayan  Peninsula.  Its  population  exceeds  4O,OO0|# 
From  its  ricinity  to  this  place,  the  plenty  of  ProvisioiM 
of  all  kinds  which  it  producer,  it  deserves  your  Lord- 
ship's most  pointed  attention,  lying  contiguous  to  the 
two  potent  Empires  of  Siam  and  Ava;  to  the  former  qf 
which  it  is  tributary,  or  more  properly,  pays  homag^t 
by  sending  yearly  a  Flower  of  Gold  and  another  of  Silver, 
TFhich,  with  Presents,  and  an  inoffensiveness  in  tho  people^ 
has  hitherto  preserved  them  from  the  attempts  of  either. 
But  the  trifling  conduct  of  the  present  King  and  his  CouU'- 
cil,  is  likely  to  give  occasion  of  offence  to  both,  he  willthea 
fall  a  sacrifice  to  the  succe-sful.  In  giving  this  Islaifd 
to  the  Company,  the  Kingof  Quedah  and  his  noblea  could 
not  have  foreseen,  what  they  now  feel,  a  loss  of  Trade  and 
•consequent  Ileveuue,^  aad.poreasoaing will confiade th^,mf 


53  -    CONQUEST    OF    QUBDAH    AND  PERAK.  Fart  T» 

that  an  increased  demand,  and  consequent  ihcreased, 
price  for  the  produce  of  their  Country,  will  in  time,  prove 
an  equivalent,  ^  ^  -  *   '  .  i 

The  Revenues  of  all  the  Malay  Princes  arise  from  the 
profits  on  a  restrictive  Commerce  in  general,  managed  by 
a  Malabar,  vrho  acquires  influence  in  consequence  of  the 
command  of  Cash,  and  generally  expends  a  large  |>art  of 
the  profits  in  support  of  this  influence;  free  from  these 
•depredations,  the  Revenues  of  Quedah  amount  to  100,000 
Rupees  annually.  This  small  sum,  with  the  feudal  ob- 
ligations of  his  people,  generally  ill  complied  with  and 
ineffective  when  collected,  cannot  cope  with  either  Siam 
or  Ava  in  force  or  resources,  but  to  allow  this  country  to 
become  a  Province  to  either,  would  render  our  supply  at 
this  place  dependant  on  the  nod  of  a  despot.  By  securing 
the  independence  of  this  Country,  the  Honorable  Compa- 
ny would  acquire  a  dependant  and  useful  Ally,  secure  the 
supplies  at  this  Settlement,  until  the  Island  can  sup- 
ply itself,  and  virtually  in  the  end,  as  our  influence  in- 
creases,  an  accession  of  about  40,000  Subjects*  ■ 
^-  4th.  Is  Perak,  which  borders  on  Quedah,  and  ex- 
tends about  50  league?  inland;  near  Perak  River  is  well 
culiivateu,  and  it  contains  30.000  people,  exports  an- 
nually 5,CC0  Peculs  of  Tin,  which  is  delivered  to  the 
Dutch  at  32  Spanish  Dollars  per  Bahar  of  428  lbs.  The 
Dutch  have  a  small  Stockade  Fort,  with  about  50  people 
there  to  prevent  the  Natives  from  carrying  the  Tin  to 
other  Markets;  but  with  all  their  precautions,  the  quaa- 


?art  f.  A>f D'  POLiticAL  relations -^ixHstXICi-        p9 

iity  they  a^ed  ta'  receive^j  is  greatly-  lessened  sinfce'  tHfe' 

Settlement  of  this  Islahd.     The^  people  of  Perak*  areiii* 

general     rety  ignorant;    their   Revenues  so^>mall     ailtf 

their  residence  so- far  inland,  thatlTttle  is  tqrtie'leared  frOtw 

their  atiiraosity,  and  less  to  be  hoped  frpov  their  friendship* 

-while  eonaected  with'fhe  Dutch^'  '^vj 

y     5lh^     Saleugore.     This  Ckintry  runs  to' Cape' Ra'cHadby 

'^But  so  mueh'rediiGed  by  the  late  war  with   (he  Dutchy  that 

the  population  of  40*  leagues  of  a  very  fine  Country,  does 

not,  I  am  credibly  informed,  exceed   1,000   or  1,500  peo- 

c  pie. — The  King,  1  understand,  wishes  to  give  the  Engliah 

Company  the  sovereignty  of  his  Country. 

6thr  RumboWy  an  inland  Country  and:  while  the 
Dutch  possess  Rhio^  they  claim  the  DoH>inion  of  Johore, 
which  takes  in  the  whole  of  that  side  of  the  Peninsula. 

On  the  Eastern  side  are  Pahang  and  Tringano,  the  po- 
pulation of  which  is  not  great.  Patant  has  lately  been 
reduced  to  a  Province  of  Siam. 

From   this  view   of  the  East  side  of  the  Bay  of  Ben^l 

and  Malay   Peninsula,  it   appears,   there  are  only  three 

*  Powers,  whose  effective  force   requires  attention;   all  the 

'  others  will  soon  consider  our  nod  as  law.     The  three  are 

'  Ava,  Siam,  and  the  Dutch.     As  the  plans  of  the  two  first 

are  the  result  of  ignorance  and  caprice,  in  the  whiuisi<?al 

despot,  it  is  hard  to  conclude  any  thing  by  indication,  &c. 

A  Month  after  taking  possession  of  Pinangv  viz.    12th 

September  1786,  Captain  Light,  the  Superintendent  gives 

the  following-' iafoi^matioa  40  4he  Supreme.  GAveramoat 


St  CONaUBST    OF    QUEDAU  AN0PERXKr^  Part   !•> 

of  In^a.,  "  The  Burmans  divided' their  Army  into  sc^ 
Veral  parties,  and  ravaged  at  the  same  time  the  Countries 
of  Upper  and  Lower  Siani,  Ligore,  Cbia,.Chompo\T,  Man- 
delong,  and  Bancjy  burning  and  destroying  and  massa*»^ 
cring  without  Gompassion  or  exceptiom  On  a  sudden,  their 
Army  di3ap|>€ared,  but  whetlrer  by  the  Siameie,  or  oc*^ 
easioned  by  a  dissension  among  the  Generals,  is  uncer-- 
tain,,  as  both  are  alleged.  The  Siamese  recovered  the 
places  they  bad  losty  and  the  King?s  Brother,.  Sooram^ 
IV ho  came  to  Ligore  with  a  small  Army,  had  no  sooner 
put  to  death  the  2,000  Burmans  left  there  as  a  guard, 
than  they  resolved  to  call  to  account  all  the  neighbouring 
States  w  bo  had  not  given  the  Siamese  aid  against  the 
Btirmans.  He  sent  for  the  Chiefs  of  Patani,^  the  Kings 
of  Quedah  and  Tringano,  none  of  whom  choosing  to  en- 
ter the  Court  of  so  desperate  a  Tyrant,  sent  their  several 
excuses,  with  Presents,  which  he  returned,  and  began 
immediately  upon  Porgit,  This  place  was  deemed  im- 
pregnable. It  was  surrounded  by  seven  thick  rows  of 
J^ainboos;  within  the  Bimboos  was  an  exceeding  wide 
and  deep  Canal,  and  within  the  Canal,  a  strong  Bampart 
of  Earth,  on  which  was  mounted  a  nam  her  of  large  Cannon, 
The  area  within  these  walls  contained  all  the  Inhabitants, 
Cattle  and  Grain;  their  strength  amounted  to  near  4,000 
fighting  men.  The  Chief  had  rendered  himself  obnoxious 
to  his  people  from  tyrannizing.  This  and  their  confidence 
of  situation,  gave  the  Siamese  an  easy  conquest.  The 
reduction  of  this  place  has  made  every  one  tremble  for  his 


f art   L  AND    POLITICAL    aei*.iTIONS   WlT^iTsiAM.  $& 

safety,  and'  though  the  King,  of  tftiedah  has  avofifecf  the 
storm  for  the  present  bj  submission,  yet  there  h  no  de^ 
pendance  upon  the  word  of  a  man  who  has  no  moral 
restrairtt  wliatcver^  but  as  policy  will^  prevent  his  en-- 
tcring  Qtredr^h  wWIe  he  can  procute  supplies  froni  it^ 
until  the  Season'  for  cutting  Paddy,  it  is  possible  some  ac- 
cident may  arise  to  destroy  his  schemes.^'^ 

We  may  gather  from  the  forgoing  detaifs,  that  for 
8ome  time  prior  to,  and  about  the  period  the  British  Go* 
vernment  took  possession  of  Pritice  of  Wales  Island,  thercf 
had  been,  and  was,  an  almost  incessant  warfare  between 
the  Slates  Ara  and  Slam,  and  a  Contest  for  preponder- 
ating influence  over  the  Minor  States  in  their  neighboar* 
hood,  which  involved  these  inferior  powers  in  continual 
distress,  and  imposed  upon  them  the  necessity,  either  of 
alTording  supplies  to  the  utmost  extent  of  their  limited 
means,  or  of  being  entirely  subdued  by  their  more  power- 
ful and  overbearing  neighbours.  Mr.  Scott  admits  that 
**  Siam  formerly  possessed  from  Martaban  to  Qnedah| 
which  last  was  tributary  to  them."  Captain  Glass  states, 
that  Quedah  pays  Homage  to  Siam  by  sending  yearly 
a  Flower  of  Gold  and  another  of  Silrer,  ''  which  with 
Presents  and  an  inoffensiveness  in  the  people,  hag  hi- 
therto preserved  them;'' and  Captain  Light  says,  the  King 
had  "  avoided  the  storm  for  the  present  by  submission," 
yet  there  is  no  mention  that  Quedah  was  immediately 
under  the  controul  of  Siam,  or  that  it  did  mor«  than 
merely  send  a  token  of  homage,  or  ackuowledgcmeut  of 


5ff  COI«QUBST    DP  QUBBiTH  JIND  I^BRii^'  ♦  Tart^C^ 

inferrorify  to  a  superior  power.     The  Kiii^  of  Qdedahj  a» 

an  indiependafii  Sa?eFeign,  befrig  requested   to  permit  a 

Britibb  Settlement  to  be  formed  at  Pinang,  thus  submits 

'Ills  proposals  to  the  Governor  General  of  Betlgal^^^astke 

^  conditions  of  suclt  cessionV  /'^  v%/'M  > 7-  f r 

"  Wherea?s  Captain  Light,  Sewa  Rajalif  came  here 
and  informed  me  that  the  Rajah  of  Bengal  ordered  him 
to  request'  Puio*  Pinang  from '  me^  to  make  an  English 
'Settlement,  where  the  Agents  of  the  Company,  might  rej- 
sidCy  for  the  purpose  of  trading  and  building  Sbips  of  War, 
to  protect  the  Island  and  to  cruize  at  Sea,^  so  that  if  aoy 
enemies  of  ours  from  the  East  or  the  West  should  come 
to  attack  us,  the  Company  would  regard  them  as  enemies 
also  and  fight  them,  and  all  the*  expeoces  of  such 
Wars  shall  be  borne  by  the  Company.  All  Ships, 
Junks  or  Prows^  large  and  small,  which  come  from  the 
East  or  the  West  and  wsh  to  enter  the  Quedah  River 
to  Trade,  shall  not  be  molested  or  obstructed,  in  apy 
way,  by  the  Company,  but  all  persons  desirous  of  com- 
ing to  Trade  with  us  shall  be  allowed  to  do  as  they  please; 
and  at  Pulo  Pinang  the  same.  ,, 

The  Articles  of  Opium,  Tin  and  Rattans  are'  mono* 
polies  of  our  own,  and  the  Rivers  Mooda,  Prye  and 
Krian  are  the  places  from  whence  Tin,  Rattans,  Caaes, 
besides  other  Articles  are  obtained.  When  the  Company's 
people  therefore,  shall  reside  at  Pulo  Pinang,  I  shall  lose 
the  benefit  of  this  monopoly,  and  I  request  the  Captaiii 
Will  explain  this  to  the  Gorernor  General  and  be^,<  as 


Part  1 .  AND   POLITICAL   RELATIONS  WITIf    SIAM.  57 

a  compensation  for  my  losses,  30,000  Dollars  a  year  to  be 
paid  Annually  to  me  as  long  as  the  Company  reside  at 
Pulo  Pinang.  1  shall  permit  the  free  export  of  all  sorta 
of  Provisions  and  Timber  for  Ship  building. 

Moreover,  if  any  of  the  Agents  of  the  Company  make 
loans  or  advances  to  any  of  the  Nobles,  Chiefs  or  Rajahs  of 
theKedda  Country,  the  Company  shall  not  hold  me  res- 
ponsible for  any  such  advances.  Should  any  one  in  thit 
Country  become  my  enemy,  even  my  own  Children,  all 
such  shall  be  considered  as  enemies  also  of  the  Company; 
the  Company  shall  not  alter  their  engagements  of  alii- 
ance,  so  loug  as  the  heavenly  bodies  continue  to  perform 
their  revolutions;  and  when  any  enemies  attack  us  from 
the  interior,  they  also  shall  be  considered  as  enemies  of 
the  Company.  I  request  from  the  Company,  Men  and 
Powder,  Shot,  Arms  large  and  small,  also  Money  for  the 
purpoNCs  of  carrying  on  the  war,  and  when  the  business 
is  settled,  1  will  repay  the  advances ;  should  these  pro* 
po-itions  be  considered  proper  and  acceptable  to  the  Go- 
vernor General,  he  may  send  a  confidential  Agent  to  Pul<> 
Pinang  to  reside;  but  if  the  Governor  General  does  not 
approve  of  the  terms  and  conditions  oflhis  engagement,  let 
him  not  be  offended  with  me.  Such  are  ray  wishes,  to 
be  made  known  to  the  Company,  and  this  Treaty  must 
be  faithfully  adhered  to,  till  the  most  remote  times. 
:  Written  on  Tuesday  24th  Shawal,  1199.'* 

Here  no  mention  is  made  of  the  Rajah  of  Kedah   beings 
tributary  to  any  other  State,  and  the  ojQTer  b  accepted 


58  CONQUEST    OP    QUEDAH    AN&  FSRAK^  Pai;t,|. 

from  him  as  an  independent  King^  If  we  considered 
him  ^  tributary.  Prince,  why  accept  such  a  grant,  froiii 
him?  /.    .  M?  .t:u;.;  :  ■  .;  '  V  r'^-iii  ^7?  st3*  1.: 

We  now  come  to  th^  naost  delicate  branch  of  the  d is- 
cussion,  but  I  shall  have  no  difficulty  in  shewing,^  that 
the  policy  of  the  British  Government  to  give  protection 
to  the  Quedah  State,  is  no  less  manifest,  than  its^  moral 
obligation  to  da  so.  It  would  appear,  that  prior  to  Cap- 
tain  Light's  negotiations  with  the  Rajah  of  Quedah,  and 
his  obtaining  a  grant  of  the  Island  of  Pinang,  an  ineffec- 
tual application  had  been  made,  for  the  same  purpose^ 
under  the  orders  of  the  Supreme  Government;  a  proof^ 
that  the  acquisition  of  a  Settlement  in  this  quarter,  was 
considered  important  and  usefuL  Mr.  Light  thus  writes^ 
^^  As  I  understand  this  Government  had  made  applica- 
tion to  the  King  of  Quedah  for  the  Island  of  Pinang  with- 
out success,  with  the  consent  of  the  Governor  General^ 
I  made  use  of  the  influence  and  interest  I  had  with  the 
King  and  hi«  Ministry,  to  procure  a  Grant  of  the  Island 
of  Pinang  to  the  Honorable  Company..  The  King  of  Que- 
dah who  now  solicits  your  friendship  and  Alliance,  and 
has  sent  by  me  a  Grant  of  the  Island  of  Pinang,  has  an- 
nexed to  the  Grant  some  requests.'*  i:i:^:|  <  >.|     .?  \  ^  6  i^ 

The  Propositions  made  by  the  King  of  Quedah  as, (h^ 
conditions  of  the  Cession,  were  separately  remarked  upon 
hy  Mr.  Light,  and  he  luakes  die  following  observations 
upon  the  5th  Article,  which  stipulated  for  assistance  and 
protectioin  in  Arms  and  men.— This  Article  com^rehendi 


Parti--  ANDTFQLmCAL.  RBi^ATIOIM  wixursu^*  59 

the  principal  and  almost  only  reason  why  the  King  wishes 
an  Alliance  with  the  Hoivorable  Company,  and  in  the 
Treaty,  must  be  worded  with  caution,  so  as  to  distinguish 
between  an  Enemy  endeavouring  or  aiming  at  hisdestruc* 
tion  or  the  Kingdwn,  and  one  who  may  simply  fall  into 
displeasure  with  either  the  King  or  his  Ministers*'* 

The  interpretation  of  this  is  not  difDcult,  and  it  appear* 
to  be  very  certain,  that  Mr.  I^ight  gave  assurances,  that 
siich  a  c'ose  and  intimate  alliance  would  be  formed  be* 
tween  the  King  of  Quedah  and  the  British  Government^ 
by  the  cession  of  Pulo  Pinang,  as  would  ensure  his  safety, 
atnd  the  independence  of  his  Kingdom,  The  Supreme 
Government,  in  accepting  the  Grant,  acquaints  Mr.  Ligh^t 
that  ^  It  has  been  resolved  to  accept  the  King  of  Que«* 
dab's  offer  to  the  Company  of  the  Harbour  and  Island 
of  Pinang.  This  Government  will  always  keep  an  armed 
Vessel  stationed  to  guard  the  Island  oi  Pinang,  and  the 
Coast  adjacent  belonging  to  the  King  of  Quedah.  The 
Governor  General  and  Conncil,  on  the  part  of  the  Knglish 
India  Company  will  lake  care,  that  the  King  of  Quedah 
shall  not  be  a  sufferer  by  an  English  Settlement  being 
formed  on  the  Island  of  Pinang."  »    '       --   mn    vo  }i.\)    - 

That  he  has  been  a  sufferer,  there  is  no  question  5  and 
if,  as  it  is  alledged  by  many,  that  the  Emperor  of  Siam  was 
displeased  because  he  gave  Pinang  to  the  English,  and  had 
he  possessed  the  means,  Avould  have  visited  him  with  severe 
punishment  at  the  time,  (though,  by  the  bye,  the  Records 
shew  that  Siam  was,  at  the  period  coeval  with  the  formal* 


60<  CONQUEST  OF  auEDiH  AND  FsaiiK  t        Fart  Iv 

tiori  ofthe  Settlement  of  Pinang,  in  a  state  fully  capable  of^' 
subduing   the  Quedah  Country, — her  Arms  having  been*^ 
victorious  over  some  ofthe  Malay  States  on  the  other  sidel* 
ofthe  Peninsula,  and  there  is  little  doubt  the  consideratioii> 
ofthe  alliance  ofthe  King  of  Quedah  with  the  B^iti^h  Go^ 
vernment,    and    the  probability  of  their  aiding  him,  pr^ 
Tented  such  an  attempt,)  we  are  the  more  bound,  on  these  r 
considerations,   te  defend   the  Quedah  Country  from  inm 
Tasion,     But  if  there  were  any  feelings  of  irritation  at  that 
time,  on  the  part  of  the  Siamese,  the  long  interval  whichr 
has  elapsed,   might  be  supposed  sufficient   to  have  done' 
away  with  them.     We  engaged^it  seems,  to  have  an  arm^^ 
ed  Vessel  to   «  defend  the  Coast  of  Quedah  at  all  times.** 
It  must  be  recollected  however,  that  Quedah  was  taken  > 
by  an  attack  from  Seaward,   the  Fleet  which  captured  it' 
having  been  equipped  at  Traang,  on  this  side  the  Penin** 
sula.     Sir  John  Macpherson,  then  Governor  General,  in 
accepting  the  Island,   replies  to  the  King's  Letter,  and 
makes  no  objection  to  the  proposed  conditions,  which  he/ 
submits  to  England  for  approval;,  the  King  of  course  na*: 
tiirally  expecting,    from  the  promises  of  Captain  Lightf*^ 
and  the  tacit  assent  of  the  Governor   General,  that  theyi 
"would  all  be  approved  of  by  the  Honorable  Company. - 
*':  Your  friendly  Letter  cont^jning^Grant  of  Pulo  Pinang^' 
to   the  Honorable  Company,   was   delivered    to  me   by. 
Captain  Francis  Light,  the .6th  February  1786*     Captain? 
Lig:ht  also  made  known  to  me  the  requests  of  my  Frien4r 
and^  Brother,  which  I^  haying  the  interest  and  friendshijp  of 


Part  !•  AND  POLITICAL    RELATIONS  WITH  SIAIBf.  6l 

iriy  noble  friend  at  heart,  have  already  transmitted  to 
England  for  the  approbation  of  the  King  of  England,  and 
the  Honorable  English  Company.  I  have  likewise  orders 
ed  a  Ship  of  War  for  the  defence  of  the  Island,  and  pro-^ 
tection  of  the  Coast  of  Quedah.**  This  last  Paragraph 
implies  clearly,  that  it  was  intended  to  secure  Quedah 
against  an  Invasion  or  attack  from  Seaward.  Not  more 
than  a  Month  after  Pinang  was  occupied,  Mr.  Light 
writes,  as  I  have  before  noticed  ^  '*  The  King  of  Quedah 
has  reason  to  be  afraid  of  such  a  Tyrant,  (the  King  of . 
Siam,)  and  hopes  to  secure  himself  by  an  Alliance  with 
the  [lonorable  Company.'* 

This  was  a  very  natural  expectation,  and   we  are  no 
doubt,  indebted  to  the  troubles  which  the  King  of  Que- 
dah experienced  from  the  Burmahs  and  Siamese,   for  our 
Settlement  of  Pinang.     He  hoped,  to  secure  the  protect 
tion  of  the  English.     It  is  acknowledged   by  Mr.  Light, 
that  the  King  of  Quedah  sent  a  token  of  homage  to  Ava, 
as  well  as  to  Siam,  or  in  other   words,   that  he  was  op* 
pres>ed  by  two  contending  powersy  and  to  get  rid  of  his 
difficulties,  he  formed  an  Alliance  with  the  English,  by 
giving,  as  he  thought,  a  quid  pro  quo^  in  the  cession  of 
an  Island  eligibly  situated,  and  which  had  been  solicited 
by  the  Supreme  Government.     This  was  accepted  from 
him  as  a  Sovereign  Prince,  and  we  are  constrained,  there- 
fore, to  view  him  and  his  Heirs  as  the  Sovereigns  of  thte 
-Quedah  Country  ;  otherwise  we  contend  against  our  o\fh 
fight  to  hold  the  Island,  except  by  the  sufferauce  of  thb 


<.b^^ 


63  CONQHBSI.  OF  QUBDAH  AND  PBRAK;       /^    j JPart  Ii 


Siamese.  We  know  (at  least  Mr.  Light  appears. ;  to  have 
been  aware  of,)  the  motives  which  induced  the  King  to 
give  Pinang  to  the  English.  We  accepted  it  withjuch 
a  knowledge  and  we  should  be  guilty  ,  of  grea^t  inconsist- 
ency to  deny  it.  It  must  be  always  borne  in  recollection, 
also,  in  weighing  the  merits  of  this  important  question, 
that  there  was  no  stipulated  payment,  at  the  time  of  the 
Grant,  for  the  loss  the  King  would  sustain,  by  the  ab« 
^traction  of  the  Trade  from  his  Dominions.  His  compli* 
ancc  with  Captain  Light's  request  originated,  not  in  pe« 
cuniary  considerations,  but  in  the  expectation  of  gaining 
a  powerful  Ally.  But,  if  more  proof  were  wanting,  that 
Mr.  Light  gave  the  King  assurances  of  protection,  the 
following  Paragraph  of  his  Letter  to  the  Governor  Ge- 
neral, dated  3th  October  1 786,  will  put  the  matter  be- 
jond  dispute.  *'  I  returned  for  answer"  (to  a  Letter 
the  King  addressed  to  him , concerning  an  expected  in- 
vasion from  Siam,)  *' that  his  best  policy  is  to  have  as 
little  communication  as  possible"  (alluding  to  the  Bur- 
mahs  and  Siamese,)  "  but  to  put  his  Country  in  a  state  of 
defence,  and  that  while  the  English  are  here  they  will 
assist  him  if  distressed.". 

Who  that  reads  this  will  say,  that  Mr.  Light  considered 
Quedah  dependant  on  Siam?  He  regards  it  certainly  as 
a  dangerous  and  powerful  neighbour;  but  wonld  he  have 
leagued  with  Quedah  and  told  the  King,  "  the  English 
while  here,  will  assist  you  if  distressed,"  if  he  had  view- 
,^?d  it  ^  a  tril^utary  State?    No  arguments  can  ba  of.  any 


Part  T,  AND    POLITICAL     RKLATJOXS    WITH  SIAM.  63 

avail  as  to  what  were  our  original  ihtentionf?,  and  what 
was  the  King's  conviction,  after  such  an  unequivocal  ad- 
mission as  this.  Mr.  Light  appears  to  have  been  fully 
aware  of  the  value  of  the  acquisition.  In  his  Letter  of 
15th  September  1786,  he  says.  "  The  excellency  of  this 
situation  for  a  Commercial  Exchange,  is  evident  froni 
the  united  opinions  of  every  person  who  has  been  here, 
Europeans  and  Indians.  From  the  heart  burning  of  the 
Dutch,  and  from  the  jealousy  of  the  people  of  Quedah, 
who  already  foresee  they  must  be  dependant  upon  this 
place  for  any  foreign  Trade,  &c."  We  take  away  from 
Quedah  its  valuable  Trade, — we  withhold  the  only  return 
stipulated  by  the  King,  in  the  first  instaince,  viz.  protec- 
tion and  assistance,  (for  even  at  this  time,  there  appears 
"to  have  been  no  pecuniary  compensation  granted,)  ^nd 
we  wonder  that  the  people  of  Quedah  should  be  jealoug 
of  us.  I  have  omitted  to  notice  the  opinion  of  J.  Price^ 
as  to  whom  the  Island  belonged,  which  is  contained  ia 
a  Letter  to  the  Governor  General  dated  23d  February 
1786.  "  I  prefer  it(Pinang,)  to  the  Negrais^  as  it  is  an 
Island  sufRciently  detached  from  the  Continent  to  pre* 
vent  surprise  or  even  attack  from  the  Natives,  and  being 
a  free  gift  from  the  acknowledged  and  rightful  owner, 
can  never  give  cause  for  War."  \ 
^  It  may  appear  superfluous  to  multiply  proofs  that  Que- 
dah was  an  independent  Kingdom,  at  the  period  of  our 
forming  the  Settlement  of  Pinang,  but  if  further  evidence 
•were  wanting,  the  opinion  of  the  highest  Authority  in  In- 


64  CONQUJEST    OF   QUEDAH  AKD  FXBJkX  Fart  U 

dia  at  the  time,   may  be  produced   in  CTidence,.    The 
Governor  General  records  his  sentiments  in   a  Miaute, 
as  follows.     "  The  Grant  of  Pinang  seems,  in  fact,  toha?e 
been  procured   by  the  influence  of  the  principal  OflScer 
of  the  King  of  Quedah,   with  a  view  to  secure  himself^, 
a  place   of  retreat  against  his   numerous  enemies,   and 
the  ostensible  object  of  the  King  himself^  in  making  the 
Grant,   originated  in  the  idea  of  supporting  his  own  in- 
dependence by  the  protection  of  the  English,  and  his  at* 
tachment  to  us  will  either  be  strengthened  or  changed 
into  animosity,  as  that  protection  is  granted  or  withheld.^ 
This  protection  however  cannot  be  effectually  given,  with* 
out  involving  us  in  disputes  with  the  Burmahs  or  Siamese;^ 
the  latter  of  whom  are  the  most  powerful.'* 

Throughout  his  proceedings,  we  trace  the  anxiety  of 
Mr.  Light,  to  o{)tain  the  sanction  of  the  Supreme  Govern-- 
ment,  for  effectual  aid  to  the  King  of  Quedah,  which  he  had 
no  doubt  promised,  and  we  find  him  still  holding  out  ex«^ 
pectations.  He  thus  notices^  (in  his  Diary)  an  interview 
with  the  King,  "  The  King  received  me  without  any 
State,  and  seemed  much  troubled;  he  told  me  there  was 
a  passage  in  the  Letter  (from  the  Governor  General,)  he 
did  not  understand.  !t  seemed  to  threaten  him  if  he  did 
not  comply  with  the  Governor  General's  request;  he 
af'ked  me  if  I  had  a  Copy*  I  told  him  it  must  be  a  mis« 
take  in  the  translation,  and  what  the  Translator  had 
taken  for  a  menace  to  him,  was  meant  to  his  enemies^ 
be  said  this  wa$.probable9  and  ordered  three  people  each 


to  make  a  sep;arat<?  tran^Tationr,  Yesterday  th^  Kin^  i^ 
Quedatv  sei>t  the  Ljiksj^niaTva  ta  enquii;e  if  I  wp^ld  car^ 
sent  to  the  people  of  Patant  seURng  oppqNsite  io  pioan^- 
and  assist  him,  if  attacked  by  the  §i^n3Cj;e,'?  and  agai^ 
"  This  dayy  the  King  of  Quedah  sent  his  Brother,  thf- 
JLiaksaiiiaa?i,  \Yith  a  Letter;  the^  [xurport  as  fbllows^j  We 
have  received  intelligence  that  A va  has  mustered  hf? 
Army  toattJ^ck  Siam,  and  arrived  at  the  borders,  Wf 
have  also  received  a  Letter  from  tlie  King  of  Siara,  con^ 
•TOaiidipg  u^  to,  defend  the  Island  of  Junk  Ceyloa  ag^ins^ 
i(he  ^iirmahs,  who  are  expected  with  a  Fleet  of  Pro ^f 
^nd  Ships.  Wp  hay ^  sent  our  Erother,  the  Laksaniatiaii 
ta  accompany  our  friend  to  us^  that  we  may  profit  bj 
his  Coupsci,  and  C(H»sider  w}>at  is  best  to  be  done  for  tfif^ 
|S?^fety  ofwr  C(>«ntry«?*i»Tb^  King  af  Qaedah  w6u1(| 
lOot  willingly  j.fxbey  the  ^ders  of  tli«  King  of  Siam,  an* 
applied,  to  us  for  aid,  vrhicb  he  eansidered  himself  en* 
titled  to..  The  mor^e  I  consider  C^ptaJn  Light's  pr6ceed^ 
jtngs,  ^he  more  am  I  convinced  of  the  unkindness  of  the  con-- 
jj act;  towards  the  Kijig  of  Quecl^h*  It  has  beeu  seeri^ 
jthat  Captain  Light  ackoQwlf5dge4  he  had  assured  the 
:King  he  would  support  hinav  if  ii^  4jstr^S;S:^-  that  he  tol«i 
him  the  Governor  Geu€r5i!l  «i€nacc;d  his  Enemies,  and 
^that  he  received  the  island  pa' gotk! it ip a  of  pro teci1o«i 9 
jjtnd  we  find  him'  writing  tO;'the  Supreme  Gorpramen^ 
on  the  JTthMay  f787,  nearly  a  yiear  after  we  had  posi. 
.session  of  the  Island;:  HThe( Honorable  Board  wer^ 
j>ieased  to  meutlou  .ia  ^heu*  IckpacCions,  that  Xhey  we^ 


66  CONQUEST    OF    aUBDAH    AND   PBRAK.  Part  U 

willing  to  giFC  a  pecuniary  consideration  to  the  King  of 
Quedah.     Soon  after  the  Ravensworth  sailed,  the  King  be- 
came very  pressing,  and  we  found  for  a  considerable  time,^ 
a  difficulty  in  procuring  provisions.     I  wrote  tathe  King' 
it  was  the  intention  of  Government  ta  make  him  a  coiii* 
pensation  for  the  Hand,  and  to  keep  him  in  good  humour 
1  trusted   him  with  20  Chests  of  Opium,   at  250  Dollars 
per  Chest,  since  which,  we  have  been  plentifully  supplied 
"with  provisions.     There  is  a  necessity  for  coming  to  some 
terms  with  the  King  of  Quedah  while  the  fears  of  the 
Siamese  and  Burmahs  are  upon  him;  and  I  have  reason 
to  believe  nothing  will  be  acceptable  without  Govera^ 
ment  promising  the  King  protection.     This  place  will  be 
subject  to  many  inconveniences  without  such  an  alliance 
as  will  oblige  the  King  to  furnish  the  Settlement  at  all 
times  with   provisions,   and   preventing  other  Europeaii 
Nations  from  settling  in  any  other  part  of  his  Country. 
Should  the  Siamese   be  permitted  to  take  possession  of 
his  Country,  we  shall  not  only  find  an  insolent  and  trou^ 
Llesoine  neighbour,  but  be  under  the  necessity  of  assist** 
ing  them  in  their  Wars,  or  to  go  to  War  with  them  ouri- 
selves.     I  humbly  conceive  that  it  will  be  easier,  and 
attended  with  less  expense   to  the  Honorable  Company, 
to  declare  at  once  the  King  of  Quedah  under  our  pro*» 
lection;  little  else  than  the  name  of  the  Company  will 
be  wanted;   the  longer  it  ij  delayed,  the  greater  will  ap* 
pear  the  consequence  of  the  Island,   and  the  more  dif« 
ficulty  there  will  be  in  fixing  a  Settlement*     The  DaaeS| 


AND'  PdLITidA^' RBLAtlONS  \TITH    SIAM.  67 

I  it    [li-  ■    .    ■       '  - 

the  fiutc'Ti,  and  the  French  have  solicited  permission  to 
•iiavfe  only'a  house  in  Qiiedah;  eithbr  of  ihem  will  pro- 
*iiiise^^mucfi,  and  should  ihe  King  consider  himself  ag« 
'grieved  or  disappointed  by  the  English,  he  may  iu  des« 

pair  seek  for' other  Alliance.-:  .     ' 

'^*;;  J  The*  bias  iipon  Mr.  Light's  mini  is  too  obvious  to  be 
,iiii3taken',  and  it  is  equally  cleiir  he  held  out  expectations 
5Jof  asistance  from  ihe  English,  'ere  .  the  British ,  Standard 
vvras-hoisted  at  Pinang;  ptherwise,  as  he  reniarks,  the  King 
\  would  have  bought  an  Alliance  with  some  other  European 
rPower,   who  would  have   made  unconditional  promises. 
A\'hy  also,    if  the  Island   was  a  voluntary  grant  of  the 
King,   as  it  is  termed j  (though  this  appears  strange,  when 
we  consider  that^  the  King,  of  Quedah.'  had  ;  given  a  de- 
cided  refufal  ta  a  former  applicatiohob  behalf  of  the 
Supreme   Government,)    should    Mr.    Light' state   "  the 
King  was  pressing  for  a  Settlement,"  and  why  should  he 
support  his  claims?     It  does  appear  however,   that  the 
Supreme  Government  objected  to. interfere,  but  why  wis 
Mr,  Light  permitted  to  take  possession,'  without  coming 
to  a  clear  explanation  of- our  intentions  in   the  first  ia- 
. stance?     The  same;  Piaper  vt-hich  contained   the  Grant, 
contained  also  the  conditions,  viz.  protection;  and  the  Go-» 
vernor  Ccnieral  Writes, Ji:>f  I: have  ordered^i  Mai^  of  War 
to  guard    Pulo  Pinang  and  the  Coast  of  Quedah,"  infer* 
ring  ostensibly  at.  least,  that  the  protection  sought  fofg 
/Would  be  graMeiSc^i i^/ti oil  t»di  uiil^lb  i^^i:i'ji0  *;0  ]va3 


PS  .    CON  WESX  PE    CUr.BD Ag:   ANUr  PBHiAI^  .  P^  f ^ 

^Captaia  Glass,  the  Comuianding  Officer  of^tHcTrbopr 
at  the  time,  and  a  discreet,  sensibly  man,  byiallaqcoii^^^^ 
^fyes  his  sentunents  as  ta  the  propriety  of  (effectual  ai^  . 
.being  afforded  to  the  Rajah  of  Quedah,^  and  iasinuatesy 
as  plainly  as  his  respect  and  deference  for  his  su^riors^ 
would  admit  of,  ia  an.  Official  communication,  that  there 
bWl   Beetv  some  evasiori.     He  reinarks,-  '^^This  feeliiig,'^ 
(alluding  to  the  abstraction  of  the  Trade  fromiQucdah^ 
iand  the  discontent  of -the  Q4iedal>  people,)  "  and  eFasWc' 
,ahswers:  Mn  Light  has  been  obliged  to  give  them  to  manry 
.requisitions^  has  impressed  them  with  the  idea,  that  they 
have  beenldeceived,  and  as  no  idea  tends  more  to  estrange- 
^their  aflDsctions,   &Ci?'     They  find  themselves  deceived  af- 
tec  a  year's  triaL   vlt  may   be  argued   perhaps,,  why  did 
the  Ki  ng,,  in  'making  a  Treaty.,  afterwards,  hot  insist  upon 
oa  r"  protection  i     The  fact;  was,,' :  he-  saiir  we  were  in  pos- 
session, and  he  knew  it  was  ia.  vain  for  him  to  attempt 
to  expel  the  English'.     He  therefore  prudently  made  the 
best  bargain  he  could,  by  accepting  Money;'  but  still  this 
is  no  justification  of  the  want  of  good  faith,  evinced  on 
;  the  occasion;  /  It  was  impossible ;  that  they  could  be  so* 
•^ blind  as  to  avoid  foreseeing  a  greatdpss^  in  their  Trade,  by 
the  SeUleinenf  of  Pinarigv  but  as  f  have  already  observed, 
-  they  were  content  to  sacrifice  that  advantage  for  the  greater 
•security  against  the  encroachVnent^  of  the  Siamese  which 
jlhey  hoped  to  obtain  by  an  Alliance  with  the  English. 
J     In  Capt.  Light's  Account  «f  Junk  Ceylon,  he  says  ''The 
King  of  Quedah  claims  the  Domiiaioaf^ihese  Seas  ^tlmt 


Fart  I»  AND    FOLITICAL    RELATIONS    WITH  SIAU*  6& 

is  betweenr  Salang  and  Mergui,)  and  grants  a  License  foir 
collecting  the  Birds  Nests  and  Sea  Slug  to  some  of  his 
Officers^  for  which  he  receives  about  12,  or  1500  Dollars 
per  Annuni»  .After  the  loss  ofSiam,  (alluding  to  the 
Conquest  of  that  Country  by  the  Burmahs,)  the  Malays 
gat  possession  of  the  Island,  (Junk  Ceylon,)  and  the  Lak- 
sainana  of  Quedah  maintained  an  absolute  authority^ 
treating  the  Siamese  as  Slaves,  until  an  accident  inspired 
the  Islanders  with  the  idea  of  liberating  themselves,  which 
they  performed  in  one  night.  The  Laksamana  constant* 
ly  regretted  the  loss  of  this  Island,  and  offered  me  8,000 
men,  when  it  was  proposed  by  Mr.  Hastings  tp  establish 
a  Settlement  there,''  It  is  far  from  probable,  that  the 
King  of  Quedah  would  have  been  allowed  to  reap  the 
advantages  of  so  lucrative  a  Trade,  or  to  have  laid  claims 
to  such  extensive  authority,  if  he  had,  in  these  days,  been 
absolutely. dependant  on  Siam. 

But  let  us  now  turn  our  attention  to  the  extremely  dif- 
ficult and  unplea^^ant  situation  in  which  Captain  Light 
found  himself,  who,  there  can  be  no  doubt,  promised 
more  than  he  was  permitted,  by  the  superiorand  controul- 
ing  authorities  to  perform.  In  his  letter  dated  1 8th  June 
1787,  he  says.  "  1  have  supplied  the  King  of  Quedah^ 
with  20  Chests  of  Opium  at  the  price  of  250  Spanish  Dol- 
lars per  Chest,  which  I  do  not  expect  he  will  pay  until  the 
Company  have  come  to  some  settlement  with  him.*'  la 
truth,  Mr,  Light  felt  his  own  honor  at  stake  ;  he  had  en- 
gjaged  more  than   he  could  fulfil,  and  he  was  glad  to  pa*; 


ro  CONQUBST    OF   dUBDAH  AMD  FfiRAK  ' .<,  Part  tr 

"■'  '  •  -      .1 '    -  '•  ■     ■  ■  -^    ~  • 

cify  the  King  in  any  way  he  could.  This  is  a  humiliatmg^ 
confession  he  is  ohh'ged  to  make, — "  I  do  not  expect 
be  will  pay  for  it  until  the  Company  have  come  to  some 
Settlement  with  him,"  What  Settlement?  I^  as  we  arer 
told,  the  Island  was  a  free  Grant,  why  should  Mrr 
Light  insist  upon  our  obligation  to  come  to  a  settlementy. 
unless  he  felt  that  he  had  given  a  solemn  pledge2    ^ivin:  :i^^ 

The  Island  was  taken  f>ossession  of  on  the  1 2th  Angust 
1786,  and  we  do  not  find  the  positive  deckioaof  the  Go- 
vernor General  against  affording  protection,  till  January 
1788,  when  the  sentiments  of  the  Supreme  Government? 
on  that  head  are  communicated  to  Mr.  Light*  "  With: 
respect  to  protecting  (he  King  of  Quedah  against  the 
Siamese,  the  Governor  General  in  Council  has  already  de- 
cided against  any  measures  that  may  involve  the  Compa- 
ny in  Military  operations  against  any  of  the  Eastern 
Princes,  It  follows  of  course,  that  any  Acts  or  Promiscy 
>vhich  may  be  construed  into  an  obligation  to  defend  the 
King  of  Quedah,  are  to  be  avoided.  If  however  Mr* 
Light  can  employ  the  countenance  or  inftuence  of  the 
Company  for  the  Security  of  the  King  of  Quedah,  con- 
sistently wi(h  these  Rules,  the  Governor  General  in  Council 
has  no  objection  to  his  adopting  the  measure^  strictly 
guarding  against  any  Acts  or  Declaration,  that  may  in- 
volve ^he  honor,  credit,  or  troops  of  the  Company.'' 

J  We  shall,  now  see,  that  the  communication  of  such 
ge.n;iments  and  determination,  was  productive  of  the 
greatest  embarrassment  to  the  Superintendent,  and  what 


Part  1.  ANB  PaLITICAI.  relations  WITH'  ^rAsc  7i 

a  hazardous  game  Mr,  Light  bad  to  play,  in  consequcnec 
of  his  inability  to  support  the  King  of  Quedah ;  that  the 
latter  finding   be  had   bee»  deceiTcd,    begins   to   devise 
inezisures  for  his  own  security,  and  retaliating  upon  those 
by  whom  he  conceived  himself  unfairly  dealt  with;  thw 
is  styled  by  Mr.  Light  "  duplicity  and  cunning.^'     He 
acquaints    the    Supreme   Government,    that    "  Captain 
Wright  in  the  Grampus,  who  arrived  here  on  the  2lsC 
Instant  from  Siam  reports,  at  Siam  they  questioned  hira 
particularly  about  the  strength  of  this  place.     The  French 
Padre  begged   of  him,  not  to  mention   Pinang,   for  the 
King   was  exceedingly  disturbed  at  the   English   being 
there^  they    told   him,  at  his   departure,  the  King  had 
sent  a  Letter  desiring  the  Honorable  Company  to  take 
Mergui.     Two  Messengers  from  Quedah  were  at  Siam, 
and  report  spread,  that  the  Rajah  of  Quedah  had  fent 
to  Siam  complaints   against  the  English;  the  same   re- 
port came  from   Junk  Ceylon,  with  this   addition,   that 
the   Rajah   had    wrote  for  assistance  to  drive  the  Eng- 
lish from  Pinang," — and  again,  "  1  should  be  extremely 
sorry^  from   any  ill-grounded  apprehension,  to  put  Go- 
vernment to  any  unnecessary  charge  or  trouble;  but  it  is 
impossible   to   say   what  may    be   the  intentions  of  the 
Siame-e.     If  they  destroy  the  Country  of  Quedah,  they 
deprive  us  of  our  great  supplies  of  Provisions  and  the 
English  name  will  suffer  disgrace  in  tamely  suffering  the 
King  of    Quedah    to    be  cut    off.     We  shall   then  be 
obliged  to  war  in  self-defence  against  the  Siamese  and 


f9  X  CONQUBST    OF   dUBDAH  AND  PBRAK'  Part  I» 

Malays;  should  your  Lordsbfp  resolve  upon  protecting 
Quedah^  two  Companies  of  Sepoys,  with  4  six  pounder 
Field  Pieces,  a  supply  of  small  Arms  and  Ammunition, 
will  effectually  defend  this  Country  against  the  Siamese^ 
who  though  they  are  a  very  destructive  Enemy,  are  by 
.no  mdaiis  formidable  fn  battle ;  and  it  will  be  much  lesi 
expense  to  give  the  King  of  Quedah  timely  assistance^ 
than  be  obliged  to  drive  out  the  Siamese,  after  they  have 
possessed  themselves  of  the  Country.'*  ^  ju^r-}^ 

Captain  Glass  also  writes  to  the  Governor  General 
about  the  same  time,  ''  The  King  of  Quedah  still  contitiuea 
to  profess  friendship  towards  us,  but  from  his  own  want  of 
resolution  and  the  intriguing  disposition  ofhfs  Council,  I 
do  not  think  his  professions  are  much  to  the  relied  upon* 
- — But  am  still  of  opinion,  (for  reasons  already  enumerated 
to  your  Lordship,)  that  if  his  friendship  and  independence 
could  be  secured,  it  would  greatly  add  to  the  future  peace 
and  welfare  of  this  Settlemeut.'*  i         •     ^  ! 

The  following  Extracts  from  Mr.  Light's  communication 
to  the  Supreme  Government  shew  clearly,  that  the  King 
was  still  buoyed  up  with  hopes  of  our  protection,  and 
though  even  at  this4)eriod,  Mr.  Light  had  reason  to  suspect 
his  friendship,  yet  the  Rajah  consented  to  follow  the  advice 
of  the  Superintendent  and  refrained  from  availing  himself 
of  the  means,  then  apparently  at  his  disposal,  not  only  of 
subduing  the  Siamese  [in  his  immediate  vicinity,  but  of 
obtaining  a  large  accession  of  Territory  and  Subjects;  an 
attempt  he  would  not  have  thought  of  making,  unless  he 


Flirt  L  AND  POLITICAL    BBLATIONS  WITH  SIAlf,  75 

had  been  pretty  confident,  thai  it  would  be  attended  with 
a  favorable  resuU.  Instead,  therefore,  of  returning  ag- 
gression by  aggression,  it  seems  he  followed  the  advico 
of  lVlr#  Light,  and  kept  merely  upon  the  defensire.  This 
entitles  him  to  some  consideration  on  our  part.  About 
this  time,  v\z.  in  June  1788,  Mr.  Light  endeavoured  ta 
negotiate  for  a  final  Settlement  of  ihe  King  of  Quedah's 
claims, — he  says — •"  I  made  an  offer  to  the  King  of  10,000 
Dollars  per  Annum,  for  8  years,  or  4,000  Dollars  per 
Annum,  for  sa long  a  period  as  the  Honorable  Company 
should  continue  in  possession  of  this  Island;  to  these  offers^ 
I  hare  received  no  answer.  I  have  endeavoured  to  soothe 
His  Majesty  into  compliance  with  the  offers  of  your  Lord- 
ship, and  have  hinted,  that  although  the  Company  did 
not  wish  to  make  Alliances  which  might  occasion  disputes 
with  powers  they  were  at  peace  with,  they  had  not  posi* 
tively  forbad   my  assisting  him,   if  really   distressed.'' 

About  three  years  after  taking  possession  of  Pinang,, 
viz.  in  July  1789,  we  find  Mr.  Light  is  under  considera'* 
ble  apprehension  that  the  King  of  Quedah  would  form 
other  Alliances,  and  bei?ig  disappointed  in  the  expecta-; 
tion  of  succour  from  the  British  Government,  his  attach* 
nient  was  daily  subsiding.  The  negative  irhich  the  King 
gives  to  the  offer  of  money  in  the  first  instance  demon*, 
strafes,  that  a  pecuniary  recompense  wa^  not  hi^. abject, 
and  the  ungenerous  reception  of  the  offer,  proves  top  clear* 
ly,  that  he  considered  himself  deceived.  Mr.  Light  say s. 
•V  i  make  uo  doubt,  but  that  the  King  of  Siain  wiil^  ^^ 


7t  CONQUEST    OF  Qir£DAH  AliD  F&aAK    :  Fart  11^ 

'     the  first  opportaiiitj  ta  send  his  Troops  into  Quedah  andl 
Trangano*"  and  aftervTards  "  1  have  entered  on  theCha<» 

*  racier  of  the  Rajah  of  Quedah  to  prepare  your  Lordship, 
■    for  a  scene  of  duplicity  which  he  is  endeavouring  to  effect,' 

and  which  principally  prevents   my  not  embracing   the- 
jiresent  op|)orlumty  of  waiting  on  your  Lordship.     After 

•  acq.uanting  the  King  of  Quedah  of  the  intention  ofGo*^ 
vernment   to  allow   him  10,000   Dollars  for  T  or  8  years^ 
he  remained  silent  a  considerable  time,  at  last  he  acquaint- 
ed me,  that  he  did  not  like  the  offer,    without   stiptrlatiag 
for  any  particnlar   sum  of  money,    or   meutioning   what 
performatHre  on  the  part  of  the  Company   would  content 
him.     Being  informed,   that  he  did  not  relish  the  idea  of 
selling  the  Island,!  asked  him  if  he  chosed  to  accept  4,000^ 
Dollars  per  annum,   for  as  long  a  time  as  the  Honorable 
Co4npiiny  should  couiinue  in  possession  of  the  island r  to 
this  after  waiting   a  considerable  time,  he  answered  in  the 
negative,  at  the  saii>e  time  by  his  letters  and  messengers 
he  endearoured  to  draw  a  fnll  promise,  that  the  Honora- 
ble Company  would  assist  him  with  arms  and  men,  in  case* 
an  attack  from  the  Siamese  should  render  it  necessary*' 
This  1  evaded  by  telling  him,  no  Treaty  which  was  likely; 
to  occasion  a  dispute  between  the  Honorable  Com  pan  jr: 
and  the  Siamese  could  be  made  without  the  approbation  of* 
the   King  of  Great  Britain  at  present^  as  there  was  no  rca*- 
son    for  his  enterin&r  into  war  with   the  Siamese,   he  had 
nothing  to  fear;  the  Siamese  and  all  other  Country  Po-werr? 
would  consider  the  BugUsh- as^  his  frleads^aodfor  that' 


Fart  I;  AN I>    POLITICAL    RBLATIO.HS    ynTB  SlJk}£.  7St 

reason,  would  not  disturb  him,  unless  provoked  threeto  by 
his  bad  policy.'^  "  From  the  information  I  ba?e  received, 
I  am  pretty  well  satisfied  of  the  King  having  wrote  to  Ma-^ 
lacca  and  Batavia  to  try  if  the  Dutch  would  give  him  bet-. 
ter  termfs,  and  last  year,  I  hear  he  wrote  to  Pondicherry^ 
to  try  if  the  French  would  undertake  to  defend  hit 
Country  •'^  ' 

Neither  Mr.  Light,  nor  any  of  the  succeeding  Siiperin* 
tendents  or  Governors  had  it  in  their  power  to  assist  the 
King  of  Quedah,  although  his  appeals  were  frequent,  and 
his  oppression  intolerable.  Availing  himself  of  the  ar* 
rival  of  the  Governor  General  of  India,  Lord  M into,  at 
Pinang,  when  His  Lordship  proceeded  to  Java,  he  ad* 
dressed  him  a  long  Letter,  dated  24th  December  1810^ 
detailing  the  whole  history  of  his  connexion  with  the 
Enghsh,  and  objects;  the  oppressions  from  Siam,  and 
earnestly  entreating  the  effectual  aid  and  protection  of 
the  Supreme  Government.  The  Letter  is  a  follows:  ''  In 
the  year  1 199,  in  the  time  of  my  late  Father,  Mr,  Light 
bearing  on  the  head  of  submission  the  commands  of  the 
King  of  England,  and  the  orders  of  the  Governor  Ge« 
neral,  with  various  splendid  presents  appeared  in  the 
presence  of  my  late  Father,  the  llajah,  and  requested 
in  the  name  of  the  King  of  England,  and  of  the  Governor 
General,  ffk  Island  of  Pinang,  for  the  purpose  of  re^ 
pairing  their  Ships  of  War,  highly  extolling  the  greatness^ 
splendour,  power,  wisdom,  and  beneficence  of  His  Ma-* 
jesty,  the  prosperity  of  the  Honorable  Company,,  and  aU 


76  CONQUJBST    OF    QUBOAB  AND  FEBAKO.'- >         FaJtt^I^ 

those  connected  in  the  ties  of  friendship  with  them  l^pro^?^ 
mising,  that  the  King  and   the  Governor  General  JwrQ^lljll a 
assist  my   Father  in   whatever  might    be   reqiiii:e^,3  an4  ^ 
would  prevent  the  Enemies  of  Quedah  engaging  in; pro*, -l 
ceedings  detrimental  to  the  Country.      Moreover,   thi*t,>r 
they  should  pay  rent  for  the  Island  30,000  Dollars  per)> 
Annum,  and    entered    into   sundry  other  engagements^d 
My   Father   consulting   with   the  Ministers^  consideriiigQ 
that  the  neighbouring  Burmah  and  Sjame.se  Nations  werervf[ 
more  powerful   than  Quedah,  and   having  reflected  thatrt 
the  King  of   Europe  (i.  e.  England)   was  greater  and  i 
.more  powerful   than  cither  of  those  nations,  and  that  bfj-^ 
means  of  the  friendship  of  the  English  Company,  these'fi 
powers  would   be  prevented  from  violence  or  mole!>tation^ 
perceiverd,  that   it  would  be  very  desirable  to  enter  into 
AHiance  with  the  Company,   because  the  Europeans  were  ii, 
just  ancfV^gufar  in  conducting  ail  their  affairs,  and  should  U 
the  Burmah  or  Siamese  Powers  unjustly  attcmptviolence^  • 
the  powerful  aid  and  protection  of  the  Company,  would 
enable  ' my  Father  to  repel  the  aggression.     My  Father  d 
was  therefore  extremely  desirous  of  obtaining  the  friend*! 
ship  of  the  Company,  under  whose  powerful  shelter  and':- 1 
protection,  the  Country  might  be  transmitted  to   his  do-f] 
scendants  increased  in  strength.     For  this  Country  be'mgat 
small,   and  deficient  in  strength,  would.  dcpehdiiOifeJtlj^c^ 
power  of  the  Company  to  repel  the  attack^. of .4}}9^Si^ni§^g.jj 
and   Burmahs.  :  My   Father  accordingly  iB>prcs>^e!t|  vrj^tl^^ 
giucere  desire it^9t\t^^|ii,th8,/r^(^ 


P^rt   f;  AHB    POLITICAL,    RKIrlTICmS    WITB  SUM.  Tf ' 

granted  the  Island  of  Pinahg  according  to  the  request 
€>f  Mr.  Light,  the  Agent  for  the  Governor  General,  and 
a  written  engagement^  containing  my  Father*s  deinands 
from  the  Company,  was  given  to  Mr.  Light,  for  the  pur* 
pose  of  being  forwarded  to  the  Governor  General.  After^ 
Bome  time,  Mr.  Light  returned  to  settle  on  the  Islands 
bringing  some  Sepoys,  and  informed  my  Father,  that  the 
Governor  General  consented  to  his  requests,  and  had  sent 
people  to  settle  on  the  Island;  that  the  Writing  from 
my  Father  had  been  transmitted  by  the  Governor  Ge« 
neral  to  Europe,  for  the  parf>ose  of  receiving  the  Royal 
Sea]  and  Sanction,  and  that  it  would  be  returned  in  six 
Months.  My  Father  accordingly  granted  permission  to 
proceed  to  settle  on  the  Island  of  Pinang,  and  sent  his 
people  to  assist  in  the  work,  and  his  Olficers  to  protect 
them  from  the  Pirates  in  the  commencement.  My  Fa» 
ther  having  waiteJ  some  time,  at  the  expiration  of  one 
year,  requested  thfe  Writing  from  Mr.  Light,  who  de* 
sired  him  to  wait  a  little;  at  the  end  of  six  years  no 
authentic  writing  could  be  obtained;  he  received  10,000 
Dollars  per  Annum,  but  Mr.  Light  refused  to  fulfil  the 
remainder  of  hi?  engagements,  and  in  consequence  of  my 
Father  insisting  upon  having  a  Writing,  agreeably  to  his 
former  stipulation,  a  misunderstanding  arose  betweeh. 
Quedah  and  Pinang,  after  which  a  new  Treaty  of  AU 
liance  was  concluded. 

Since  that  time,    many   Governors   have  been  placed 
over   Piuang,  but  my  Father  was  unable  to  obtaiaf  wriU 


'  ''•'   ■      -■'  -  --     ^.orr 


78  CON  kvEiT  6t  kviDka  and  vkilk  l^i^  U 

ing  ciiher  from  Europe,  or  from  the  Governor  GeneraL 
In  the  year  1215,  my  Father  left  the  GoTcrninent  to  my 
Uncle,  at  ivhich  time,  the  then  Lieutenant .  Gorernbf 'of 
Finang,  Sir  George  Leilh,  requested  the  cession  of  a  tract 
of  land  on  the  opposite  Shore,  alledging  that  the  Island 
being  small,  the  Company's  people  were  distressed  for 
procuring  Timher,  and  the  raising  of  Cattle*  My  Uncle 
being  desirous  to  remove  the  uneasiness,  granted  a  tract 
(of  which  the  boundaries  were  defined)  accordingly,  plac* 
ing  entire  dej>endence  on  the  power  of  the  Company  ta 
protect  and  defend  him  against  his  Enemies,  and  Sir 
George  Lcitb  made  a  new  Treaty,  coosisung  of  fourteeu 
articles,  and  constituting  the  two  as  one  Country  •♦  This^ 
and  ihe  former  Treaty,  are  inscribed  on  the  Company's 
Becords.  During  the  whole  Government  of  my  Father 
and  Uuele,  no  injury  or  molestation  of  any  consequence 
had  been  sustained,  nor  has  any  one  ever  oOfered  to  send 
my  letter  of  supplication  to  the  King  or  to  the  Governor 
General.  I  consequently  desrsted,  and  only  communicat* 
ed  .with  the  several  Governors  of  the  Island  in  matters 
relating  to  the  two  Countries,  but  no  certain  arrangement 
from  Europe  could  be  heard  of,  nor  eould  I  obtaia  any 
assurances  on  which  I  could  depend.  .  •  .  /. 

Moreover  so  long  as  1  have  administered  the  Govern^ 
iDcnt  of  Quedah,  during  the  time  of  the  late  Kihg  o/:;)iam, 
h's  proceedings  >vere  just  and  consistent  with  former  esta» 
bliiihed  custom  and  usa^e.     Since  the  decease  of  the  old 


;ParJtJ»  AND  POUTICAL    RBLATIONS  WITH  SIA1|»  79 

King,   and  the  accession  of  his  Son  to  the  Throne,  in  tho 
.  year  1215,*  violence  and  severity  have  been  exercised  by 
1  lheSianie>ie  against  Qiiedah,  in  demands  and  requisitions, 
exceeding  all  former  cu«toin  and  usage,   and  which  I  cm- 
not  support  for  a  length  of  time,  the  Rajahs  of  Qiredah 
.  have   been  accustOTned  to  submit  to  the  authority  in  mat* 
ters  clearly  proper  and  consistent  with  the  established  cr«w 
,  loms  of  the  Government,  for  the  sake  of  the  presenratioQ 
of  the  Country,   being  unable  to  contend  with  Siam,  front 
the  superior  number  of  their  people.     Daring  my  Adrni* 
uistration,  their  demands  have  been    beyond  measure  In, 
.;,  creased,  and  heavy   services   have  been  required  of  me, 
inconsistent  with  the  custom  of  the  Country;  these  ho  w« 
ever  I  sub.nitied   to,  as  far   as  1  hAve   been  able,  fur  tho 
sake  of  the  people,  and  to  prevent  the  da^iger  ofa  rupture 
with  them;  how  many  services,  unprecedented  iti  foHner 
years,   have  I   not  performed,  and  what  expeiices   have  I 
not  incurred  in  carrying  into  effect  their  requisitions;  ne* 
vertheless,   I  cannot  obtain  any  goo  I  understanding;   with 
them,  noi'  any  peace,  nor  any  termination  to  their  injuriej 
and  oppressions;  rhey  no  longer  confide  in  me,  and ^ecit 
to  attach  blame,  alledgfng,  that  1  have  joined  with  the  i3ur* 
mahs,   with  whom  this   year,  they  have   made  war,  and 
^  Iheir  intention  is  to  attack  Qjiedah  for  the  purpose  of  re- 
ducing the  Country    unJer  their  Government.     1  have  in 
▼am  eiadeavoured  to  avert  the  enmity  of  Siam,  but  with- 


^s;)'"^ 


oiit  arOy  appearaoce  of  success,     I  have  made  known  t^ 


80  •  CON  QUEST  or  Q(r£D  Au  A  s  D  PBRAK'  Part  Ir 

the  Governors  of  Pinang,  evcrj  circumstance  with  relationr 
to  this  ('ountry  and  Siam,  and  have  requested  their  advice 
aad  the  assistance  of  ihe  Company,  on  which  m^  Father 
relied,  l>ecause  the  Countries  of  Quedah  and  Pinang  are^ 
as  one  Country,  and  as  one  Interest;  whea therefore  Que-? 
dah  is  distressed,  it  cannot  be  otherwise;  witb  Pinang.' 
The  Governor  advised  me  by  aU  means  to  avoid  comings 
to  a  rupture  with  Siam,  alledging,  that  it  was  not  in  his 
po'ver  to  a (Tjrd  me  assistance,  for  that  this.  Supreme  Go-^* 
vernment  in  Europe  had  forbidden  all  interference  in  the 
wirs  of  the  neighbouring  powers*  Perhaps  this  would 
be  improper  wjth  respect  to  other  Countries,  but  Quedah 
and  Pinang  are  as  one  Cojntry;^  all  the  Ryots  and  People 
are  ranch  distressed  by  the  labours  necessarily  imposed, 
to  avert  the  resentment  of  Siam,  and  every  exertion  oa 
mv  part  has  been  made  to  prevent  coming  to  a  rupture 
whh  that  power,  but  I  was  unable  to  submit  to  demands 
cxceedma:  all  former  precedent,  which  induced  me  to 
apply  to  the  Governor  of  Pinang  for  the  Company's  aid, 
to  enable  me  to  repel  their  demands,  for  my  Father 
having  transmitted  to  me  his  frieudship  and  Alliance  with 
the  Company,  i|  would  be  otherwise  a  reflection  upon 
the  powerofthe  Kingof  England,  who  is  accounted  a  Prince 
greater  and  more  powerful  than  any  other,  1  conceive, 
that  the  Countries  of  Quedah  and  Pinang  have  but  one 
interest,  and  perhaps  the  King  and  my  friend  may  not 
have  been  well  informed,,  and  in  consequence  th3  Go- 
Teriior  of  Pinang  has  not  been  auxhorized  toa&aril  assist* 


?att'fr        AI&  Wlitic'ai^  relations  wiT&siXar,         8'1 


ali'cd,an<J  tliat  should  they  he  acquafnted  therewith,  they 
would  consider  it  impossible  to  separate  the  two.  coun^ 
tries,  Itv  eousequence,  I  request  my  friend  to  issue  di* 
rectionsy  and  ta  forward  a  representation  to  the  Kirig^ 
and  to  the  Honorable  Company,  of  the  mitters  contained 
in  this  Letter.  I  request  that  the  engagements  contract- 
ed for  byxMr,  Light  with  my  late  Fatber,  may  be  ra- 
tified, as  my  Countty  aud  I  are  deficient  4n  strength;  the 
faVor  of  tits 'MaJ^esty  the  King  of  England  extended  t(i 
me,  will  render  his  name  illustrious  for  justice  and  be- 
neficence, and  the  grace  of  His  Majesty  will  fill  me  witlk' 
gfatitude;  under  the  povrer  and  Majesty  of  the  Kibg^' 
1  desire  to  rei>03e  in  safety  from  the  attempts  of  all  mjr 
Enemies,  and  that  the  King  may  be  disposed  to  kind- 
ness and  favor  towards  me,  as  if  I  were  his  own  subject,^ 
that  he  will  be  pleased  to  issue  his  Commands  td 'thef 
Governor  of  Pinang  to  afford  me  aid  and  assistance  in 
my  distresses  and  dangers,  sind  cause  a  regulatloa  to  be 
made  by  which  the  two  countries  may  have  but  one  iiin 
terest^  in  like  manlner  I  shall  not  refuse;  any ^i aid  ;to» 
Pinang,  consistent  with  my  af)ility.  I  further  request  at 
writing  from  the  King,  and  from  my  friend,  that  it  may] 
remain  as  an  assurance  of  the  protection  of  the  King,  and: 
descend  to  my  successors  in  the  Government,  I  place  a 
perfect  reliance  in  the  favor  and  aid  of  my  friend  ia  all 
these  matters."   . 

-  The  whole  of  Mr^  Light's   correspondence  is  corrobora- 
tive of  thiS'^ndidexpbsitionV  and- ii  Was  quite  inconsist- 


'  83  CONQUEST    OP    aUEDAH  AND  PERJLK  Part   L 

cnt  with  reason  to  suppose,  that  Piiiang  was  ceded  with- 
out some  Tcry  powerful  inducements,  in  the  way  of  pro-^ 
jnises,  by  Mr.  Light,  which,  no  doubt,  in. his  eagerness  to 
obtain  the  grant,  were  liberal  and  almost  unlimited,  and 
tliat  his  inability  to  perform  them  was  the  occasion  of  much 
mental  suffering  to  him. 

During  the  long  period  of  twenty-four  years,  tiz.  from 
irSG,  the  complaints  to  the  several  Superintendents  and 
Governors  of  Pioang,  by  the  King  of  Quedah,  of  the 
oppressive  demands  of  Siam^  were  frequent  and  oft  re- 
peated. In  July  1810,  he  writes  to  Governor  Bruce. 
''  The  Country  of  Quedah  being  small,  and  situated  in 
the  neighbourhood  of  the  extensive  Kingdom  of  Siam, 
it  has  been  the  custom  established  from  time  immemorial^ 
to  send  tributary  presents,  of  Gold  Flowers  to  Siam  once 
in  three  years.  In  my  time,  the  Government  of  this- 
Country,  arising  from  internal  circumstances,  has  become 
extremely  exposed  to  the  heavy  requisitions  imposed  by 
the  Siamese,  unprecedented  in  former  times,  and  for  two 
or  three  years  past,  the  pressure  of  these  demands  has^ 
been  extreme.  I  was  unable  to  avoid  them;  their  people 
being  numerous,  and  the  Country  of  Quedah  being  in- 
sufficient to  oppose  them  by  forccj  I  fulfilled  their  re- 
quisitions. Whp)  the  Burmahs  attacked.^alang,  ft  was 
rumoured  abroad,  that  I  had  engaged  in  the  service  of 
Siam,  and  I  have  thereby  acquired  the  severe  resentment 
of  that  power,  a  matter  of  evil  consequence  to  my  Coun- 
try.    Having  behared  well  ia  this  business^  their  demaadst 


Fart  fr  AND    POLITICAL    RELATIONS  WITH    SIAM.  83 

have  fncTcased  beyond  measure,  and  I  am  proportionabtj 
distressed*  It  is  re|>orted  the  Biirmahs  will  return,  and  if 
Hot,  that  the  forces  of  Siam  will  go  to  meet  thern;  they 
have  required  fro^ni  me  a  supply  of  Prows  and  men  com<« 
plctely  equipped  with  arms  and  ammunition.  These 
proceedings  are  repugnant  to  my  mind,  and  tend  to  lower 
me  in  the  esimation  of  neighbouring  Princes.  They  are 
also  iiijurious  to  the  character  of  the  Company^  inasmuch 
as  notwithstanding  the  friendship  and  alliance  which  has 
subsisted  from  the  time  of  my  Grandfather  to  the  present, 
1  am  exposed  to  demands  so  oppressive  from  Siam.  For 
in  former  times,  this  Country  was  not  exposed  to  danger 
and  distress  from  Siam;  but  in  my  time  first  became  en- 
dangered from  them  — The  relations  of  friendship  and 
alliance  between  my  Father  and  the  powerful  Company, 
have  been  transmitted  to  me.  How  then  can  I  become 
weak  and  distressed  ?  I  am  decidedly  desirous  to  meet 
personally  with  my  friend,  in  order  to  effect  a  settleme.it 
of  these  affairs,  it  being  improper  for  me  to  continue  long- 
er under  such  circumstances.  Former  Rajah*  who  were 
not  connected  with  the  Company,  were  neither  reduced 
to  weakness,  nor  difficulties."  Some  months  afterwards, 
in  asrain  solicitine:  the  assistance  of  the  British  Govern- 
roentto  oppose  the  Siamese  encroachments,  he  says.  "  I 
now  remind  my  friend  and  request  to  know  whether  my 
friend  intends  fulfilling  the  Treaty  or  not.  It  is  necessary 
that  my  friend  should  be  prepared  and  not  make  light  of 
this  communication,  for  the  Siamese  are  numerous,  and 


:84  CONQUEST    OF    QUEDAH    AND   PERAK  Part  K 

consider  none  superior  to  themselves..  True  it  is  they 
possess  many  Countries  from*  Cochin  to  Tringano;  my 
friend  will  duly  consider  and  reflect*  Even  should  they 
not  attack  Pin ang,  yet  when  Quedah  shall  be  destroyed^ 
my  friend  will  be  distressed  ia  many  ways*'* 

In  applying  for  instructions  to  the  Supreme  Govern* 
ment  about  this  time,  the  Government  of  Pinang  repre* 
sented  "  on  the  authority  of  generally  received  tradition, 
it  is  admitted  by  the  best  informed,  that  Quedah  has 
from  time  immemorial  acquiesced  ia  the  paramount 
authority  of  Siam,  and  as  a  token  of  vassalage  has  trien-^ 
nially  sent  to  the  King  of  that  Country,  the  present  of 
the  Boonga  Mas,  or  Golden  Flower,  notwithsUnding 
which,  such  tribute  was  received  and  given  more  as  aa 
a^tsurance  of  continued  friendship,  than  an  acknowledged 
(or  till  now  claimed)  right  of  feudal  Military  Service." 

The  Siamese,  engaged  perhaps  with  other  moreimpott-^ 
ant  afl'airs,  seem  to  have  allowed  the  King  of  Quedah  a 
respite  from  the  oppressions  with  which  they  had  visited 
him  during  the  few  preceding  years,  as  we  do  not  find 
any  further  complaints  from  October  1811,.  until  August 
1813,  when  he  addressed  the  Governor  to  acquaint  him, 
that  on  a  late  occasion  when  the  Bindahara  of  Quedah 
had  been  deputed  to  the  Court  of  Siam,  to  present  one 
of  his  Sons,  in  order,  as  he  says,  to  put  an  end  to  the 
long  subsisting  troubles  of  Quedah,  it  was  determined 
by  the  King  of  Siam  and  his  Ministers  to  attack  the 

♦  Cucblo  Chi<«a. 


Part   I.  AXD  POLITICAL    RBLATiaNS  WITH  SIAM.  85 

Countrj  of  PeraR,  and  to  add  it  to  the  number  of  His 
Majesty's  other  Tributary  States*  The  Correspondence 
of  the  King  of  Quedah  from  this  period,  namely  August 
1813,  until  the  close  of  1818,  is  principally  relating  to 
the  Conquest  of  Perak,  which  was  long  insisted  upon  by 
Siam,  and  at  last,  after  various  evasire  pretences,  reluc« 
tantly  comph'ed  with  by  Quedah,  as  the  King  expresses 
himself—"  I  did  not  go  to  War  with  Pcrak,  of  my  owa 
will,  but  by  the  orders  of  the  King  of  Siam,  of  whom 
I  was  afraid,  and  therefore  conquered  Perak." 

The  Conquest  of  Perak  can  be  justified  by  no  pre- 
cedciit  or  example,  nor  by  any  one  circumstance  of  a 
palliating  nature.  It  was  a  wanton  and  most  unprovoked 
aggression,  and  the  execution  of  the  odious  and  unjust 
measure  was  forced  upon  a  power  too  weak  to  refuse 
compliance  with  a  mandate  which  it  in  vain  attempted 
to  evade.  It  is  but  too  evident,  that  there  was  a  deep 
policy  in  this  scheme  of  the  Siamese  forcing  a  power 
which  yet  possessed  sufficient  strength  and  means,  to 
have  made  possibly  not  an  unsuccessful  defence,  if  the 
Siamese  had  proceeded  to  open  hostilities,  and  which 
would,  at  all  events,  have  offered  considerable  resistance, 
to  expend  ii's  men  and  resources  in  the  subjugation  of 
an  inferior  stale,  by  which  itself  would  fall  an  easy  prey 
to  the  ambitious  usurpation  of  that  designing  Govern* 
ment.  The  Political  agent  of  the  Pinang  Government  who 
proceeded  to  Perak  in  1818,  clearly  establishes,  that  from 
the  most  accurate  inquiries  he  was   enabled  io  make^ 


86  CONQUEST    OF  QUBDIH  AND  FSRAK  Part  !•- 

there  was  no  tradition  of  the  Pcrak  State  erer  haring  sent 
a  Boonga  Mas  to  Siaui,  or  having  ever  been,  in  the  remot* 
est  degree  dependent.     The  King  of  Quedah  exhausted 
every  topic  of  Counsel  to  persuade  the  Rajah  of  Perak  to 
comply,  but  in  vain,  and  in  reply  to  the  admonitions  of 
the  Pinang  Government,  the  Perak  Chief  said,    "  No  such 
custom   has  been  handed  down  to  me  from   past   times, 
as  the   sending  of  a   Boonga   Mas  either  to    Siam    or 
Quedah,"   and  positively  refused  compliance.     In   ano- 
ther Letter,  he  says.     "  1  am  a  King  of  the  ancient  race. 
I  am  he  who  hold  the  Royal  Sword  and  the  Dragon  Beetel 
Stand,   and  the  Shell  Fish    which  came  out  of  the  Sea, 
which   came  down  from  the    Hill  of  Segangtang,"  and 
again.     ''  I  am  the  oldest  of  all  the  Kings  of  these  parts, 
such  as  the  King  of  Siack,  Salengore,  Rhio,  Quedah,  and 
Tringano.     With   respect   to   the  desire  of  the  Kings  of 
Siam  and  Quedah,  1  cannot  consent  to  it,  should  war  even 
be  the  consequence.     I  must  try  my  strength  with  them, 
for  such  a  custom  was  neither  heard  of,  or  attempted  to 
be  imposed  on  Perak.     Now  for  the  first  time  the  Rajah 
of  Quedah   demands  a  Boonga  Mas  to  be  sent  to  Siam,  in 
an   unaccountable   manner.     I  will  not  comply  with  this 
his  desire.     Had  it  been  usual  from  times  past  with  Perak 
to  send  a  Boonga  Mas  to  Quedah,  or  Siam,  I  should  have 
done   so,   according   to  ancient  custom."     In  November 
1816,  the  King  of  Quedah's   messenger  returned  from 
Siam   with  a  positive  order  to  attack  Perak.     The  King  of 
Quedah  says*    ^^  It  greatly  afflicts  me  to  excecute  thir 


parti.  AND    POLITICAL    RELATIONS  .WITH  SIAM.  87 

orJer.  It  if.  not  with  my  good  will  that  I  attack  Perak, 
nor  at  all  my  wish  to  become  an  Enemy  of  that  Rajahf 
hut  only  to  avert  mischief  from  my  Country." 

'  A  force  was  accordingly  despatched  to  Perak  by  Land 
under   the  Bindahara,  or  General,   and  a  Fleet  under  the 
Laksamana,  or  Admiral.     In  October  1817,  the  King  of 
Qnedah  acquainted   the   Governor   of   Pinang,    that  his 
forces   had   subdued    half  the  Country.     In  June  1818,  a 
confidential  agent  of  the  Pinang  Government   was  sent  to 
persuade   the  Rajah  of  Perak    to  comply   at  once  with  a 
demand   which  he  had  not  the  power*  long  to  resist,  but 
after  along  stay  and  mmierous  conferences,  he  was  unable 
to  obtain  any  satisfactory  assurances  thr*t  he  would  comply,* 
In  September  1818,  the  Quedah  forces  took  complete  pos- 
session  of  the  Perak  Country.     A  few  months   afterwards, 
the  King's  Son,    Rajah  Mood  a,    was  raided  to  the  Throne, 
and   the  Boonga   Mas,  the   object  of  contention,    was  sent 
to   Siam,  via   Qnedah.     The  old  King   did   not   survive 
many  months  after  having  made  a  powerful,   but  ineffec- 
tual resistance.     Such  is  the  history  of  the  subjugation  of 
the  Perak  State  by  Siam.     It   has  however   been    again 
wrested    from  the   Siamese  by   the  former  Conqueror,  the 
Rajah  of  Salengore,   who  has  established  the  King,  Taju- 
din,  the  lawful   Sovereign,  and  he  now  maintains  his  pos, 
sessions  wn molested  for  a  time,    under  the  continual  ap- 
prehension   however  of  a  renewal   of  hostilities  from  the 

Rajah  of  Ligore. 

•  A  Tre.ty   wai  laade  at  ihat  lime  with  ilie  R  J ibi  of  Pecak  and  Saltngore  ; 

Vide  Appendix*  -      -i-  ^  '•   ■    ^        -  ,      •   1 


§3  CONQUEST  OF  QUEDAH  Akd  PBaAK        '  Pari  t» 


Soon  after  the  capture  of  Pcrak,  a  lengthened  correspoh* 
dence  which   took  place  on  the  subject  of  throwing  open 
the  navigation  of  the  Rivers  Mirbovr  and  Mooda,  aiid/ek* 
tending  the  Honorable  Company's  Territory  on  the  oppo- 
site   Shore,   evinced  fully  that  the  King  of  Quedah   was 
tinder  the  greatest  apprehensions  from  the  KingofSiam^ 
and   fearful  of  incuring  the   displeasure  of  that  haughty 
Potentate  by  making  any  further  cession.     Matters   con« 
tinned  rather  more  tranquil  than  they  had  been  for  some 
time  after  the  Conquest  of  Perak  ;  but  towards  the  close 
of  1821,  they  beg^n  to  draw  to  a  crisis,  which  was  indeed, 
in    a  great   measure   anticipated    by  the   Government  of 
Pinang,  which  having   received  intelligence  of  hostile  pre- 
parations on  the  part  of  the  Siamese,   communicated   the 
same  to  the  Rajah  of  Quedah,  with  a  suitable  admonition 
and  precautionary  advice.     As  early  as  February  1821,  the 
Governor  thus  wrote  to  the  King.     "  1  hasten  to  commu* 
nicate  to  my  friend,  that  intenigcnce  has  reached  this  place 
from  Siam  stating  the  King  of  that  Country  to  be  engaged 
in    the  equipment  of  about  6,000  Troops   destined   to 
inarch  to  Kedah.     This  army,   it  is   said,  will  embark  at 
Bangkok  for  Sangora,  from  whence  it  is  to  march  overland. 
It  is  further  stated,  that  some  remissness  in  the  transmis- 
sion  of  the  Boonga  Mas  is  the  reason  assigned  for  this  mea- 
sure; it  is  however  not  improbable,  that  as   the  Burmahi 
have  declared  war  with  Siam,  this  movement  of  the  Troops 
of  the  latter  Power  is   in  view  to  avail  of  the  situation  of 
iny  friend's  Counlrj  and  vessels  to  embark  aa  Bxpeditioi> 


Fart  T»         and  political  relations  with  siabt.        89 

against  the  Island  of  Salang,  '  Be  this  as  it  may,  sincere 
friendship  calls  for  my  immediately  communicating  thei 
intelligence  to  my  friend,  as  it  reached  me  from  a  respect 
table  person  very  lately  from  Bangkok." 

The  King  immediately   replied  to  this,   that  he  had 
heard  similar   rumours,  and  learning   that  the   Siamese 
had  come  to  Setool  and  Lingow,  about  500  in  number  f 
he  sent  a  Pangulu  secretly  to  gather  all  the  information  he 
could,  and  he  enclosed  his  report  on  the  subject.     He  sayf 
*'  Relative   to  the   Siamese  having  a  jealousy  on  account 
of  the  Company  possessing   Pinang,  it  has  been  so  for  a 
long   lime,  and  I  have  often   communicated    it  to  former 
Governors.     My  friend  notices  a  report  of  the<5omingof 
the  Siamese,  being  occasioned  by  my  not  having  forwarded 
as   usual  the  Boonga  Mas.     If  this  is  the  cause  assigned,: 
it  is  only  a  pretext,  because  there  has  been  some  delay  oa' 
many  former  occasions,  nor  were  they  angry.     The  trans* 
mission  of  the  Boonga  Mas  at  the  present  period,  has  been 
delayed  on  account  of  the  Epidemic  Sickness."     The  re* 
port  alluded  to  is  as   follows.     "  Your  Majesty  directed 
your  Servant  to  obtain  intelligence  relative  to  the  Siamese, 
and  your  servant  sent  a  man  named  Awon,  to  buy  and  sell 
and    procure   such   intelligence  on  the  13th   Rabial-akir. 
The  Chief  of  the  Siamese  at  Lingow,  is  Chow  Rubut,  with 
300  men  and  a  few  more,  who  came  on  the  1 9th  at  Setool^ 
the  head  man   is  Umboom  Nongta,   with  about  ^00  men, 
and   on  the    19th  Rabial-akir,  the  younger  brother  of  the 
Rajah  of  Sangora  came  there  with  100  followers,  intending 


90  CONCy/fiST    OF   QUBDAH  ANir  PBRAK  Pai^Jti 

to  equip  same  Prows  formerly  built  there,  for  VFhich  they* 
have  collected  the  necessary  materials.     What  their  inten* 
tions  are  is  unknown  to  any  of  the  people  of  Setool,  whoni 
they  have  not  ill  used.     It  is  understood,  however,  that  a, 
Bnrmah  army  is  coming  to  attack  the  Siamese  by  wayof^ 
Trong,   Lingow  and  Setool,  and  the  latter  say,  that  all  th«i 
Burmahs  in  Siam   have  been  sent  into  their  owft  Country^  i 
They    say  also  that  great  nunvbers  o[  Siamese  have  died  of 
the   Epidemic  Sickness,,  and  that  the  Burniahs  are  takingi 
advantage  of  this  to  attack  them,  in  which  event,,  they  (ihe  : 
Siamese)   will  send  a  Force  to  Trong,  Kedah,  and  Purlis^. 
and   if  the  Burmahs  do  not  fulfil  their   intended-  attack,!,: 
they  wish  to  go  for  the  purpose  of  amusing  themselves  at 
Pinang,     The  Prows  they  have  built  are  in   Soonghy/ Ba^,,^ 
ru»     My  messenger  obtained  this  from  a  relatioaof ,  the  { 
Chief  of  Umboom  Nongta,'*  ,    , 

The  disastrous  events  which  followed  not  many  months 
after,  and  the  easy  conq^uest  obtained  by  the  Siamese  over  .. 
the   Quedah   People,    who  were  q*iite  unprepared  and 
over  a  Country  whose  resources  had  been  gradually  wast* 
cd  and   extracted  for  a  seriesof  years^  are  fully  detailed  \ 
already.  ,, 

From  (he  foregoing  History  of  the  connexions  subsisting 
between  Siam  and  Quedah,  we  cannot  fail  to  come  to 
the  conclusion,  that   the  conquest  of  the  latter  State  by/ 
the  best  contrived  plans  that  treachery  and  injustice  conldj«^ 
devi-e,  can  only  be  regarded  as  an  act  of  the  most   un^,., 
justifiable  usurpation  and  unprovoked  hostility,  and  such 


Fartr;.'       ^nb  mmcAi^  rblations  wit»  siam.        at 

«^  loudly  call,  for  the  ineerfererrce  af  ^  powerful  Gbrern^ 
ment  like  the  British.     It  has  lately  been  observed,   ia 
allusron    to  the  present  state   of  Affairs  of  CoatinerUal 
Europe,   that  «  as  th€  safety  of  all  States  depends   on  tha 
observance  of  the  Laws  of  Nations,  all  acts  done   in  avow^ 
ed  and  systematical  defiance  of  its  principles,  gives  a  rights 
of  War  to  all  States  against  the  wrong  doers,''*— and  it- 
was  remarked   by  one  of  the  most  distinguished  states^ 
men  of  the  present  day,   (Earl  Grey,)    «  We  admrt  that 
it  is  the  interest  and  duty  of  every  member  of  thecoma 
monwealth   of  Europe,  to  support  the  established  system  • 
and  distribution  of  power  among  the  independent  So* 
vereigntres  which  actually  subsist,  and  to  prevent  the  ag* 
grandizement  of  any  State,   especially  the  most  power- 
ful,    at   the  expense  of  another/'     The  turbulent  and 
restless  character  of  the  Siamese,   and  the  haughty  tone 
of  arrogance  they  have  long  assumed,  united  to   the  coa-« 
sideratiott  of  the  state  of  alarm  aud   agitation   in    which 
the  British  Settlements  have  been  kept  since  that  power 
became  nearer  neighbours  than   formerly,  may  lead  u» 
to  doubt   whether   the   neutrality  observed  by  the  British 
Gevernment,  and  founded  on  solid  and  substantial  grounds 
of  expediency,  under  the  critical  and  peculiar   circum- 
stances of  the  time,  will  be  preserved  for  any  length  of  time, 
and  it  will  be  matter  of  consideration,  "  whether,"    as 
observetl  by  the  Reviewer,   "  if  we  do  not  prevent  the 
maturing  of  plans  and  the  approach  of  dangers  which 

V    .         f  Edinbttfgh  Review^   Na,  75. 


93-*  CONQUEST  >  OF  vaUEDAH    AN|>  PBRAKr?  Partial 

have  already  unequiyocallj  disclosed  ihemselves^  tre  shall- 
not  shortly  be  called  upon  tofjght  in  our  own  defencc»^^*n» 
When  we  adyert  to  the  immense  quantities  of  Grainyt 
Cattle,  and  rarious  other  Stores  which  this  ill-fated  Coun--k 
try  supplied  during  a  long  series  of  years  to  (he  Siamese? 
forces,  that  it  was  at  the  same  time  the  Granary  of  Prince; 
of  Wales  Island,  and  many  of  the  surrounding  States^ 
we  must  form  a  very  favorable  estimate  of  its  resources^ 
Mr.  Light  says,  and  with  truth,  that  little:  more  than  the? 
iiame  of  the  Company  would  be  required  in  declaring 
the  King  of  Quedah  under  our  protection,  and  his  senti- 
ments, as  well  as  those  of  many  other  competent  judges; 
at  the  time,  have  been  given  as  to  the  banefut  effectt, 
of  allowing  the  Siamese  to=  posse?s  themselves  of  Quedah* 
We  have  already  observed  that  the  Quedah  Country; 
was  captured  by  treachery,  and  wrested  from  its  rights 
ful  Sovereign  by  that  very  power  to  which  it  had  done, 
homage,  and  which  therefore,  according  to  the  Law  of 
Nations,  was  bound  to  protect,  instead  of  oppressing  Jt, 
We  should  recollect,  that  promises  of  assistance  were 
given  to  the  King  of  Quedah,  as  a  condition  of  his  ces^ioja 
6f  Prince  of  Wales  Island,  and  that  in  all  the  Correspond* 
encc  during  thirty-five  years,  almost  every  Letter  con«^ 
eluded  with  "  Pinang  and  Quedah  are  one;''  we  shall, 
be  at  no  loss,  therefore,  for  a  just  pretext  for  interference,' 
if  deemed  consistent  with  the  policy  of  the  superintend-! 
ii,g  and  controuLing  authorities,  if  a  further  cause  were^ 
wanting,  the  iuceasaut  hostilities,  between  the  Burmahs 


Fart  D  AND  POLITICAL    RBLATIOlfS  WITH.  SIAM.  93- 

and  Siamese  in  our  immediate  ykinity,  the  cansequenC 
interruption  of  Commerce,  and  the  frequent  actsh  of  bar* 
barou5  Piracy  committed  by  the  adherents  of  the  con*. 
tending  parties  upoa  peaceable  British  Traders,  might 
be  assigned  with  propriety,,  as  a  just  cause  for  the  inter- 
position of  the  British  Power  and  Authority  at  Quedah^ 
as  a  barrier  between  them,  and  thus  discourage  that  in- 
cessant  warfare  which  has  prevailed  between  these  two 
Nations  for  such  a  length  of  time. 

The  policy  and  advantage  of  extending  the  territory  of 
the  Honorable  Company  on  the  continent  opposite  Pi- 
nang,  have  been  warmly  argued  by  some  of  the  Governors 
of  Prince  of  Wales  Island  and  the  subject  was  ably  dis- 
cussed, particularly  by  Lieutenant  Governor  Farquhar, 
in  his  report  upon  the  Island  in  1804.  He  gives  his  senti- 
ments as  follows,  '^  The  advantages  to  be  derived  front 
QiieJah,are  worthy  of  separate  and  distinct  inquiry,  and  if 
this  Island  is  to  be  made  a  great  naval  depot,  the  following 
suggestions  may  eventually  be  found  ultimately  connected 
with  the  Interests  of  the  British  Government.  In  all  its 
extensive  plans  and  operations,  the  British  Government  of 
IVince  of  Wales  Island  should  keep  In  its  recollection  that 
the  immediate  wants  of  the  settlement  have  considerably 
increased  and  are  likely  to  become  greater  every  day, 
and  (he  Government  should  then  advert  to  the  important 
circumstance  of  supplies  from  Quedah  being  more  within 
its  reach,  cheaper  to  the  community  and  subject  to  fewer 
failures  than  supplies  which,  by  exertions,  might  be  eUe- 


94  CONQUEST   OP    QUBDAH. ANp,  ?^MB; A  P^tltilS 

where  acquired.  Now  as  these  supplies  cannot  long  bCc 
depended  upon  under  the  present  conflicting  authorities^ 
of  five  or  six  Brothers  and  an  Uncle,  all  equally  oppre^i?^ 
sind  independent,  the  Company,  in  order  to, com nian<Ja 
prpvisiohs  for  Pinang  adequate  to  any  deraand,  roust 
adopt  one  or  other  of  the  following  alternalire«,  via.  , 

'  "  They  must  take  such  a  share  in  the  politics  of  Quedah 
as  to  give  such  a  decided  preponderance  to  Tuanko  Pan-», 
giran  (the  present  King)  as  will  enable  him  effectually  to- 
curb  his  Brothers  and  give  efficacy  to  the  Laws  for  the 
security  of  the  Ryots  or  they  must  obtain  ihe  144  square 
leagues  opposite  this  Island  and  pursue  such  measures  for 
its  Government  as  promise,  with  the  greatest  celerity  to  be 
the  means  of  peopling  and  cultivating  it.  Were  my  opi- 
nion asked  in  regard  to  choice  of  these  alternatives,  £ 
should  certainly  adopt  that  which  placed  Quedah  under 
our  controul  and  management,  but  both  will  best  secure 
the  object. 

*  "  As  cheapness  of  provisions  is  one  of  the  greatest  alure- 
ments  to  an  increase  of  population,  and  as  it  is  from  a^ 
numerous  population  alone  that  the  Company  can  expect 
the  price  of  labour  to  be  diminished,  as  well  as  a  per*: 
manent  and  efficient  Revenue  to  defray  the  great  ex* 
pences  of  their  important  and  extensive  plans,  this  ob* 
ject  may  be  considered  as  of  the  last  importance,  and 
aided  by  peace  and  quiet,  it  will  soon  leave  no  Jungle 
either  on  this  Island  or  on  the  Company's  Dominion  on  the 
opposite  shore.     Taking  matters  therefore  on  the  great 


Part  li^        AND'^rdtrficAL^'telATioVs  ^rtii  sum.        95^ 

scale,  the  acquiring  this  Territory  ought  never  to  be  lost 
sight  of.     The  possession   of  it,  gdvefncd  under  peculiar 
taws,  reserving  the  customs  and  usages  oif  the  MalajSj^ 
eixcepting  those  that  are  arbitrary  and  oppressive,  in  re- 
gard  to  the  rights  of  bTe  and   property,  would  soon  render, 
il  populous  and  productive  of  provisions  equal  to  all  the 
wants  of  the  Island,  provided  the  Government  prohibit 
for  a  time  all  cultivation  that  interferes  with  the  pro^luce'* 
ofprovisions.     This  modified   Malay  Government  is  bet«* 
ter  suited  to  the   people  and  managed  at  less  expense' 
than  any  other.     Their  Laws  will  have  a  received  sane-' 
tion.     They  will  with  ease  and  readiness  be  submitted^ 
to,  and  ought  therefore  to  have  the  preference  if  a  speedy'^ 
population  be  the  object  in  view.     The  portion  of  Ter- 
ritory above  alluded  to,  would  be  bounded  to  the  North*' 
ward   by  the  ridge  of  Gunong  Jcrai  Hills  from  Tanjong^^ 
Jaga  on  the  West,  across  the  Lake  to  the  Mountains  on*, 
the  East,  and  thence  by  a  line  East  and  West  to  the  con- 
fines of  Tringano.     To  the  South  the  defined  boundaries' 
would  be  the  River  Carrian  to  the  confluence  of  the  River, 
Trase  and  Tamungong — then   along  the  River  Tamun- 
gong  to  the  Mountains,   and  thence  and  East  North  East 
line  to  the  confines  of  Tringano.     To  the  East  the  boun-I 
daries  of  Tringano,  to  the  West  the  Sea,  including  all' 
the  Islands  lying  South  of  the  East  and  West  line  frona> 
Tanjoiig  Jaga,   and  those  to  the  Northward  of  a  Souths 
"West  line  from  the  Southern  entrance  of  Carrian  River.V 
Neither  of  these  judicious  plans  for  effectually'  securing^ 


96  *  CONQUEST    OF  QUBDAH  AND  VERAK  Part  1^ 

the  interests  of  the  British  Settlement  were  ever  adopted;; 
but  Gorernor  Bannermaa  in  1818  cndea\roured,  tho'  ia 
Tain,  la  obtain  a  much  less  extensive  addition  than  pro- 
posed by  Lieutenaat  GoFcrnor  Farquhar,^to  our  Terntofy 
ou  the  opposite  shore* 

Colonel  BanaTerinan  proposed  that  the  Northern^  Boun«> 
dary  should  be  extended  from  the  South^  Bank  of  the 
Kvrala  Mooda,  to  ten  Orlongs  beyond  the  North  BanlL 
of  the  K\Tala  Mirbow;.  bat  no  protection  being  stipulated 
to  the  King  ofQuedah,.  and  his  dread  of  the  Siamese^ 
although  he  assigned  another  cause  for  the  refusal,  no' 
doubt  prevented  a  compliance  with  the  wishes  of  the  Go- 
vernment of  Pinang» 

It  may  not  be  amiss  to  advert  here  briefly  to  the  sc- 
Teral  objects  which  were  expected  to  be  attained  by  the 
Government  of  Pinang,  in  proposing  a  Mission  to  the 
Siam  Court  a  few  years  ago,  not  one  of  which  was  gained 
by  the  Embassy  under  Mr.  Crawfurd  in  1822.  The  first 
Commercial  object  was  to  secure  a  continuance  of  ihe 
linre  tricted  fmportation  of  Supplies  of  Provisions  from 
Kedah,  on  which  Pinang  had  so  long^  depended,  as  well 
as  from  other  Ports  and  Places  in  the  vicinity^of  Pinang, 
in  any  manner  dependent  on  Siam.  The  next  objects 
were  to  negotiate  for  a  fixed  and  more  moderate  rate  of 
dntip«  to  be  levied  in  all  the  States  under  Siam,  and  par- 
ticnl.irly  Junk  (Ceylon,  to  prohibit  any  exclusive  Mono- 
polv  Farm^^  to  permit  a  free  navigation  of  all  the  Rivers 
on  the  Western  side  of  the  Peninsula  from  their  mouths 


^1  t'^Ujf  ::?Ai;3v   o:^A   »^:-^^r-  /<    T 


]?art'  f  •  A^Nl)    rOLixiciL    RELATIONS  WITH    MA  Jlr         '^7 

"fe  their '  'sbtnrtes,  ^and  \6' '  alWw' in '  \ini'ntcrr'up(cd '  infers 
"course  averlanxJ,  by  *  means  of  thes6  Rivers,  \vitIrKitaiii 
'andfhe  Tio  Courttries  in  the  interior^  with  'Ligor,-  ^irigo* 
K,  atfd*^  air  'the  Ports  oil  the  Eastern  Coait.    'The  next 
Commercial' object  was,  'vfrtli'a  riew^  to  cm'cou^^^      th^ 
formation  at  Pinang  of  an  Emponutifi  or  Ehtrep<)t 'Tor 
the  Tin  Prod  nee  of  Junk  Ceylon,  Patani,  arid  Perafc^  ta 
obtain  some  remission^  of  the  heary  duty  levied  on  the 
cxportatioff  of  that  Article  from  Junk  Cey lb rt,  to  opeti 
a  free  intercourse  with  the  TiW  Moines  of  Patahi^  vvheiicSe 
large  supplies  were  offered  to  Colonel  Bariberm'an,  land 
where,  there  is  no  doubt,  almost  any  quantity  may  tfe 
derived   through  the  Mirbow,   Muda,  and  Prye  Rivers; 
and  lastly,  to  prevent,  through  negbtiatiohs  at  SiaiiiV  the 
renewal  of  the  Dutch  Monopoly  of  Tin  at  Peraki     The 
Letter  of  the  Comniittee  in '1818,  shews  the  advantage- 
ous means  possessed  at  Pinang  for  establishing  a  most  ex- 
tensive Tin  Trade  front  ihe'Cobntries  of  Tavoy  to  Colong* 
The  average  quantity  f 'of  Tint  exported  from  Pinadg  ia 
the  seven  years  preceding-  i  822,  was  1 6,300  Picub  per  Aii- 
-num.    A  reduction  of  the^sopplies  from  Juak  Ceylon,  and 
from  Perak,  in  consequence  of  the  War,  as  well  as  the^lmoH 
'total  discontinuance   of  the  annual  produce  of  1,000  Pi- 
culs  from  Kwala  Muda,  has  much  reduced  the.  import 4- 
tion  of  Tin.  ^It.  was  also,  a  part.bf  the  pjaij  of  the  pre- 
sent Governor  of  Pipahgy  amopgst  other  important  ob- 
jects contemplated,  and  too  numerous  to  detail,^  to  to r^ 
the  views  of  the,  Siamese  Court  to  .the  great  advantage 


9S  .     C0XQUK5T    OP   QUEDAH  4NI>  PBOAt  Part  J. 

t  »'     . -       -  •     .,.,,..  Ml  «     . . f.  A  "« :.  i  r -.  i 

^and  practicability  of ,  conducting  an  alnaqs^t  direct  ovc^- 
Jand  Trade  between  Pinang  and  tbei|r  Territories^  along 
Jhe  Gulph  of  Siain^  by  a  .route .  across  the,  ]Vlalayan^  Pe- 
ninsula, or   more  to  the  Northward  across  the  Isthmus 
of  Kraw,   wl^ich  is  said  by  one  Authority,,  to  be  only  20 
leagues  broad^t  and   it  is  said   by..  somCj  to  be  only,  half 
a  degree  broad.     Forrest  says,  that  from  Pandang,  Pan- 
d^ng  Poii)t  on  the  Southern  side  of  the  Trang  River,  it 
is  only  twp  days  jowrney  to  Singora^  ,in  the  Gulph  of 
Siam»     Between    Ligor,   §2^qgpra,   ^nd    Trang,.  and  j^the 
Territories   of   Quedah,    a    regular  communication    has 
long  been  maintained    by  means  of  Elephants,  but  the 
^passage  which  occupies  six  or  eight  days  might  probably 
be  rendered  much  more  easy  and  expeditious  if  the  Roads 
were  improved.  ;:  i  ij    MOi|oi{(>[;i   ii>'i>t)  ";>:;•  >.»  !*•./.>%.  t 
Amongst  the  political  object?,  the  permi^sfon  to  form 
an  Establishment  at  Junk  Ceylon  was  particularly  insist- 
ed upon,  and,  also  tQ  obtain  Jhe^.cession  of  the  Island  of 
iPankour,  near  the  mouth:  of  the  Dinding  River.     Re- 
lative to   this   plan,  the  Honorable  President  remarked, 
'*  The  chance  of  the  Dutch-  at  any  time  hereafter  renew- 
ing their  Establishment  at  a  place  so  immediately  in  the 
vicinity  of  this  Port  as  Perak,  and  the  convenient  situa- 
tion of  the  Island  for  collecting  the  Tin  of  that  Country, 
and  for  preventing  Piratical  Fleets  seeking  sheher  in  the 
numerous  creeks  and  rivers  in  that  quarter,  have  been 
urged  in  support  of  the  measure.     If  this  can  be  obtaia- 

.^        >     ,         •  Tpckc^'t  M4fiuaic  Geography,  ?dgt  226*      ^-  ^;  ; 


Parti.  AND    POLITIC AI»   RELATIONS  WITH    SIAM,  99 

,ed  without  aiyy  chance  of  future  collision  with  the  Dutch 
claims,  it  will  certainly  not  prove  the  least  advantage  in 
favor  of  PanTiour  that  its  occupation,  should  it  ever  take 
place,  cannptentail  any  expense  on  the  Honorable  Com* 

:;^  Not  one  of  the  above  numerous  and  important  objects 
was  attained;  the  Ambassador  was  received  with  distrust 
and  jealousy,  and  it  would  appear,  by  the  accounts  which 
have  been  published,  that  nothing  more  was  obtained  thaa 
a  promise  not  to  raise  the  present, duties;  and  that  the  ari» 
rogance  of  the  Siamese  arid  impediments  to  ^  free  Trade 
Jhave  rather  been  increased  than  diminished  by  the  Mission* 
In  a  work  lately,  published  in  Calcutta,   professing  to  give 
ajnjmthjBntic  accqurjt  ,pf  thejMission,f  it  .is  .stated^.^f  Ai) 
engagement  l^as  been ; ^^ntered  •  into,  not  to  raise  the. du- 
ties beyond  their  present^amount;  but  the  word  of  the 
Siamese  is  not  to  be  relied  upouj,  and  thej;  are  pnl;|r  anxi- 
ous for  our  Trade,^  that, they  may  commit  extortions  upon 
it  in  thejr  own  way,,.  That  way]>^this;  they  gvve.a 
public  order  for  a  Free  Trade,  and  a  secret  one  riot  to 
deal  with  the  persons  so  offered  a  Free  Trade,  under  a 
penalty  of  stripes' and  fines,  and  it  is  afterwards  mention- 
ed by  the  samb  authorf  that  '^  By  the  Treaty  entered 
into  with  the  Siamese;  the  free  admission  of  British  Com- 
merce is  stipulated  fori  an  engagement  entered  into  that 
the  present  duties,  amounting  generally  to  8  per  Cent* 

•  PhippV''  Shipping  and  Commerce  of  Bcngil,  P'^^  155* 
t  Diica  Pi^c  157.       -    '"       '  /      -  " 


^100        coNatJEST  oV  quebab'aAd  FBRiifc^-  Tart  l» 

shall  never  be  raised,  and  a  pledgegfreu  of  cordial  assist- 
ance from  ihe  Officers  of  GoFernmenir    The  great  object 
of  our  Govern  men  t  was  to  secure  suc&'i  Friee  Trade  as 
is  granted  to  the  Chinese,   but  this  cd bid  not  be  brought 
about,  without  entering  into  such  political  relations  with 
ihe  Siamese,  as  are  at  variance  with  the  known  principles 
of  moderation  acted  upon  by  our  Indian' A-dnainistrati6Vij'* 
io  that  vre  arc  in  fact  in  the  same  predicfiimerit  as  befoVe 
the  Mission.     There  is  no  doubt,  that  the  Siaftiescf'havilrfg  . 
long  found  the  advantages  and  -profit  of  admittin^'Britisfi 
Subjects  to  Trade  at  Bankok^ '  however"  they  'fAAfiipp^a)e 
to  be,  and  really  are  averse .  to  bur  poliitlcal^interference, 
will  always  find  It. their  interest  to^^cat'ry'.drt  in '^xtfeife?^^ 
Coniinerce  with  us,   without'  whrch  'Ihe'^Cbuntlpy^^WbdH 
soon  Suffer  the  greitest'incbnveni^ricel     They" have  fei^r 
or  no  Manufactures  and   for  ages  past,  have' been  'dts» 
pendent  upon  the  English  for  thcii*  supplies  of  Clothing, 
Opium,  &C.  and  if  there  was  no -demand  for  th'eiPSuga'r^, 
their  Pepper,  Tin,   Rice,'  Salt,   and   various  (Kher  Gbnii- 
modities  which  are  carried '  to  the  British  Settlements,  and 
to  Europe,  the  Country  would  soonc;be  reduced*  toV po- 
verty.    We  may  be  assured  iherefq^,- that,  however  the 
,  Siamese  may  assume  a  lofty  tonis  and  .pretended  indif- 
ference to  the  British  Trade,   they  are, ^tQ^^. sensible  of  its 
importance  to  wish  any  limitation  of  Jt,  and  though  it 
may  be  possible,  that  they  would   rather  not  see  any  of 
our  smart  Ships  in  their  Ports,  from  an  apprehension  that 
Trc  hare  designs  upon  them,  and  there, may  be  spies 


Part  L  AND  POLTTICA]^  RELATIONS    WITH  SlABTr  101 

takings  an  accoimt  oT  thcrr  resources  and  populatron,  stitt 
they  are  aware  that  the  active,  industrious,  and  nume« 
rous  Chinese  Settlers  would  always  carry  on  an  extensive 
Trade  in  their  Junks  ta  the  British  SettlementSr 

Seeing  that  negotiations  are  af  little  or  no  avail  with 
the  Siamese,,  it  may  perhaps  be  a  matter  of  consideration, 
whether  the  British  Government  should  longer  delay  as*, 
serting  its  rights,  and  evincing  to  the  imperious  Power 
of  Siam,  that  however  desirous  it  has  hitherto  been  t(r 
cultivate  a  good  understanding,  and  promote  the  interests 
of  Commerce,  it  cannot  admit  of  any  indignities  or  cn« 
croachments,  which  the  interference  with  an  old  AHyt 
the  refusal  of  every  reasonable  proposal  for  the  ameliora<« 
tion  of  our  Commercial  intercourse,  the  ungracious  re- 
ception of  the  Ambassador,  and  the  barbarous  treatment 
of  British  Subjects,  sufficiently  indicate  a  deliberate  and 
determined  disposition  to  impose  upon  the  British  Go* 
rernment.  A  very  small  force  would  be  adec|uate  for 
the  protection  of  wir  Ally,  for  the  Siamese  are  not  aU 
together  ignorant  of  our  power,  and  would  tremble  when 
they  saw  a  determination  to  support  the  King  of  Qucdah» 
The  King  would  no  doubt  voluntarily  relinquish  any 
claim  to  pecuniary  assistance,  and  his  revenues,  under 
an  improved  system  of  Administration,,  with  the  aid 
of  a  British  Resident,  conversant  with  the  language^ 
manners,  and  inititutions  of  the  Malays,  would  not  on* 
ty  .be  fully  adequate  to  the  support  of  his  independ^ 
ence  and  dignity,  but  for  defraying  the  expenses  of  the 


'102         '-eONaiTEST    OF    aUEDAH    AND   FBRAJC  .Pirt^., 

subsidiary  Establishment  granted  him  by  the  BvitlsItGidi- 
terotnent*         ^•.  l.,  ;i  -^:i-.oi^:.i:Mii.Ai:{:i  ^  }^^  ^  iy-fini  VtJfll 

The  advantages  of  such  a    connexroo^  are  too  'ma-^ 
nifest  to  be  dilated  upon.     Thousands  of  poor  people 
-would  be  raised  from  misery  and  slavery  to  comfort^  the 
.Island  of  Pin ang  would  be  plentifully  supplied  with  prd- 
,  visions  of  all  sorts  for  its  own  consumption,  for  His  Ma- 
jesty's and  the  Honorable  Company's  Ships,  and  the  no<^ 
-merous  Vessels  touching  at  the  Island,  the  Traders  would 
be  secure  in  continuing  their  Adventures  toQuedahand 
the  adjacent  States,  Piracy  would  cease  m  a  great  degree^ 
and  the  Honorable  Company  might  reap   immense  ad. 
vantages  from  the  Tin  Mines  of  Patani,  and  the  Moun«^ 
tains   of  Quedah^  which  abound  with  Tin  Ore*     Avery 
intelligent  Native  who  came  from  Banca,.  and  surveyed 
the  1'in  Mines  up  the  Kwala  Mooda,  declared,  that  the 
pr«9duce  might  in  a  few  years  be  rendered  fully  equal 
to  Banca,  and  offered  to  establish  a  Colony  of  Miners, 
but    was   prevented  by  the   exorbitant  demands  of  the 
King,  who  wished  to  have  one  half  of  all  the  produce*. 
There  is  no  question  the  Siamese  would  speedily  be  re- 
conciled  (o  the  British  possessing  Quedah,  and  a  lucrative 
overland  Commerce  might,  after  a  proper  miderstand* 
ing,  be  established  to  an  almost  unlimited  extent.*     "  Itt 
the  commencement  of  our  political  connexion  with  th^ 
Siamese   Government,'^    says   Mr.   Crawfurd,    "a  firar 
tone  and  vigorous  conduct  will  be  indispensibly  requisite^ 
f  Mu  Cuwfaid'*  ffi^rt^of  ^U  Miiiioa  to  StaiOr     ,?,*  ^    /\ 


IPart^L  JIND: POLITICAL  RELATIONS    WITH  SIASC^  103^ 

■  The  Siamese  are  surrounded  By  weak  nefgRboiirs,  wbom 
they  hare  subjugated,  and  to  whom  they  dictate  without 
resistance-  This,  and  their  great  fgnorance  of  all  foreign 
nations,  has  rendered  them,  ahhough  essentially  we£^k 
and  puerile,  avarieious,  vam  and  arrogant  to  such  an  ex* 
trfsme^/  as  to  faricy  themselves  nothing  less  than  the  \^xf 
.first  nation  on  the  Globe.  These  unfounded  pretensions 
jnislead  them  soegregiously,  that  it  is  scarcely  safe  even 
?to  attempt  to  conciliate  ihem,  &  thus  the  most  moderate  pp* 
Jicy  on  the  part  of  other  nations,  will  always  be  in  danger  pf 
being  construed  by  them  into  timidity  and  apprehension  for 
their  own  power.  From  my  personal  experience  of  this  singa-^ 
lar  and  impracticable  character,  it  is  now  my  firm  convictw 
on,  that  had  the  circumstances  of  the  time  warranted  thePi-^ 
nang  Government  in  promptly  repelling  eveii  by  Mill* 
tary  force,  the  thresitened  invasion  of  the  Island,  the  par* 
tial  invasion  of  the  opposite  Coast,  and  the  threaten  ing  and 
arrogant  language  of  the  Government  of  Ligore,  that 
the  fears  of  the  Siamese  Court  would  have  induced  tt  ta 
Jiave  made  ample  atonement,  to  have  re-traced  it^step?! 
to  have  withdrawn  its  force  from  Quedah,  and  even  for- 
borne in  future  from  meddling  m  the  affairs  of  that  State.'!* 
Having  declared  Quedah  under  our  Guardianship,  it 
might  be  proper,  in  order  to  tranquillize  the  other  Malay- 
an States  to  the  Southward,  and  to  give  confidence  and 
an  impetus  to  the  revival  of  a  daily  languishing  Commerce, 
to  declare  their  independence  also,  and  the  mere  knowledge 
fOfthe  avowed  protectiou  of  the  English,  would  prevent  the 


104  OONa^BST    OF  QUBDAH    AHU    PBRAX  F^t  !«. 

possibility  of  any  foreign  mvastoit.  In  my  judgment,  not 
a  Soldier  of  the  Company  wonld  be  required  to  defend 
them.  Proper  boundaries  would  be  defined  for  their  se- 
parate Government*,  and  Treaties  entered  into,  binding 
them  against  any  encroachments  upon  their  neighbour's 
Territory  or  Domain.  Commercial  alliances  might  alsabe 
formed.  These  Treaties  should  be  calculated  to  establish 
a  mutual  confidence,  founded  on  a  community  of  interests, 
and  a  sense  of  reciprocal  benefits  resulting  to  all  parties 
concerned  from  such  an  alltance,  as  suggested  long  since 
by  Lieutenant  Governor  Farquhar.  There  Ts  no  doubt  alt 
the  different  States,  from  the  unequivocal  disposition  of  the 
Chiefs,  and  their  respect  and  attachment  to  the  Britisk 
Government,  would  readily  accede  to-  measures  so-  well 
calculated  to  secure  there  own  interests^.  Possessing  then 
a  controuling  influence  over  the  several  States  of  Qaedali, 
Patani,  Perak,  and  Salengore,  by  the  Pinatig  Govern- 
ment on  one  side^  and  Singapore  holding  a  commanding 
interest  over  Johor,  which  might  be  extended  to  Pahang, 
Packanja,  Tringano,  and  Caliantan,  on  the  other,  the 
whole  Malayan  Peninsula,  comprehended  withra  the  err- 
cumscribed  limits  vrhicli  I  have  assigned,  would  be  under 
our  influence,  without  involving  the  Honorable  Company 
in  one  farthing  of  expense;  the  riches  of  the^ines  would 
be  drawn  forth,  and  the  valuable  products  with-  which 
that  fertile  tract  abounds,  be  made  subservient  to  the 
purposes  of  general  commerce;  a  more  extensive  demand 
for  our  Manufactures  would  be  created^  and  peace  and 


Fait T*        AND  PonTicAj:.  wtAjioNs  wixa  siau^     '  IQ5 

tranjjiiillity,  lYit  object  of  all  good  GoTemments,  restored;* 
It  would  still  be  advisable  to  form  a  small  Establishineat 
upon  the  Island  of  Pankour^  to  put  an  effectual  stop  .tor 

Piracy  in  the  Straits^  to  collect  the  Ti0  from  PcrakandSa-* 
lengore^  and  to  afford  provisions^  and  assistance  tOc  sqi^U 
Native  Traders  between  Sincapore  and  Pinang^  and  par^ 
ticularly  the  numerous  Vessels  from  the  East  Coast  of 
Sumatra,  a  branch,  of  Commerce  which  merits  the  greatest 
encouragements  Having  established,,  as  has  already  beea 
done,  friendly  relations  with  the  numerous  States  froov 
Diamond  Point  to  Slack  on  the  East  (\)ast  of  Sumatra^ 
the  fertile  Countries^  on  either  side  of  the  Straits,,  would 
Jheo  be  perpetually  pouring  lAto  the  British  SettiementSy. 
,  their  precious  Stores^  like  the  incessant  rolling  do^vn  of 
the  Waters  by  the  aumerous  Rivers  with  which^botb 
Coasts  are  intersected. 

I;  am  sensible  that  objections  may  be  raised  to  a  plaa 
which  has  the  appearance  of  proposing  an  extension  of 
Territory,  or  even  our  political  influence  in  these  regions, 
as  It  has  been  contended  by  many,  that  the  British  G9« 
vernroent  has  already  acquired  a  more  extensive  Do« 
minion  in  the  East,  than  is  either  necessary  or  useful.* 
There  is  a  very  able  Article  in  the  Quarterly  Re- 
?iew,  which  relates   more  particularly   ta  our  Colonics 

*  However  lolicitoai  the  controoling^  at>  hoririet.  in  BflgltnJ  ■nt!  the  rcf« 
pcQive  Go»ernroent«  of  fnJia  Have  bcen».to  circBm^criHc  fhe  linaiti  of  our  im« 
4Dense  Einp«re,.a  variety  of  cifcamuance*,  arising  chieflf  from  ilie  rettlest  a»4 
ilBrboleni  diipontiona  of  the  Native- Fjwerv  H^»  tended  to  enlarge  the  tphert 
O^oit  dooiaioa  to  aa  mawtiidj  cKieat,  asi  the  tame  caaiei  moit  contiooe  |» 


106  GONOTBSX  OF  QITBDAH  AHU  PBRAK  Fart  !•  "^ 

ia  the  West  Indfes,  and  satisfactorily  demonstrates,  that 
uad^r   proper   maoagement,   they   are  a  source   of  the  - 
greatest  wealth  to  the  Mother  Country  ►    "It  has  been    ^ 
said  of  Colonies,  that  they  are  a  burden  to  the  Country^'  ' 
on  the  expense  of  administration  and  protection.     From  '*^ 
the  ties  of  in terecMirse  between  protecting  and  dependent 
States,  it  must  be  obvious,  that  they  give  rise  to  the  for-  , 
mation  of  multifarious  commodities  on   the  part  of  the 
European  Country,  to  pay  for  the  exotic  productions  ne- 

Operate  for  »ome  lime  to  come,  lu  e»tcii»ioii  however,-  hat  not  been  cffeflei 
in  ihe  spirit  of  conqoeif,  bor,  at  ftblf  remarked  by  tlie  dininguithrd  Nobleti 
man,*  who  Itfelf  pre«fJed  ttwer  Briti«h  Imli*.  and  had  rhe  merit  nfpar»uin{ 
the  <vise  and  comprehenitve  tyatem  and  cnn^oltdatine  ihe  a<tvantxi;pt  treured 
bf  the  liberal  and  politic  triewi  of  Lord  Wclteilf,  «•  U'ged,  taya  he/»^b?  a  loc 
••  ce»«io«  of  ercnia  independent  of  oar  controd^  we  hi*d  wi  hoar  plan  puahed 
«<  our  occupation!  of  tcrrifotjr  lo^an  embarraatirg  ei?eat.  If  dxioma  of  ibeore* 
*<  tic  policy  ever  prompted  the  narrowing  oar  fron-ieri^  «•  d  ibe  concrnir^cing 
'*  oor  iirength  within  a  more  convenient  eompditg  imperioua  motives  op|)o»cd 
•(  ihemselvea  to  the  attempt.  Our  moderation  wonld  not  regu(aie  ihr  co^du^ 
"  of  the  Native  Poweia  oa  oor  border.  Our  reiir.qjuhroe  i  of  ricband  iratquil 
**  provinces  could  i»  iheiK  view  be  ascribed  to  ouught  boi  cooacioo*  wc^k. 
**  nest.  Stiengtbened  by  ibote  reioorcea  which  wc  had  abandoiicd,  those  chief. 
*'  tains  would  follow  f^it  at  our  heels,  giviag  lo  our  retreat  the  a|>pcaraiice 
<*  of  discooifiture:  And  the  soppoutioo  of  oar  debility  would  be  an  ine. 
"  kistible  (troptatioo  for  that  very  warfare  the  eviration  of  which  coald  be 
«•  the  sole  raiional  inducement  for  inch  a  rate  of  sacrifice.  Beyond  this,  we 
••  b^d  plighted  ptotedion  to  the  inhabitaati  of  the  district  in  que»tion  a»  ibe 
••  price  of  their  acquiescence  in  oar  role.  Their  sabmiisiea  bad  beea  hor.esr, 
••  confiding,  and  cheerful.  They  had  fulfilled  tbeir  part  of  the  compad,  and 
««  ir  woold  be  bise  to  leave  them  to  new  Masters  who  woald,  by  vindiaivc 

•  The  M  rquess  of  Haftiaga*  diicOBfic  at  the  College  of  Foil  WiUiaoa 
July  i6ih(,  i8ii,  ;    .  .^^:...,j  .  .  :::^'-.^- 


Part  L  AKD  POLITIC JlL  RELATIONS   WITH  SIAM.  lOT 

cessarilj  fiovring  inta  it.  If  tBe  Artides  produced,  equal 
the  expense  of  the  Colonies,  in  this  view  alone,  their 
possession  is  a  source  of  wealth  and  enjoyment,  and  not 
a  burden" — and  again,  "  Colonial  Possessions,  scattered 
over  all  parts  of  the  World,  become  sure  marts  fioin 
which  Commerce  can  be  carried  oa  with  any  quarter;, 
without  them,  the  intercourse  with  many  places  in  aa 
imperfectly  civilized,  or  often  disturbed  state,  would  be 
precarious  and  hazardous.     They  confer,  wherever  situat* 

**  leveriry  of  opprenion^  grievouilf  paAtih  those  belplesi  vidiau  for  ibeit 
**  temporarjr  acknowledgeiocnt  of  oor  iwajr.  Of  course^  the  individuali  i» 
**  whom  the  minagenient  of  the  Compiny**  ASiltt  «rat  (ben  vetted,^  crert 
**  comtraified  to  maintain  their  footing;  naf,  not  only  to  maintain  ir^  bot  oftea 
**  to  assume  aiilt  fonrarder  posittoni,  urhea  after  repelUng  wanton  attacks,  they 
**  strove  CO  goaid  against  the  reiteration  of  the  violence.  Thr  latter  pro* 
**  cedure  freqacntly  sohjeded  oa  to  increased  causea  and  faciliiiei  of  aggrei* 
•«  sion,.  while  it  parried  one  particalar  hazard.  My  more  immeUate  Pfe« 
*'  decetsort  saw  the  peculiarity  of  the  pDb!ie  cucumstafices.  They  compre* 
**  bended  the  perplexities  to  be  the  tnavoidable  resott  of  r^irts  depending  oa 
•♦  the  instigation  of  chance^  consequently  seldoMi  guided  by  reference  to  any 
^  system.  Therefore  they  judiciously  endeavoared  to  conned- and  to  mould 
**  into  shape,  those  materials  of  E'Dpire  whicb  had  chtefiy  been  heaped  toge. 
**■  ther  from  scc'dent  without  anity  of  design.  I  have  indulged  myself  ia 
**  this  detail  to  show  how  incorre^  are  the  notions  so  generally  entertained 
**  of  our  Country's  having  achieved  Dominion  io  India  through  proj*^s  of 
•*  coi  quest.  No,  we  are  not  corquerort,  we  are  someihing  far  prouder.  ThoiC 
'*  dignified  personages  to  whom  i  last  adverted  never  prosecuted  a  meaiare 
**  or  harbored  a  wish  for  the  subjagation  of  India.  They  studied  to  give  a  forta 
*<  and  fashion  to  the  stru^ore  of  our  power,  such  as  by  discouragi  g  aisaulc 
**  and  not  by  imposing  an  odious  thraldom,  might  produce  a  qaiet  as  dittinA* 
**  If  beneficial  for  the  Native  States  as  it  was  detirable  for  the  advaniaga 
**  of  oar  own  concerns.  I  repeat  the  pte^emineot  Authority  wbicb  «c  cvjof 
/<  ia  aot  the  ff  ait  of  aabitiooat!  ^         ;  . .      -   .    ' 


lOS         GONQ^Bsx  OF  QUBDjm  Jksn  PBRAK         Part  U 

ed^  a  local  influence,  upholding  the  character  and  in*^ 
terests  of  the  Country.  The  Colonial  Possessions  of  thi* 
Country^  scattered  over  the  whole  worlds  are  not  to  be 
oonsidered  only  as  sources  of  iaexhaustible  wealth  and 
power^  but  as  aflbrding  the  opportunity  and  imposing  the 
duty  of  ameliorating  the  condition  of  humanity.  Having 
abolished  the  Slave  Trade,  and  standing  as  yet  single 
in  the  discontinuance  of  it.  Great  Britaia  has  made  re^ 
gions,  which  heretofore  served  a»  the  Arena  where  £u<^ 
ropean  Nations  carried  on  their  contests,  the  scene  for 
the  civilization  of  a  long  despised,  but  interesting  porxioa 
of  Mankind."" 

.  In  extending^  our  protecting  inEuence  to-  Quedah*,  and 
declaring  the.  other  Malayan  States  under  our  guardian* 
ship  against  foreign  invasion,*  we  acquire  a  vast  increase 
of  Colonial  Power  without  any  outlay  or  hazard,  and 
we  rescue  from  oppression, a  countless  multitude  of  humaa 

*  In  referrnce  to  the  proteAing  ■nd'fobiifiiary  tjutem,  to  Mccesifollf  poraoed 
hf  Lord  WeUeiljr,  cm  the  continent  of  Indisy  an  intelligent  vionyaoai  aothor 
ut»kf  the  following  juit  and  pert  incr/C  remark*  (.**  The  peace  of  India^aoenentiil 
**  to  the-protpericy  of  iheCorepany'l  dominionif.it  waa  impoisible  toprekcrre^ 
**  whiUt  aach  jarring  nationa  poaaeaaed  the  onbridled  oaeaoa  of  contiaaalljp  dia* 
*^  torbing  k.  It  <0Dld  only  be  eatabliabed'  Qn,aoUd  fbandaiio«a»  whcn^thoae 
**  naiioni  were  interdicted  by  a  b'gher  power  from  proaeetiting  their  aangiinary 
^  corftifta.  Aa  far  attach  »  tyatem  of  peace  and  oftabiidiary  prore^ionhid 
«*  been  pidtally  tiied  in  the  Compan)**  territorici,  and  those  of  ita  alliea  placed 
H  und«r  ita  protec<ioo,.  it  hat  been  foand  to  aoawer  with  •  the  bjppiett  eff:A  ; 
u  and  why  the  extenaioo  of  a  principle  to  fraggbt  with  blening  to  mankind^ 
,  **  ahottUI  fail  by  being  farther  poraued  to  the  otmoit' of  oor  power^  ia-d  fficalt  to^ 
«  cunceivr»  To  the  Natives  of  India  at  large  it  caa  i^ver  be  repognanfy 
5<  bowevei  aach  itmijr  cc«ttu»  cbt  af&bi(io0»jwlBUef  lhfrialb■le■cfto&pafw■ 


Fkrtf  fr  Mn  PdllTlOAIi   RBtAtlOI^S  TfiTH  SfAir**  100^ 

Eeings'  wRo'wilt  rto'  dblifit  fiefcbnrie'  aTtacfied  atid  faitfinii 
dependant^;  we  protect theiir in  the  quiet  pur^uitsof  Gomw 
itierce;  and'gire  life'  and"  energy  to  their  exerliom,-  We 
ghall  acquire*  for  our  Coiintry  the  valuable  prodtrists  at 
these  Cotmtries,  wiihotit  those  obni>xious  liiTpositions  un*- 
der  which- we  formerly  dtriv'ed'  supplies  from  the  We.rt 
Indies.  "  As  ft  sefetns' generally  allowed,"  says-  Lieute* 
fiant  Grovernor  Farquhar,  who  formerly  presided"  at  this- 
Island*,  ^^  that  a  Trade  belwieen  a:  manufUcturing  nation^ 
atid'  another  having  few  manufacfui'es,  and  rich  \Xi  native 
productions,  is  advaritagigous  to  Che  (brmer,  and  as  We  tent 
Indiaf  bears  thzlt  refation'  to  the  Eastern  Archipelago,  a^ 
Trade'  With  them,  m'ust  be  adVanfageOtis  to'  U'?.  The 
riches  of  Sumatra'  and  ffomeo  cercainFy  equat  either  Braw 
2il,  or  Soutii  Amerfcia^  and  possess  the  advantage  that  they 

"  ticalar  cfi\tft9int,  ff  tHe  m^pen&tnt  and  anlinliteif  potver  of  chiefuini  t9 
^  whom  tKe' company  has  been  opj;)osed,  hat  ^en  mat&cd  in  irt  exereite  \tf 
*'  crueftf,  revenge  atid'  setere  oppression  {^'-vhicfi  none  can  denf  ,^  «njr  restriflHint 
^  cal<*atated  to  rdprest  thosf  eitceiseif  olast  h^ve  Been  acicepiable  to  those  who 
•*  w<fre  the  vtftimi  of  ihcm.-  And  hoM^e¥er  rodcif  ther  hraired  of  the  oppressor 
**  may  be  excited  against  h'im  wba  restrain*  his  tyt^anny ^  the  gratitode  of  tho 
'^  relief ed  mon  proportionablf  attend  on  throse  who  have  lightened  their  saf« 
^'  ferrngi.  Any  apprehensl  >n  of  danger  arising  from  hatred  thus  eieited* '  iD«tt- 
"  be  ootvreighed  by  the  secerity  derived  from  the  general  goai  will  to«vaid»  at, 
^'  protioced  2n  the  minds  of  all  those  who  feel  the  improveovent  of  their  oon« 
**  dition,  the  enlargement  of  their  righrt,  and  the  enjoyment  of  «  more  dura* 
"  ble  peace^  to  haVe  originated  ia  the  tafatary  rxertiona  of  9rt«ish  Power  *nM 
•*  infloeritfe.  The  tysfem  of  Lord  Wcllcsljr  is  the  ayatem  bj  which  Indi» 
'*  has  been  saved*  It  it  the  system  alone  by  which  it  em  be  preserved  t* 
^  fatore  aget.  It  is  a  system  which  holds  tip  secorttf  to  the  Company,  h«p« 
5'  piaeii  to  Iftdia»  and  wealth  to  the  pareat  itate*    It  ccitt  on  homamtf^  poiic4 


no         caNWBst  or  <^irEDi^  and  p&^ai;^        ,?^rt  '; 

may  be  acquired  by  a  Sale  of  our  manufactures  without  th|B 
dlsadFantage  of  capital,  or  precarious  speculation,  or  ex- 
penditure of  the  human  species  which  American  mines  r^ 
quire."  But  the  riches  of  Sumatra  and  Borneo  are  not  ntucji 
superior  to  those  of  the  Malayan  Peninsula,  the  mountaiqa 
of  which  are  one  continued  bed  of  Tin  Ore;  the  finest 
Gold  is  procured  from  Pahang;  Pepper,  Rice,  Sugar, 
Rattans,  Ivory  &c.  in  abundance*  In  considering  the  po- 
licy  of  declaring  the  independence  of  the  States  on  ihe  Ma- 
layan Peninsula,  South  of  the  Island  of  Jnnk  Ceylon,  we 
should  look  to  the  possibility  in  the  event  of  our  delaying 
to  do  so,  of  the  re-establish  men  t  of  foreign  Mifluenee  at 
Tringano,  Caliantan,  or  any  of  the  Ports  on  the  Ea^^tera 
Side.  The  French,  the  Americans,  or  the  Dutch  may  pos- 
sibly anticipate  us.  It  must  be  remembered  too,  that  the 
Dutch  claim,  and  now  exercise  SoTcreignty  over  the  ex<» 

«*  bjr  J4i«»Jcf,  and  lopportcd  by  power*  Subvert  it  t— ihe  fbondaiton  •hi'k.ety 
•*  and  the  rdifioe  it  gone  t  Let  the  erroDeoDt  DOtioni  »piead,.  tb«t  concc»»fpii 
**  ift  to  ttrengihrn  oar  Doqiinion  in  the  East  t  let  ihe  ff  oil  oJ  cor  viaoffiei,.«nd  ijit 
**  •^ecoiity  thry  have  given  to  oor  posteuiont  be  relirquithcd  i  let  the  prineipJc 
**  of  nrodeiation  which,  on  applicable  occationf^  it  to  wise  a  role  of  adtiflp^ 
**  be  preached  in  centare  of  the  energiet  by  which  our  Indian  Cinpira  hat  b^e« 
**  tavcd:  let  the  trite  adage,  **  in  medi§  tmtinimit.  ibi$^"  be  ircaonontly  a|>. 
'*  plied  in  these  nnexaropled  timeta  at  a  coriedive  to  a  tyttenp  which  rrqoi^et 
«•  but  a  itcady  topport,  and  the  test  of  experience  to  thew  itt  cvcellencr  ^ .  (eC 
*'  the  ihaftt  of  detra^ion  and  persecution  be  lerelled  against  itt  illutiriqot 
^'  author;  let  the  press  and  the  senate  teem  with  inve^ive  againti  hit  mj^a. 
**  sure*  i  let  ignorance  declaim^^and  ocedoHty  Haien,.  and  the  wcik  of  t uta  .t« 
««  the  British  interests  in  India  ia  c^mmenccd.**^  . 


^  A  viodicACiba  of  ibe  juiticc  and  policy  of  the  Uce  Wait,  in  Xodu* 


tensire  I^^lands  of  Javj^,  Borneo,  Celpbe^,  the,  Mpliiccsuy 
Banca^  a  great  part  g^f  Sumatra,  and  in  fact,  appear  to  b^ 
aiming  at  the  entire  possession  of  the  Eastern  Archipelago. 
The  British  Government  at  present  posses^  onjy  t^o  siiia.111 
Jslets,  and  an  almost  useless  post  on,  Sumsitra*  .... 

If  the  Malayan  Peninsula  too,  shall  fall  a  prey  tp  thp 
^imbitious  aggrandizement  of  the  Dutch,  or  even  the. 
Siamesj?,  the  British  Governn^ent  will  scarely  have  a  fg^t 
in  this  quarter  on  which  to  stand*  Timely  precautions  are 
assuredly  advisable  and  necessary ;  a  little  longer  delay 
in  asserting  our  rights  and  putting  a  stop  to  farther  en« 
croachments,  may  be  attended  with  the  most  baneful  con« 
sequences  to  British  Interests,  and  be  hereafter  only  an  ua« 
availing  source  of  regret*  We  should  not  overlook  that  the 
Dutch  have  almost  excluded  the  admission  of  our  manu« 
factures  exported  from  the  British  Settlements  in  this 
quarter,  intaJava  or  any  oCthe  places  under  their  Go« 
Vernment,  for  the  dujty  of  24  pi^r  cent,  assu^redly  amounts 
to  little  short  of  a  prohibition.  If  the  Dutch  are  permitted 
to  proceed  as  they  have  lately  done,  they  will  have  the 
sole  and  entire  command  of  the  Kastern  Trade,  which 
heretofore  was  enjoyed,  in  a  great  degree,  by  the  Mer* 
chants  of  Pinang  and  W^estern  India,  which  materially 
benefited  the  general  commerce  of  British  India,  and  which 
added  considerably  to  the  Revenues  of  the  Company  and 
the  State. 

I   shall  now  proceed  to  give  a  brief  descrfption   of  the 
Peninsula  of  Malacqa,  and  particularly  af  the  Tin  Coun* 


112:  CONaUBST  OF  aUEDAH  AND  PBRAR    &ei*         Fait  K* 

tries  on  the  Western  siBe,  from  the  Islknd  of  JunR  Ceyloo^ 
incriislFe  to  Malacca^  which  may  serve  to  convey  a  correct 
idea  of  (he  value  and  importance  of  that  negli^ted'poruoa 
of  the  East^  to  shew  that  we  possess  the  means- witb  in  our 
reach  of  obviating:  the  inconveniences  and^  repairing  the' 
losses  occasioned  by  the  transfer  of  Kanca  to  therDutch^ 
and  that  we  have  inexhaustiblie  mines  of  Tin  ar  our  verjr 
dbor,  the  riches  of  which  a  little  exertion  only  u  wanting^ 
to  draw  f6rtbi». 


'5-^.     .•  .  '!;i'^'-tV  A-  M  Ai-     .G    .,\ 


■.f  ,Y' 


FAMT   SECOND. 


•^j^S'vr 


PART  SECOND. 


DESCRIPTIVE  SKETCtt 

OP    THE 

TIN  GOtfNTDRIES 

ON    TAB   • 

li^ESTERN  COAST* 

OP  THB 

^je  f ^lanti  of  fiinlfe  Ccglon  to  t^z  Eibec  trnsf  near  iHalaccai 

ANt>   TQis 

illVERS  ON  THAT  COAST; 

JnTENDEO  to  fiXHlrilT  THB  BOUNDARIES  OP  THB  SB* 
VeRAL  STATES,  THEIR  NATURAL  PRODUCTIONS,  AS  0B« 
JeCXS   OF    COMMERCE,     &e« 


«'-■   iiifi        ■  ■   1    '    .;    ...Vs  r")' 


'"         PART  SECOND. 


DESCRIFTIOJC 


lr-n;o*f  r/ot)5j 


.    .  ,         OF    T98 

n;;;  :--  h:.  '  .fl*  .A    ^u^ 


TIN  COUNTRIES. 

HE  Peninsula  of  Malacca,  properly  so  called,  extends 
from  Point  Romania,  the  South  Eastern  extremity,  iifi 
latitude  I*  22\  North,  to  opposite  the  Northernmost  point 
of  Junk  Ceylon,  in  Lat.  8^  27',  according  (o  some  Autho^ 
rities,  and  8°  09'  Nonhj  by  Horsburgh,  which  Island  forms 
the  Northern  extreme  of  the  Eastern  side  of  the  Straits  of 
Malacca.  Here  the  Peninsula  unites  with  the  Isthmus  of 
Kraw.  The  Siamese  i>ossessions,  prior  to  the  late  capture  of 
Qiiedah,  extended  to  the  River  rraang,in  Latitude  7*20» 
[North.  The  principal  subdivisions  of  the  Malayan  Stat^ 
are  Quedah,  Perak,  Salengore,  Malacca,  Rumbow,  Johor, 
including  Pahang>  and  Pakanja,  Tringano,  Callantan,  and 
Patani,  *  *'  This  Peninsula,"  says  Captain  Francis  Light^ 
the  founder  of  Prince  of  Wales  island,  ''  is  at  present  iai» 

'         '  •    Maiad€u'«  Sqouu»«  Ptfj^e  ^%u  '■'■■- 


118        TIN  QQUNTRIBS  ON  THB  ITESTERN  COAST  OF        Part  2* 

habited  by  distinct  races  of  people.     The  Siamese  possess 
the  northera   part  of  Latitude  7^  extending  from  the  East 
to  the  West  side.     The  Malays  possess  the  whole  of  the 
Sea  Coast  on  both  sides   from  that  Latitude  to  Point  Ro« 
mania,   being  mixed  in  some  places  with  the  Bugis  from 
Celebes,    who  have  still  a   small  Settlement  at  Salengore. 
The   inland  parts  to  the   Northward  are  inhabited  by  the 
Patani  people,  who   appear  to  be  a  mixture   of  Siamese 
and  Malays,  and  occupy  independent  Dusuns  or  Villages. 
Among  the  Forests,  and  on  the  Mountains,  are  a  race  of 
Caffrees  in  every  respect  resembling  those  of  Africa,  ex- 
cepting in  stature,  which  does  hot  exceed  four  feet,  eight 
inches.     The  Menangkabau   people  of  the  Peninsula  are 
so  named  from  an  inland    Country  in   Pulo  Percha,  (Su- 
matra,)  a  distinction  is  made  between  them  and  the  Ma- 
Jays   of  Johor;  but  none  is  perceptible."     Such  were  the 
geographical  limits  of  the  Siamese  Empire  on  thePem'asu- 
la  in  1785,  according  to  the  opinion  of  one,  than  whom^ 
before  or  since,  there  has  perhaps,  been    none  more  com- 
petent to  form  a  correct  judgement.     It  has  been  adopted 
by    Marsden,  and  subsequently  by  others.     It   has  since 
continued  to  be  the  prevailing  opinion  at  the  British  Set- 
tlement of  Pinang,  among  those  best  acquainted  with  the 
situation  and  history  of  the  different  states^and  who  have 
bestowed  any  attention  upon  thesubject.    ,  '/'t^  ..:?, ,?     ; 
,-  The  Ambassador  who  visited  the  Court  of  Slam  in  1839, 
has  however  considerably   extended  the  limits  of  the  Sia- 
mese influence  oa  the  Malayan   Peninsula;  for  in  his  of- 


Part  2*  TU&   MALAYJIN    PENmsVLA*  lift 

fierat  report  it  is  stated,  "  The  Kingdara  of  Siam,  though 
reduced  in  its  geographical  liiiuts  wUhiu  the  last  half  cea« 
tury  by  the  encroachments  of  the  Burmahs,  is  probably  at 
present  of  more  solid  strength  and  resources  than  at  any 
former  period  of  its  history.  The  Siamese  Territory  ex* 
tends  to  the  South,  as  far  as  7**  North  Latitude,  and  the 
Malayan  Tributaries  of  Siana  as  far  as  3"  North."  The 
River  of  Salengorc  is  in  Latitude  3"  20  North;  the  Nor<» 
thernmost  extremity  of  that  Kingdom  in  3®  36*  and  )(§ 
Southern  Boundary  in  2**  20  North.  It  is  difficult,  there« 
fore,  to  ascertain  u|>on  what  grounds  Mr.  Crawford  ha« 
assigned  a  part  of  the  King  of  Salengore^s  Dominions  as 
Tributary  to  Siam;  for  there  is  no  record  of  a  Siamese 
Soldier  ever  having  set  foot  upon  Salengore  ground,  or 
of  any,  the  most  indirect  submission  of  that  Slate  to  Siam, 
nor  does  it  appear  that  any  demand  has  been  made  by 
the  latter  power  for  such  an  acknowledgement.  The 
King  of  Salengore  has  always  claimed  and  now  possesses 
the  Territory  to  the  Northward  of  the  Dinding^,  which 
are  in  Latitude  4**  16  North,  and  is  at  present  in  possession 
of  the  whole  Perak  Territtory^  as  far  as  the  River  Krian 
in  Latitude  5*^  North,  which  is  the  Southern  Boundary  of 
the  Honorable  Kast  India  Company's  pos«;es>ioiis  on  the 
Main,  dependent  uj)on  Prince  of  Wales  Island.  On  the 
Eastern  side,  Pahang  is  in  LatUude  3"  45%  which  is  at  pre- 
senV  a  dependency  of  Johor,  and  Pakanja,  in  Latitude 
4*50  North,  under  the  same  authority^  and  by  no  mcaof 
tributary  to  Siam»      ^^.^ ,.  '^  ^, ,    .^,    ,  . 


130        TIN  COVNTaiES  ON  THB  WBSTBRM  COAST  OF     /Fail' 3« 

It  is  not  verj  unreasonable  then  to  infer,  that  Mr«Craw<t 
furd  has  assigned  to  the  Siamese  such  extentied  possession^ 
upon  equally  unsubstantial  grounds  as  those  from  which 
He  conchided,  that  because  the  Emperor  of  Siam  sent  ai 
Mission  to  the  Portuguese,  congratulating  them  upon  the 
conquest  of  Malacca,  which  he  had  made  manj  inefiectu** 
al  attempts  to  subdue,  that  State  was  therefore  Tributary 
to  Siam.  "  Amongst  the  Princes,''  says  he,  "  who  thriS 
gent  Missions  to  Albuquerque,  the  King  of  Siam,  from  his 
power  and  vicinity  deserves  particular  noCice.  He  thank^ 
ed  Albuquerque  fur  his  chastisement  of  a  rebellious  sub- 
ject, a  fact  from  which  we  learn,  that  Malacca,  like  the 
rest  of  the  Malayan  Peninsula  was  considered  Tributary 
to  Siam."  It  does  not  appear,  however,  by  any  historical 
evidence,  that  Malacca  ever  was  Tributary  to  Siam,  in  the 
smallest  degree,  and  history  furnishes  us  with  the  details 
of  the  numerous  successful  defeats  of  all  attempts  of  the 
Siamese  upon  that  once  powerful  Kingdodir!   'ViK^'f 

There  have  been  many  conjectures  regarding  the  ab- 
origiital  Inhabitants  of  the  Peninsula,  and  the  origin  of 
the  Malays,  Whether  the  Siamese  were  the  original 
possessors,  or  the  Negroes  called  Semang  or  the  pre.-ent 
savage  race  called  Orang  Bukit,  which  are  still  to  be  found 
in  the  interior  of  Perak,  or  the  degenerate  race  called 
Orang  Laut,  which  now  rove  about  the  Islands  in  ^ the 
Straitf,  must  remain  a  matter  of  conjecture*    ^  rr!<>;l  h;tr 

*  Oi  ihii  stnguLr  race-«n  Accoant  vill  be  found  io  the  Appendii^  alto  a  kw 
rcnaiki  upoti  the  abori^ioal  lahabiiaau  of  the  PcatoiiUt* 


Part  2.  THE   MALAYAN    PBNINSULJU  I2,| 

The  Mountains  of  the  Peninsula  of  Malacca,  tho'  hi* 
therto  unexplored  by  Europeans,  are  known  to  abound 
with  Tin  Ore,  of  which  an  unlimited  quantity  might  be 
obtained,  under  proper  management  and  a  more  settled 
state  of  things.  Hamilton  says,  '^  The  Country  of  Perak 
produces  more  Tin  than  any  in  India,"  and  Mr.  Craw- 
furd  in  his  late  report  upon  Siani  obserres,  "  Tin  in  Siani 
is  diffused  over  more  extensive  geographical  limits  than  in 
any  other  part  of  the  world,  and  for  productiveness,  the 
Mines  of  Junk  Ceylon  may  be  considered  next  in  rank  to 
those  of  Banca,  if  they  be  not  indeed  in  this  respect  equal 
to  them.  Neither  however  the  Mines  of  that  metal,  nor 
those  of  Copper,  Lead  or  Gold,  have  in  Siam  experienced 
the  benefit  of  the  industry  and  enterprise  of  the  Chinese, 
and  the  produce  therefore  is  comparatively  of  small  im* 
portance.  The  Tin  and  Gold  Mines  are  wrought  by  the 
Siamese,  those  of  Copper  and  Lead  by  some  of  the  Moun* 
tain  Tribes  who  deliver  them  as  Tribute.  The  quantity 
of  Tin  which  finds  its  way  to  the  capital,  and  is  from 
thence  exported,  amounts  to  8000  Piculs  or  about 
500  Tons." 

Li  another  place  he  states*  "  The  Tin  of  the  Eastern 
Islands  has  however,  a  much  wider  range  of  distribution, 
than  that  of  any  other  Country,  being  found  in  considera* 
ble  quantity  from  the  98°  to  the  107**  of  East  Longitude 
and  from  8"  North  to  3**  South  Latitude."  Tin  has  been 
found,  however  inconsiderable  quantities  much  further 
.  •  Crawfttrd'«  AichipcUgo  toI.  3  page  450, 


1 23        TIN  COCNTRIES  ON^  THB  WESTERN  fco AST  OF        Pairt'  9i2^ 

North  viz/ III  tlie  inferior  of  T^yby' iik  Latittide' 12*^  40^ 
North,  the  Mines   being  situated  at' a  place  called  Sakao^^^ 
about  four  days  journey  Ifom  t^ie  City  of  TavOy^^  •  ^**'^''^ '^ 
The   principal  places  where  Tin  is  at  present  produ^^dj?^ 
on  the  Western  side  of  the  Malayan   Peninsula,  ar6  thW^ 
Island  of  Salang  or  Junk  Ceylon,  Pungah,  Kwala  Mooda 
from  Patani;  Trong  near  the  Bindings  in  the  Perak  Ter-» 
ritory,  Perak,  Salengore,  Colong,  Lukut,  in  the  Salengorc 
Territory  and  Lingi,  a  dependency  of  Malacca,  near  Cap« 
Rachado,     The  Ore  at  all  these  places  and  several  others 
is  very  abundant,  but  the  disturbed  State  of  the?e  Coun- 
tries of  late,   has  reduced  the  supplies  to  a^inere  trifle* 
At  Prince  of  Wales  Island  also.  Tin  ha«  been  found;  but 
the  Ore  is  difficult  of  access;  there  is  a  deficiency  0f  Watert 
which  is  absolutely   necessary  and   the  price  of  labour  u 
too  high  on  the  Island  to  admit  of  the  Mines  being  worked 
to  advantage.     A  few  Slabs  were  cast  many  years  ago,  and 
the    Ore  yielded  53^  per  Cent,  which  is  inferior  to  Junk 
Ceylon  by  ll~  per  Cent,  and  Perak  and  Salengore  from 
9  to  10  per  Cent;  '?^    v-    >'V?  :o    «i/':?  t^t 

There  are  two  modes  practised  by  the  Malays  and  Si2^« 
mese,  as  described  by  Mr.  Light,  of  working  the  Minei», 
the"  one,  every  person  is  at  liberty  to  dig  .for  Tin,  and  sell 
it  to  the  best  advantage,  paying  the  King  a  duty;  the  other, 
the  King  is  the  sole  purchaser,  he  appoints  a  smelter 
of  the  Ore,  and  no  other  person  is  allowed  to  smelt.  The 
Ore  is  brought  to  the  smelting  house,  where  they  receive 
tickets  to  the  Agent  or  Paymaster!  who  should  pay. them 


Parti  ;?^         ,,,    .       THE    MALATAJ!«v  PKNINSCri«,^f^  123 

the  establi!»heJ  price  in  money,  but  as  those  Officers  hare 
no  Salary,  they  oblige  the   Miners  to  take  Goods  at  an 
advanced   price.     Whether  from   the  scarcity  of  Tin  or 
what  other  cause  I  am   uninformed,  the  metal  4ias  risea 
Tery  materially  in  the  markets  of  Europe  and  Indiaoflate, 
The  average    Selling  or  Export    price  at   Pinang,   'till 
within  the  last  12  months,  has  been  18  Dollars  per  Picul; 
in  China  20  Dollars  per  Picul,  and  in  Calcutta  it  has^fluc^^ 
tuated  from  the  years  1816  to  1822  from  28  to  31  Rupees, 
per  Maund.     In    1818  it  was  as  low  as  24  Rupees  per 
Maund.  During  the  last  eight  years  therefore,  the  average 
may  be  taken  at  29  II u pees  in  Calcutta,     At  present  it  is 
from  3d  to  38  Rupees  per  Maund  in  Calcutta,  28  to  30 
Dollars  per  Picul  in  China,  1 10s.  per  Cwt.  in  London,  and 
the  price  at  Pinang  has  risen  to  22  and  23  Dollars  per  Pi* 
cul.     The  prices  at  the  places   where  it  is  has  been  pro* 
cured,  have  usually  been  as  follows,  for  several  years;    At 
Junk  Cejlon  and  Pungah  50  Dollars  per  Bhar.of  500  lbs. 
avoirdupois;    at  Kwala  Mooda,  from   Patani  4$  Dollars 
per  Bhar  of  428  lbs.  at  Perak  45  to  46  Dollars  per  Bhar 
of  428  lbs.  and  at  Salcngore  44  and  45  Dollars  per  Bhar 
of  400  lbs.     The  Salengore  Tin  is  generally  exported  ia 
small  pieces  of  one  Catty   weight,  very  pure  and   white. 
It  is  what  is  termed  new  Tin,  and  usually  sells  for  j^  to  ^ 
Dollar  per    Picul  less  in  the  markets   of  China,   than  the 
Banca  or  Junk  Ceylon.     The  Perak  Tin  is  of  a  similar 
quality  when  refined,  but  generally  melted  into  large  Slabs 
of*  of  a  PicuL  in  which  are  frequently  sand,  and  largo 


124        TIN  COUNTRIES  ON  THB  WESTERN  COAST  OF       Fait  3« 

pieces  of  heavy  iron  sfone.  The  loss  on  remelting  Salea^ 
gore  Tin  seldom  exceeds  f  per  Cent,  onthe  Perak  3  and 
4  per  Cent,  The  Junk  Cejlon  Tin  does  not  require  to 
be  resmeked,  being  cast  into  uniform  Slabs.  The  Chinese 
at  Pinang  smelt  the  Perak  and  Salengore  Tin,  and  cast  it 
into  moulds  resembling  the  Junk  Ceylon,  and  by  putting 
a  slight  sprinkling  of  Sulphur  into  the  liquid,  the  Tin  as- 
sumes a  dark  hue  like  the  Banca  or  Junk  Ceylon,^  called 
Timah  Tuah  or  Old  Tin  and  sold  as  such.  < 

Besides  the  valuable  commodity  above  described  with 
which  the  Peninsula  abounds,  there  is  a  very  considerable 
Trade  at  the  different  Settlements  in  Bees  Wax,  Bird's 
Nests,  Cutch,  Dammar,  Fish  Maws,  Kice,  Rattans, 
Shark's  Fins  Betelnut,  Canes,  Dragon's  Blood,  Elephant's 
Teeth,  Gold  Dust,  Sago,  Agila  Wood,  Sapan  Wood  and 
Hides  and  Skins  of  various  descriptions,  which  form  the 
principal  Exports* 

The  imports  consist  of  a  variety  of  Europe,  India  and  Chi- 
na Manufactures,  viz.  Opium,  China  Ware,  Brass  Utensils, 
W  hite.  Blue  nnd  Brown  Cloths  from  Madras  and  Bengal, 
Chintzes  and  Handkerchiefs,  Coarse  Cuttlery,  Cotton,  Gun- 
powder.  Glass- Ware,  Gold  Thread,  Iron  of  Sorts,  Steely 
Lead,  Looking  Glasses,  Swivels,  Woollens,  Tobacco,  Salf^ 
Nankeens,  Fireworks,  Silk  and  Silk  Piece  Goods,  Tea 
and  numerous  other  articles.  ■  ' 

The  general  Commerce  carried  on  between  the  States 
on  the  Malayan  Peninsula  and  the  British  Settlements, 
has  alieady  been  sufficiently  described*    I  i»haU  not. there* 


Part  7*      *^-        TFHii  MAiiAYAilf  psmiVs0Lirk-v:  -   .       125 

fore  €nt6t  into  aci/  supterffuous  detait'on  this  head.  -  As- 
the  Western  side"  of  the  PeaiVisula  particularly  abound* 
With  Tiir,  a'n^  th'er  principal  sitpplies  of  that  valuable* 
liieta!  have,  for  nikny  years,  been  derived  from  thence^ 
fts  the  extensioit  of  that  Trade  is  a  chief  object  of  the  pre- 
sent inquiry,  it  shall  be  my  aim  to  shew  the  facilities  af- 
forded, by  the  nlimerbus  Rivers  and  Streams  with  which 
the  Westerit  Coast  abounds,  for  conveying  the  Tin  and 
other  valuabe  products  from  all  parts  of  the  interior.  The 
names  of  many  of  these  Rivers  are  unknown  to  many 
persons  who  have  long  been  resident  at  the  ffritish  Set- 
tlements, at  no  great  distance  from  them.  I  shall  also 
endeavour  to  give  some  account  of  the  Towns,  Villages 
and  distances  in  the  interior,  the  population,  Boundaries 
of  the  States,  and  some  slight  sketches  of  the  history  of  the 
Chiefs,  from  Junk  Ceylon  to  Malacca,  subjects  which  have 
been  almost  untouched  by  other  pens. 

On  the  Western  Coast  of  the  Malayan  Peninsula,  from 
the  Latitude  of  8„  30  North,  or  opposite  the  Northern 
point  of  the  Island  of  Junk  Ceylon,  and  the  Boundary 
between  Salengore  and  Malacca,  or  the  Latitude  of  Sua-« 
gei  Lingi  Besar,  2**  20'  North  there  are  eighty  four  Rivers, 
some  of  them  of  very  considerable  magnitude,  which 
emptv  themselves  into  the  Straits  of  Malacca.  The  en- 
trance of  most  of  these  Rivers,  however,  is  choaked  up 
\rith  Sands  or  Mud  Bars  which  render  it  difficult  for 
vessels  of  large  burthen  to  center.        .  -  * «.    J 


12$        TIN  COUNTRIES  ON  THB  WB»TBE](|  COAST  OF        |^rt   % 


I  shall  now^  proceed  to  enuneferaite  the  Rirers  whhiii 
the  limits  beforemeDtioBcd,,  spectf)  ing  to  what  State  thej 
beloDg,  for  the  purjiose  of  more  ready  reference,  an<l 
afterwards  give  an  account  of  each,  the  Tillages,  popular 
(ion  &c»  Beginning  from  the  North ward^  the  firsi  i^ 
Sungei  or  KwaJa  (River,/  :  , 


•  CO 

^  ^    J 

C  02 

P  2 


o 


u 

^ 


Pungab 

Pahlau 

Tadin  Dei 

Nahkrat 

Coreh  or  Cassei 

Lofltar 

Telibong 

"Poliatt 

Traang 

Banksa 

Lingow 

Setool 

Koobong  Boya 

Batu  Ampar 

Merakit 

Che  Bilang 

Vlasuk  Membang Segara 

Temblang 

Merpa 

Beluru.    . 


02  I 

3  I 


< 


a 
o 


'Purlit    '  ,; 

Krong  Tangalk 

Sanglang 

Jerlooa  ^  '?u   * . 

Griang 
2  j  Kedda 
^  "^  Tabangoif    - 

Salah  db  h 

Badak 

Ruga, 

Ian  '       .. 

Mirbow 
^Muda 

Bukkab 

Prye 

Jdoroo 

Junjong 

Bat^  Xawaa 

Tongar 

Changkat  Ealidang 


en 

OS 

a. 

S 

o 


^  Ji  15V/ 


rt  ;Vj». 


^Kriaa 


.:rtf/i.« 


fart  3. 


TDB   MALAYAN    PSNII(SUI.Ar 


m 


c 

bo 

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t: 

2 


Selinsin^ 
Sepitang 
Sangah  Kechif 
Sangah  Besar 
Laroot 
Trong 

Jarong  Mat 

JBruas 

KoraQ 

Galam 
Passu  jia 
1  A  Dinding 

Pendul 

Luriaa 

Likir 

Teram 

LumboD^^ 

Agag 

Perak 

Ular 

Betul 

Raogas   *     '  ,^ 


o 

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u 

o 

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^Burnam 

Passir  PaDJang 

Se  gulong  gulong 

Tinghi 

Salengore     » 

Api  Api 

Bulu 

Jeram 

Kupar 

Pulau 

Colong 

Langat 

Tom  pool 

Jegra 

Passir 

Gubbang 

Seppang 

Nipah 

Lukut 
^Lingi  Kechii 


Commencing  from  the  North virard,  the  Island  of  Junli 
Ceylon  first  claims  our  attention;. 


128        TIN  COlTNTaiES  ON  THE  WESTERN  COAST  OF       Part  3t 

S AL ANG  on  JUNK  CEYLON, 

Thfs  Island  has  been  tfie  scene  of  constant  warf^rer 
fcetvreen  theBurmahs  and  Siamese  for  man^^  years,  la 
I&IO-U,  the  Burniahs  eom|>letely  si^dued  the  Country 
and  carried  away  a  great  nuuiber  of  the  inhabitants* 
The  remainder  fled  and  established  the  present  flourishing 
Settlement  of  Pungah^  up  a  River  of  that  name,  nearly 
opposite  the  Northern  point  of  Piilo  Panjang,  The  po« 
pulatbn  on  Jnuk.  Ceylon  at  present,  does  not  exceed  a 
thousand,  under  a  Pia  or  Governor,^  named  Long  Bamb^ 
rong.  It  is  a  dependency  of  Pungah^-  A  few  Chinese  have^ 
lately  commenced  working  the  Mines;>but  the  inhabitants 
are  kept  in  a  constant  state  of  apprehension  from  an  attack 
by  the  Burmahs.  The  Commander  m  Chief  of  the  Bur-^ 
man  Army  pompously  announced  his  victory  to  the  Go^ 
yernor  of  Pinang.  He  thus  styles  himself,  "Mai  JVfaha 
Seha  Sooyah,  Commander  in  Chief  of  Rangoon,  Marta* 
ban,  YeT,  Tavoy,  Mergui,  Merib,'*  and  says  "  I  lafely 
sent  an  Armament  consisting  of  20,000  Men  against  the 
Siamese,  who  hare  conquered  the  Countries  of  Salang^ 
(i.  e.  Junk  Ceylon,)  Terrotory,  Tacoorpa,  Tataway, 
Ban  Taku,  Ban  Takiny^  Kayui  and  Pulei.  I  have  caused 
the  Rajah  of  Salang  to  be  conveyed  to  Ava,  and  have 
^amed  it  from  henceforth  Salawara,  and  I  have  stationed 
3000  men  to  defend  it.?^^i^^S^irii;aijiiiifii;Vi::  iiuln/J 


Part  2^  THB   MALAYAN    F£>'tNSULA»  129 

The  Wife  of  Pia  Pomone,  the  farmer  Siamese  GoTcr- 
nor  of  the  Island,  was  in  the  habit  of  relating  to  her  Eii» 
ropean  Tisitors,  with  particular  satisfaction,  a  sratagenoi 
for  intimidating  the  Barraahs  on  one  occasion  when  they 
had  effected  a  landing  and  attempted  a  night  attack.  A 
small  Fort  had  been  constructed,  with  a  door  in  front  and 
one  in  the  rear.  Having  but  few  Muskets,  the  old  Lady 
caused  the  leares  of  Cocoanuts  to  be  stripped  and  cat 
to  the  length  of  a  Musket,  and  made  all  her  attendant! 
throw  each  one  across  his  shoulder.  They  then  paraded 
round  and  round  the  Fort,  entering  at  one  door  and 
going  out  at  the  other,  thus  having  the  appearance  of 
a  large  assemblage  of  Troops  entering  the  Fort,  as  if  they 
had  come  from  a  distance.  The  Burmahs,  who  were  on 
the  look  out,  seeing  so  many  men  parading  about,  became 
alarmed,  and  instantly  took  to  their  Vessels,  and  were 
heard  of  no  more  for  a  time.  In  1780,  during  the  ad* 
ministration  of  Mr.  Hastings,  a  plan  was  formed  by  the 
Merchants  of  Calcutta,  for  forming  a  Settlement  at  thi« 
Island;  the  subscriptions  for  that  purpose  were  made,  and 
the  measure  received  the  sanction  of  Government,  but 
before  the  necessary  preparations  could  be  completed,  a 
War  with  France  was  certain,  and  the  Government  not 
being  able  to  grant  any  supplies,  and  the  Merchants  un«« 
willing  to  trust  their  property  on  the  eve  of  a  War,  the 
plan  was  abandoned  for  the  time.  "  At  the  conclusioqt 
of  the  War  *'  says  Mr.  Light,''  Mr.  Hastings  endeavour* 
ed  to  procure  some  place  to  the  Eastward,  and  employed 


130        TIN  COUJJTEIES  ON  THE  WESTBRN  COAST  OF        Fart  % 

Captain  Forrest  to  enter  into  a  Treaty  ^ith  aiay  of  the 
Malay  States."  Captain  Forrest  was  sent  to  make  » 
Settlement  at  Rhio  in  1784,  by  the  King's  invitation, 
but  learning  at  the  Dindings  that  the  King  of  Rhio  had 
been  killed  in  an  attack  upon  Malacca,  he  returned  and 
touched  at  Junk  Ceylon,  of  which  Island  he  gives  a  short 
account.*  ••.'V^to-i^-.:v:-.r,  ... 

The  name  Jan  Sylan,  Capt.  Forrest  conjectures  to  be 
a  corruption  of  Oojong  Sylang,  Point  or  Promontory  of 
Sylan.  The  l^^land  was  then  under  the  authority  of  a 
Viceroy  from  Siam,  and  the  population  about  12,000 
people.  There  were  many  Elephants  brought  from  Mer* 
gui.  Bullocks  and  Buffaloes,  wild  Hogs  and  Deer,  a  few 
tame  Goats,  &c.  'i  here  nsed  to  be  a  great  Trade  for- 
merly in  Opium,  but  the  use  of  that  Drug  had  been  pro- 
hibited, and  heavy  restrictions  laid  on  the  exportation  ef 
Tin.  The  quantity  of  Tin  exported  was  about  five  hun- 
dred Tons  annually.  The  people  were  discontented,  and 
wished  to  throw  off  their  allegiance  to  Siam. 

Shortly  after  the  occupation  of  Pinang,  there  was  a 
considerable  Trade  in  Tin  and  other  Articles  and  Vessels 
were  constantly  passing  to  and  from  Junk  Ceylon.  Mr. 
Scott  and  other  Merchants  obtained  about  3,500  Bahars 
of  Tin  annually,  and  1  have  been  informed  by  the  Com* 
mander  of  the  Vessel,  who  is  still  a  resident  at  Pinang, 
that  a  voyage  was  usually  made  in  a  month  or  six  weeks^ 
and  ihe  profits  from  the  Cargo  of  Tin  and  other  Mert 

*  Fuiicki'ft  V  i/|  mgc  iu  ihc  Mci^ui  AicbipclM^o^  Paget  s^«  36* 


Pkrt  2»  THB    MALAYAN    PENINSULA*-  13t 

chandizey  scTdom  fell  short  of  5000  Drs.  each  Trip.  He 
also  asserts  that  Copper  and  Iron  is  abundant  on  the 
Island,  but  the  Mines  are  not  worked.  Captain  Light, 
the  first  Superintendant  of  Pinang  submitted  a  Memoir 
upon  this  Island^  to  the  Governor  General  of  Bengal,  in 
June  1787,  which  contains  a  mi  note  and  particular  de« 
scription  of  the  Island.*  .     «    - 

Mr.  James  Scott  submitted  m  1 785  an  offer  from  the  Na» 
tive  Governor  of  the  Island  named  Pfa  Fomone,  to  transfer 
the  Island  to  the  British  Government  upon  very  advan* 
tageous  terms.  Capt.  Light  took  possession  of  Ptnanj 
in  the  following  year  and  Capt.  Scott  assured  the  Govern^ 
nient  that  the  Revenues  of  Salang  would  defray  the  ex« 
penses  of  both  Settlements.  "  In  preferring  Pulo  Pinang,'* 
says  Mr.  Scott,  ^^  you  acquire  the  best  and  most  conveni- 
ent Marine  Port  which  the  Malay  Coast  affords,  whether 
you  consider  it  as  a  retreat  for  a  War  Fleet,  pr  a  Port 
of  Economical  (x>mmerce.  In  possessing  Salang  you  en- 
ter on  possession  into  the  receipt  of  a  certain  and  rapidly 
encreasing  Commerce  on  the  premises  pointed  out.''  The 
conditions  on  which  the  Governor  of  Salang  offered  to 
transfer  the  Island  are  fully  detailed  in  Mr.  Scott's  letter 
addre»?»ed  to  the  Governor  General,  dated  28th  October 
1785.t  The  late  General  Kyd,  who  made  a  report  of 
Pinang  and  Junk  Ceylon,  by  order  of  the  Supreme  Go- 
yernment  in  1787,  strongly  recommended  the  occupation 
of  the  latter  Island   by  the  British,  and  iu  1788  again^ 

t  •   Vide    Appendix,. 

♦  Vide  Dmo,  * 


132        TIN  CO&NTaiCS  ON  THB  WESTERN  COAST  OF       Part  2« 

brought  the  subject  to  the  notice  of  the  Board,  id  sub* 
mitting  a  specimen  of  the  Tin  Ore  of  the  Island,  $''f-  /-^ 

The  poh'cy  of  the  British  Government  possessing  this 
most  valuable  hiand  was  fully  discussed  by  the  Governor 
of  Pinang,  *  and  the  advantages  to  l>e  derived  from  it  with 
the  system  to  be  pursued,  fully  pointed  out»  The  Hono* 
rable  Mr.  Clubley,  a  Member  of  the  Board,  thus  gives 
his  sentiments  upon  the  subject.  "The  occupation  of 
Pankour,  aud  even  the  most  successful  prosecution  of  any 
arrangements  for  augmenting  the  Trade  in  Tin  from  ?€• 
Tak  and  Salengore,  are  in  my  judgement  of  far  minor 
importance  to  the  contemplated  object  of  offr  late  Gover- 
nor, of  extending  our  infiuence  towards  the  possession  of 
the  Island  of  Junk  Ceylon.  This  material  object  I  am 
happy  to  ^ee  is  within  the  scope  of  the  Honorable  the 
President's  arrangements  and  wishes,  and  noticed  in  his  Mi- 
nute in  terms  satisfactory  at  once  with  respect  tothe  import- 
ance of  this  place,  and  conclusive  of  his  own  warm  in- 
terest for  the  benefit  of  this  Establishment.  I  sincerely 
wish,  that  he  may  be  the  means  of  effecting  this  great 
object  during  the  period  of  his  Government  v — by  such  a  pos- 
session, the  produce  of  Tin  from  an  extensive  Colony  will 
be  a  source  of  real  advantage  to  the  India  Company,  and 
whi'e  it  must  benefit  individual  industry,  will  compensate 
in  rome  degree  for  the  loss  of  Banca,  as  all  accounts  con- 
cur in  representing  the  Island  of  JunkCeylon  as  possessing 
capabilities  of  rivalling  Banca  in  its  produce,  if  not  in 

^  Vide  Appendix. 
*  Goveroor  Phiiii^'i  Minaie  i5ih  O6lober»  i8i9« 


Part  2.  XH&   MALAYAN    FBNINSOLA*^  133 

the  quality  of  its  Tin.  It  is  needless  therefore  ta  urge 
farther  the  advantage  of  such  an  Island  being  possessed 
by  a  Government  which  would  draw  forth  its  resources 
and  make  them  available  ta  the  great  purposes  of  Cam« 
inercial  Enterprise,'^  •    ^.  -^     • 

The  negotiations  which  followed  with  the  Government 
ofSiam  having  been  unsuccessful,  the  Island  is  stiH  in 
possession  of  a  Power  which  does  not  appear  disposed  to 
draw  forth  its  resources,  and  the  dread  of  an  attack  from 
the  Burmans,  prevents  the  Inhabitants  of  the  adjoining 
Coast  from  settling  upon  the  Island.  In  the  event  of  a 
rupture  with  the  Siamese  or  Bivrmahs,  it  may  be  weft 
to  bear  in  recollection  the  valuable  Island  of  Junk  Cey- 
lon, and  if  that  could  be  added,  either  by  con^iest  of 
fair  negotiation,  to  the  possessions  of  the  Hon'We  Com* 
pany,  their  Revenues  would  be  materially  increased, 
and  the  interests  of  the  nation  generally  promotedv  Tin 
has  never  been  known  at  a  higher  price  than  at  pre-- 
sent  in  China,,  in  Bengal,  and  at  Pinang,  and  2^  there 
has  been  a  very  great  decrease  in  the  quantity  of  late 
year?,,  imported  into  the  latter  place,  it  is  worthy  of 
consideration  how  it  may  be  increased.  That  Junk 
Ceylon  possesses  every  advantage  that  can  be  desired | 
as  a  productive  country  with  a  healthy  climate,  for  a 
Britii^h  Settlement,  has  been  fully  established  by  the 
concurring  testimony  of  all  persons  who  have  visited  tho 
place,  or  considered  the  subj,ect« 


134        TIN  COUNTRIES  ON  THE  WESTERN  COAST  OP       Part  2.  ^ 

PUNGAH;  ^^•^^^  '^^  ^^'^:^^^ 

']h>U  /'oiilv/  ji;;;,j.u'i   :l:  >:  '     ■  ■:  i-  ^^^-u-  vKJ;  bni;  ,1t^;sw:  ?f»o^ 

This  River  unites  with  the  Pahlau,  and  is  nearly; ^op« 
posite  the  mouth  of  the  principal  River  on  Junk  Ceylon. 
It's  situation  is  thus  laid  down  in  a  Journal  of  a  Voyage 
in  March  1822,  "  About  ^  past  5  p.  m.  weathered 
Easthernraost  Point  of  Pulo  Panjang^  continued  course 
four  miles,  and  anchored  at  7  p.  m.  in  three  fathonis 
black  Mud.  The  Pungah  River  bears  N.  W  by  W.  dis- 
tance a  league/'  There  is  a  bar  at  the  mouth  of,  and 
several  Shoals  in  the  River.  The  depth  of  Water  in  many 
placesf  is  not  more  than  one  and  one  and  a  half  fathom, 
consequently  not  navigable  for  large  vessels,  and  the  River 
narrows  considerably  after  ascending  a  few  miles*  Junks 
tide  it  up  to  the  Town,  in  one  and  a  half  or  two 
days  from  the  entrance.  From  the  source  of  this  River, 
the  distance  overland  is  said  to  be  only  two  day's  journey 
to  the  River  Bandon,  which  falls  into  the  Gulph  of  Siam. 
Mr,  Crawfurd  remarks*  *'  I  may  advert  to  the  incalcula«» 
ble  advantages  which  would  result  to  general  Commerce 
from  the  existence  of  an  easy  and  a  safe  communication 
by  water  betw6ln  the  Gulpha  of  Bengal  and  Siam*  The 
result  of  the  enquiries  which  I  made  on  the  subject,  is, 
that  snch  a  communicaUon  would  be  most  easily  eflected| 
?  Mr.  Crawfurd*!  tejpocl  of  hii  Minion  to  Siam;  '"  "         '-'' 


part  2.  TUB    MALATA!!    PBNINSULAr  135a  i, 

and  would  be  most  useful,  in  about  the  Latitude  of  8* 
North.  Between  the  head  of  the  Rirer  of  Bandon,  which, 
as  already  mentioned,  admits  vessels  drawing  ten  or  fifteen 
feet  water,  and  the  head  of  the  River  Ponga,  which  itself 
falls  into  the  Western  Sea  behind  Junk  Ceylon,  and  the 
numerous  small  Islands  in  this  direction,  where  there  is 
shelter  from  the  Monsoons;  the  distance  is  said  to  be  but 
two  day's  ordinary  journey.  Were  such  a  communica-i 
tion  practicable,  Siam,  Cochin  China,  China  itself,  and 
the  Philippine  Islands,  would  be  brought  nearer  to  us  by 
a  distance  of  equal  to  16°  of  Latitude,  while  the  precarious 
and  tedious  navigation  of  the  Straits  of  Malacca,  would  . 
be  altogether  avoided."  I  fear  we  should  find  it  a  dif^' 
ficult  undertaking,  making  a  Canal  to  the  distance  of  even 
two  days  journey  in  such  a  quarter,  and  as  the  PungiA 
River  is  choaked  up  with  Sand  Banks,  and  only  n^l- 
gable  for  vessels  of  the.  smallest  size,  the  passage  cpuld 
never  be  rendered  available  to  our  larger  Ships,  or  obuate 
the  necessity  of  passing  through  the  Straits  of  Malaccd  to 
China.  If  such  a  scheme  were  practicable  however^ 
and  a  Settlement  formed  at  Junk  Ceylon,  it  would  cer- 
tainly become  the  Emporium  of  the  East,  and  rival  the 
most  flourishing  of  our  Establisments.  Pungah  is  a  recent 
Settlement,  formed  by  apart  of  the  Inhabitants  of  Junk 
Ceylon,  who  fled  in  January  1810,  when  the  Burmans 
invaded  and  took*"  possession  of  that  Island.  The  Chief  ii 
styled  Pia  Salang,  or  Governor  of  Junk  Ceylon  and  it's 
"Dependencies,  aud  he  has  a  Deputy  Pia  or  Governor 


136        TIN  COUNTRIKS  OM  TUB.  WESTEAH  COAST  OF        Part   2« 

under  his  autliarity  at  Junk  Cejlon-     He  h  an  Officer  of 
the  King  of  Siam,  of  lovr  origin,  and  ibrraerlj  resided  at 

'a  place  called  Natoi^  ta  the  Northward,  eteven  years. 
The  former  Governor  of  Salang  was  dismissed,  and  the 
present  one  is.  liable  to  be  discharged  at  the  will  of  the 
Despot*  The  Houses  of  the  Inhabitants  arc  built  of 
Artaps  and  Neboiigs  in  the  Malayan  Style,  There  is 
riiOt  much  cuUivatioft  at  this  place,  except  Paddy,  which  is 
exported  in  small  quantities-  There  are  few  Bullocks  or 
Goats^   but  Bufialoes  are  very   numerous,  and  Fowls  and 

•  Dticks  abundant.  The  price  of  Poultry  about  5  Dollars 
per  100.     The  Chief  and  Inhabitants  are  not  inhospitablet 

^f  Population. — ^The  Populatioa  consists  of  about  four 
thousand  Malays  and  Siamese,  a  thousand  Chinese,  two 
\undred  and  fifty  Christians,  and  twenty  or  thirty  Chu« 
liijhs  and  descendants  of  Malabar  people. 

The  principal  Article  of  Commerce  here  is  Tin,  of 
vrhJyh  about  500  Hahars  or  U500  PicuTs,  are  now  aa* 
huaity  obtained^  but  it  might  be  increased  to  any  ex* 
iejity  and  has  been  vety  much  wi  the  increase  during  the 
last  few  months^  It  is  procured  in  great  abundance,  and 
\Fithout  much  labour,,  at  the  distance  of  one  days' journey 
from'  the  Town*  Last  year,  a  considerable  quantity  was 
sent  overland  to  the  capital,  Bangkok,  but  the  greater 
part  now  finds  it's  way  inta  Pinang.  There  are  two  or 
(hree  Factors  or  Confidential  Minister^  of  the  Emperor 
who  reside  at  Pungah,  and  superintend  the  Tin  Trade  j 

collect  the  duties  (SLc  for  the  Kiog,  and  one  of  them  ge^ 


Fart  2.  thb  malayah  peninsula*  I3f 

nerally  makes  a  voyage  ta  Prince  of  Wales  Island  every 
three  months,  usually  taking  it  by  turns.  The  other  ar- 
ticles of  Commerce  are  Beech  de  Mer,  Tortoise  Shelly 
Elephant^s  Teeth,  Bird  Npsts,  and  Paddy,  It  is  said  also^ 
that  there  is  Teak  Wood  in  the  Forests.  ^  There  are  many 
small  Junks  and  Prows  belonging  to  the  place,  which,  are 
constantly  passing  to  and  from  Pinang,  and  there  are 
about  lOor  12f  Junks  annufilly  built  there,  besides.many 
Boats,  the  Timber  being  very  excellei^t,  abundant  and 
cheap  The  Imports  from  Pinang  consist  of  Long  Cloths, 
Muslins,  Chintzes,  Gufrahsj  and  other  Bengal  Piece 
Goods,  TalFatas,  Madras  Blue  Cloth  and  Chintzes,  ex- 
pressly  manufactured  for  the  Siamese,  ilugs,  Curwahsi 
Scarlet  Broad  Cloth,  Glass  Ware,  Muskets,  Guupo\rder| 
Salt  Petre,  and  various  other  articles*  ^  ... 

The  Duties  ao^,  Port  Charges,  arc  very  exorbitant. 
Upon  a  square  rigged  vessel  of  fifty  Tons,  vrhich  sold  to 
the  value  of  Spanish  Dollars  2600,  and  purchased  Tin  ia 
jreturn  to  the  value  of  Spaniah  Dollars  2000,  the  Charges 
an)ounted    to    Spanish    Dollars    407,   in   Presents    and 

Duties;  vi^*,  -^)/4>  ^-vnr.  .:;.oJiJ  ^^\\u\     . 

Presents  to  Chief,  2nd,  3rd  and  4 th  Officers,  value  100 
Dollars,  Brokerage  :|:  per  Cent4     „j4*    J.  i^,  >,-     ^ 

Native  Writer  18,  Cutting  and  Marking  Bales  7,  Pilot 
12,  Use  of  Scales  at  Custom  lioase  8,  Port  Clearance  2, 
Peon  1,  Pilot  5,  li>iport  Duties  6  periCvcnt,  asually  8  per 
Cent.  Export  Duty,  oa  Tin,  valued  at  ^O^DoUari  pec 
Bahar  2|^  per  Ceutt       »v:i^M  lot.^,  >;  r  ^    u?  c     ^    ; 


138        Tin  COUKTftlBS  b.N  THK  WESTERN  COAST  OF        Part  Jtt  - 

PAHLAU; 


This  is  a  large  branch  of  the  Pungah  River.  There 
U  a  small  A^illage  coutaioing  about  100  Inhabitants,  who 
ioUectTin.  ;-/-•'■---'■,  .  '''^'^\'r\-\--'';7.:-: 

TADIN  DEI. 


Avl^i- 


Is  a  large  Rirer,  but  there  are  no  Inhabitanti  on  it*< 
banks.- ■■•■•''>■  ■'••  ■" 

■  ...to..,.-       NAHKRA'Bte^-^-".?^!-  \ 

Also  a  wide  River,  but   numerous  Shoals  and  Sand%^ 
Here  there  are  no  Inhabitants.  ^  vir  >> 

^-       COREH  OR  CASSE£^|o^#.: 

This  is  a  considerable  River,  about  SO  miles  to  the 
Northward  of  Traang«  There  are  about  50  Inhabitanti^ 
tubjecU  of  the  Rajah  of  Ligorcw- 


(:    -    - 


T9Xt%  '   •     ;    THE    MALAYAN    rSNINSUJLA*    .        .         l^f 

LONTAR. 


rr^i.j,      itti'uM  Tlfi;r:i:^    t}U)^lo    ii'j{^-.\0  :f 

A  small  River,   frequented  hj  parties  oif  the  Oranj 
Laut  occasionally* 


TELIBONG. 


This  IS  a  very  narrow  Rirer,  opposite  the  Island  of  the 
same  name.  It  was  formerly  much  frequented  by  the 
Orang  Laut,  who  used  to  erect  temporary  Dwellings  on 
it's  banks.  There  is  a  great  abundance  of  Fish  and 
Oysters  procurable  in  this  quarter.  There  was  formerly 
a  large  flourishing  Settlement  on  Pulo  Telibong,  (which 
lays  to  the  S.  W.  of  Traang  River,  and  ia  three  miles  iit 
extent),  under  Datu  Pangawa,  about  the  time  Junk  Cey« 
Ion  was  taken  by  the  Burmahs  in  1810.  Here  Beech  de 
Met  and  Bird  Nests  were  collected.  There  arc  at  pre* 
gent  uo  inhabitants,  but  plenty  of   Deer,  Buffaloes,  ^Cf  ^^^ 


liO       TIN  COCMRIBS  ON  TU8  WESTERN  COAST  OF        Fart  2« 

.This  River  forms  the  NDrthern  Bouridary  oftheQue* 
dah  Kingdom,  l>ut  has  been  possessed  by  the  Siamese  for 
these  last  fifteen  years.  It  is  in  Latitude  7^  20'  North. 
There  is  a  Bar  at  the  entrance^aud  numerous  Shoals  ex* 
tending  out  many  miles  from  it^s  mouth,  with  dangerous 
liocks,  Tisibleonly  at  low  water.  There  is  a  safe  bat  nar-» 
row  Channel  for  Ships.  The  River  is  shallaw  inside;  but 
vessels  of  any  size  may  navigate  during  the  Springs* 
There  are  three  Streams;  the  centre  or  main  branch  caU 
led  Traangor  Kotain,  the  right  Polian,  and  the  left  Bauk<« 
sa.  The  first  Village  near  the  entrance  i?  called  Kwala 
Batii  or  Batu  Lintang,  with  30  Houses  ancf  fSOInhabit** 
ants.  There  are  other  Villages  caHed  Pomanni, '  Pa-« 
inuang,  and  higher  up  Tipping  Tinghi,  From  Pontanni, 
to  Ligor,  the  Country  is  said  to  be  studded  with  small  ViU 
lages,  but  the  journey  across,  which  is  about  fire  days  in 
the  dry  Sea<?on,  is  rendered  very  diflicult  by  the  numerous 
Streams  and  Marshes. '  In  the  rainy  Season,  it  is  scarcely 
possible  to  go  across,  and  the  journey  occupied  at  least 
twenty  days.  From  the  Village  of  Traang,  which  con* 
taids  about  400  Inhabitants,  the  distance  to  Kotain  or 
Pontanni  by  the  River,  is  two  days.  This  is  a  large  Vil«« 
lage,  consisting  of  about  150  Houses.  From  Kotain  in  a 
X^orth  Easterly  directionj  and  di^^tant  about  a  dayVjoarnejr 


Fart  %  1?HB   MALAYAH    FBNINSaiiJ^^  l4l 

By  land,  irtnmpourii;tl«ch' is  about  the  sizb  of  Ejotafft. 
The  Natives  say  there  are  ninety  nine  branches  orsub* 
sidiary  Streams  which  fall  into  this  River.  In  180%  tfte 
BiAJah  of  LigoFC  requested  the  Pinang  Government  to 
■  recommend  some  of  the'  Native  vessels  from  the  Cfoast  to 
proceed  to  Traang  and  load  50*  Elephants,  promising 
good  treatment  to  the  Chulialis.  Man j  vessds  tlsect  toi 
frequent  this  place  in  former  yearsi»'   '    '-^-  *^   '     ''■'■  ^ 

■  ' -■:   :'>*'■' tf    r^;?"**  ..^\'^*Oir'  :/"*•  rii?)*'';  -f>!il»r    ?f!ii^  Ul^  *^uff»f^f^v 
:'if-n  ;"tt  ^fp  r.;'r '^•jsfu'      .  ;-.:^'      -  ■'^  :ij  V'fi;?^10.        .       •■'>) 
"-'-'^    f^'M-rn  ?/v>l^rl>V^     T'T'Vl^ri'Cif^ '^^*   bnnK*i^/  v/,?- 
Opposite  the  moutB  of  tSfo  River,  whicli  falls  into  the 
^ea,  by  two  large  branches,  is  a  small  Island  called  Pule 
Sidi*     There  are  several  small  Villages .  up  .  this _Rive|^ 

Which  empties  itself  by  two  mouth?,  the  Soutncrnmost 

^jChannel  being  called  Sungei   Masuk  Mcmbarig  Segara. 

There  is  an  Island  formed  by  these  two  branches,  calle^ 


142:^,     TIN  COUNTRIES  ON  TH^  WSSXERN  COAST  OR       Part  -ft^^iTl 

Pulo  Temhlang,  upon^  which  there  is  a  Village  contafnifi|: 
about  20  Hou-es  and  100  Inhabitants.  Up  this  River^ 
about  ten  miles,  is  a  place  called  Mera bang  Segara,  vrhere 
Tuanko  Busuoo,  Brother  of  the  King  of  Quedah^  former* 
tjr  residedk^ 


KUBONG  BOYA  and  BATU;^ 


T^o  Hirers  of  considerable  size,  up  which  the  Siamese 
liave  lately  been  building  and  equipping  some  Prows  of  a 
large  size.  There  is  at  present,  in  consequence,  a  con* 
siderable  population  of  Siamese  and  Malay  Prisoners  from 
Quedah  and  the  Langkawi  I^lands,  who  are  all  employed 
in  the  construction  oi  Boats,  I  .  ..      . ,  .    , 


■u»i2tii  a 


MERAKIT  AND  CUE  BILANG. 


Are  two  small  Rivers,  a  little  fo  th^  Northward  of  31 ., 
prominent  Point,  called  Tayjong  Pau^  ^^^i,  4^.^  j/fftirn 


PartS^  /"?  TBB  MALArAN  jgNiNsoiiS^  ■-"-**»  «ifI43: 


■l'- 


TEMBtANG^  MERPA«1iitf* 


id^ 

.^:i>jj{?:!^«i  ^ii.^l^^;j>«^.   .      --  :  '■•  *  •  '>:>iua']a   jOO(^ci;t!  oAtuuil 

Arc  three  small  Rivers  which  fall  into 'a  deep  Bay,  caV 
led  Teluk  Merpa,  formed  by  Ptilo  Teinblang,  and  a  pro* 
jeering  spit  of  Land  called  Tanjong  Gabus*  The  number 
of  Houses  from  Lingow  to  Tanjong  Gabus,  up?  the  several^ 
Rivers  beforcmentioned,  are  reckoned  at  a  thousand,  and 
the  Inhabitants  about  5000,  principally  Fishennei>  aod^ 
Caltivators  of  Paddy,  ;™-*"  --t 


11        KWALA  PUJU: 

Is  a  narrow  shallow  River  np  which,  a  few  reaches,  it 
a  small  Village,  with  about  one  hundred  luhabitants. 


PUR  LIS.    ^i^i--  '        /u  r] 


This  River  IS  in  6'  21'  North.     Opposite  its  month,  is 
a  small  low  fTandy  Man  d,  called  Pulo  Kpta:m.     Thellivci/^ 
is  narrow,  but  deep,  but  there  is  a  shoal  Bsur  dt  theeK* 


144       TIN  COUNTRIES  OX'  THB  WESTJSRN  COAST  07        Part  2t 

traace.  TBe  (brmer  King  of  Quedah  resifffed  nmtij  years^ 
at  KiangaiT^  about  10  miles  upr  the  River.  Bendar  Kangar^ 
the  first  Village,  isa^out  4  mires  upv  and  Kampong  Arau 
up  a  sm^ali  branch  to  the  right,  between  Eiangan  and 
Kangar.  After  passing  Kangar,  k  branches  oflTto  the 
right  by  two  Channels,  the  first  called  Simpang  ka  Gu« 
iiong,  which  takes  its  rfse  from  a  mountain  called  Gunong 
Griang,  at  the  base  of  which  is  a  Village  containrng  about 
40  Houses.  Another  Channel  unites  with  the  Quedafa 
River,  and  a  considerable  distance  farther  up,  is  a  Channel 
called  Sinrpang  Sungei  Wang  Pia,  which  communicates 
\ritb  a  very  large  River  Sungei  Tasi  Pahana,  which  issues 
from  an  extensive  lake;  one  branch  leads  on  towards  San- 
gora  on  the  other  side  of  the  Peninsula,  and  the  maia 
branch  takes  its  course  towards  the  Western  side  by  in- 
numerable  Channels,  forming  principally  the  Purlis,  Ked- 
da,  and  Mirbow  Rivers^  and  the  several  intermediate  and 
smaller  Streams*  On  the  left,  is  a  place  called  Pulut, 
and  an  Lland  formed  by  the  Purlis  Channel  to  Sangora 
and  the  Simpang  Sungei  Wang  Pia,  named  Pulo  Maha- 
raj.a.  To  the  right,  a  mountain  called  Wang  Batu  Be- 
tangar.  The  total  number  of  Houses  up  the  Purlis  River, 
as  far  as  the  mountain  beforementioned,  are  estimated  at 
2500.  A  few  miles  to  the  Southward  of  the  Purlis 
Biver^  is 


Part   2  THE    MALAYAN    PENINSULA.  145 

KROlSra  TANGAH. 

f '/;:jv  Yiiirn  t>ii:>...j-i  ^i/TD^iijV^^  io^.rt^  lOfKiol  oa  i'      .^afe^i 

Vm;*     A,sraj^l  shallow  Rireri  with  a  Village  of  30x  Housesi 

ilfrbf^nO   ;!jf(S   jIht*^.  K»5mii;  hn'>n<i')  -c^dJcnA     .fc::^riJcH  01^ 
;.u:Wiai  50  Houses  on  its  baTiksg,,,,^  ^Mgqtina  hslfft^   ' 

With  20  Houses.      /  ,        ,    . 

,.in!r.*l    L'^J:/;;)  ii!;;^>U|    v^  ;.i    ^:^;j! '^^^^^'^O      ♦'Uu^^t?^     r^'(>'    -^ 

^  With  100  Houses,  the  Inhabitants  of  which  cnttivata 

iPaddy,      There   is   a   small   Channel   which' unites 'the 
'"   Griang  with  the  Kedda  Rirer,  called  Sungei  Malacca,. 


146        Jim  COUNT&IBS  ON  THE  WESTERN  COAST  OF        Fart  3t 

The  Mouth  of  this  River  is  in  Latitude  6""  6^  Noriitl 
There  is  an  extensive  Mud  Flat  off  the  entrance,  6ut 
there  is  sufficient  Water  at  spring  tides  to  admit  a  Vessel 
of  300  Tons,  There  are  stakes  across  the  River-s  Mouth, 
leaving  only  a  small  narrow  Channel  for  Junks  and  Prows. 
The  Fort,  surrounded  by  a  Brick  Wall  in  a  delapidated 
state,  and  about  half  a  mile  in  circumference,  is  situated 
on  the  left  Point  at  the  mouih  of  the  lliver,  above  which 
is  ihe  first  or  Seaport  Town,  called  Bendar  Pakan  Kwala, 
containing  about  1000  Houses  on  both  sides  of  the  Riveft 
Mr  Monckton  who  was  formerly  sent  there  from  Bengal, 
had  a  small  Factory  on  the  right  side,  called  Sebrang 
Nonia.  Above  the  first  Town,  the  River  branches  off  te 
the  left,  by  a  Channel,  named  Simpang  ka  Jerloon,  on  the 
left  bank  of  which  stands  a  Village  called  Padang  Lalang, 
containing  20  Houses.  -  This  unites  with  the  Purlis,  and 
re-nnifcs  with  the  Keddah,  a  considerable  distance  in* 
land.  The  Keddah  River  branches  off  into  innumerable 
Channels,  which  it  would  be  tedious  to  enumerate,  unit- 
ing  with  the  Mirbow  to  the  right.  Above  Allustar,  which 
was  a  large  and  populous  Town,  containing  about  2000 
Houses,  and  which  is  four  hours  pull  from  the  entrance, 
there  is  a  bifurcation  of  the  River,  and  the  left  branch  is 


Fart^w  THJs  malatam  psNiNsuLir  147 

•  ■  ■   ■ 

called  Sungci  Anak  Bukit,  the  right  Sungei  Limbang'* 
These  unite  in  the  interior.  At  the  period  of  the  Siamese 
irruption,  the  Quedah  Country  was  very  populous,  and  ia 
describing  the  Villages  and  number  of  Houses,  I  must  be 
understood  as  having  reference  to  that  period.  Of  the 
present  state  of  the  Country,  it  is  difficult  to  obtain  any 
satisfactory  account.  The  present  information  was  prin* 
cipally  supplied  by  the  King  of  Quedah,  atid  some  of  hrfl 
attendants,  from  memory,  having  lost  all  the  records  con* 
taining  the  census  of  population  &Cr  which  he  caused  ta 
be  taken  occasion aUy.  When  the  Siamese  invaded  the 
Country,  there  were  128  Mukims,  in  the  Quedah  State* 
Marsden  describes  a  Mukim  to  be  like  our  Parishes  ia 
England.  In  speaking  of  Achcen,  he  says,*  "  The 
whole  Kingdom  is  divided  into  certain  small  Districts  or 
Communities,  called  Mukim,  which  seem  to  be  equivalent 
to  our  Parishes,  and  their  number  is  reckoned  at  one 
hundred  and  ninety.*'  According  to  the  Quedah  Regu- 
lations, a  Mukim  is  a  division  of  the  people,  which  must 
consist  of  not  less  than  forty  four  men  well  qualified  te 
perform  the  ceremonies  of  their  Religion  at  a  Mcsejid,  or 
Mosque;  but  it  may  consist  of  several  hundreds,  or  even 
thousands.  If  there  is  no  Mosque,  no  assembly  or  divi- 
sion of  the  people  can  be  termed  a  Mukim.  In  some  of 
the  inland  pans,  or  grazing  Grounds,  where  there  are 
many  Inhabitants,  there  is  perhaps  only  o:ic  M'ikim,and 
if,  as  asjcricd,  there  are  1 28  Mukims  in  the  Kingdom,  i^ 


J 48        TIN  COUNTRIES  ON  THE  WESTERN  COAST  OP        fart   2* 

must  tend  to  convey  a  very  favorable  idea  of  the  populoiij 
Slate  of  the  Country*  The  computation,  howeverv  in- 
cludes Pnrli?,  Lingow,  Seiool,  and  other  dependencies  of 
the  Quedah  State, 

I  shall  now  endeavour  to  give  some  account  of  the  Vil- 
lages in  the  interior.  Up  the  Anak  Bu kit,  which  takes 
nearly  a  straight  or  westerly  course  from  its  source,  are  the 
following  small  Streams  and  Villages,  viz.  ^^^ 

Sungei  Mamplum  containing.  .20  Houses* 

Sungei  Mergong .-.."| 

Sungei   Gunong  Sali >70        „ 

Sungei  Batia J  ,  ,; 

Kampong  Teluk  Jan ...10        „  3  .?: 

Ahstar ..2000       „ 

Kanchat •  . 10        ,, 

Labu    Pringi 10        ,| 

Alur   Rajh 30       „ 

Alur  Semada.. 20       ,| 

Alur  Merab ...."^ 

Suka  Menanti V300     ,^ 

Anak  Biikit J 

Pompong 40      ^ 

Titik  Gajab 10        „ 

Kampong  Tokama 10       „ 

Padang  Sewajana 100     „  ^ 

Here  the  Limbong  is  again  united  with  the  Anak  Ba« 
kit,  and  the  River  is  called  Bahor,  beyond  which  is  a 
place  called  Tanjong  Pauh  and   Alur  Gaau,   where  the 


l^art   2.         •  '     xHB    MALAYAN    FBNINSULA.  14ft 

Siamese  usually  remained  wh^ii  they  came  to  make  de* 
mands  upon  Quedah.  This  is  between  the  Kwala  Bahor 
JiQd   Sungei  Tega!,  after  which  arcJ 

Kwala  Tanglak \0. 

Padang  Luar.  ..**"•."....... 40, 

''"      Padang  Trap........ ...... 20. 

This  is  close  to  a  mountain  called  WangBatu  Betangar, 
ten  days  journey  for  boats  pulling  against  the  strong  cur* 
rent,  from  the  mouth  of  the  Quedah  Rirer. 

The  Limbong  takes  its  course  in  a  southerly  direction 
for  several  miles,  after  which  it  separates  by  two  branches 
and  re-unites  by  four  different  Channels  to  the  Anak 
Bukit,  or  main  stream  of  the  Quedah  River.  The  first 
place  is  Tanjong  Bindahara, 

Akar  Beluru,  containing 20  Houses* 

Fankalan  Kundur.. 10       ,, 

Ganding 12       ,, 

Fankalan  Putar.... 10       „ 

Tanjong  Misri ,..•  10       „ 

Tanjong  Grigis -.  10       ,, 

On  the  Simpang  Trus  Channel, 

J^^'-^g^ hoo     „ 

Titik  Siam j  '* 

Alur  Malei 20      „ 

Utan    Pulei 20       ,, 

* '     On  the  Kwala  Bahor  Channel,  ''' 

Tajor  ----------.-  40       „ 

Pagar  Ayer  -.---.--  i  «0  '„    ' 


150        TIN  COUNTRIBS  ON  THB  WESTERN  COAST  OP        Part  3« 


Alur  Bula  ----------20  Houses* 

Kubong   Buaya  -------40       ,,-;.;; 

Pankalan  Machang  -  -  -  -^      b  >.ii^  ii 

Limbong  - V500^'    ii    ' 

Pankalan  Tomea  -----[    ,.   v    w..<    ,r  ^ 

Alur   Betangar  -----  -J        f^''      ^  ^*  • 

Trong   Asaui  --------20       ,, 

Lepai  -  -----------  40       „ 

Pankalan  Gajah  Mati  -  -  -  -  200       „ 

Kampong   Sapalu   ------  10       », 

On  the  fourth  large  branch,  called  Simpang  Rambei,  h 
Ranihei  containing  10  Houses,  to  the  right  of  which  is  a 
Channel    leading   off  to   the   Mirbow,and   the  following 

Villages,  Alur  Parit -20  Houses. 

Pladang  --------  10       „ 

Padang  Posing  -----  20     „ 

Padang  Karbau  -  -  -  -  309       ,,^      ' 

and  considerably  higher  up  are  two  mountains,  named 
Gunong  Garam  and  Fakir  Terbang,  close  to  which  is 
Peciow,  containing  20  Houses,  and  a  River  issues  form 
them  on  the  Eastern  side  which  takes  its  course  through 
the  Patani  Country  and  empties  itself  into  the  Season  the 
Eastern  Coast  of  the  Peninsula.  These  mountains  form 
the  Boundary  between  the  States  of  Quedah  and  Patani* 
We  may  reckon  the  number  of  Inhabitants  upon  an  ave* 
rage  generally  of  five  to  a  House.  There  are  many  small 
Villages   not  noticed^ 


Part  2»  THB   MALAYAN    PENINSULA.  151 

Namb. — The  name  of  the  Capital  of  the  Quedah  Coun- 
try formerly  was  Lindong-an-bulan,  shaded  from  the 
Moon,  so  called  from  being  situated  under  the  lofty 
mountain  Jerei.  Afterwards  it  received  the  haire  of 
Quedah,  signifying  an  enclosure  for  Elephants,  which 
signification  that  word  bears  also  in  the  Pegue  Country, 
according  to  Symes* 

Former  Statb  of  thb  Country. — At  the  time  of  the 
cession  of  Pinang,  Mr.  Light  represented  the  Quedah  Coun- 
try as  containing  a  population  of  100,000  within  the  Area 
of  150  miles  by  30  or  35,  the  Country  as  healthy  and 
fruitful;  that  it  produced  much  Grain,  Cattle,  Poultry  and 
Fish  in  abundance;  that  the  Export  of  Rice  in  1785  to 
other  Countries  was  2000  Coyans  or  80,000  Piculs,*  the 
price  of  Bullocks  3  to  5  Dollars,  Buffaloes  from  4  to  6, 
Fowls  30  to  40  per  Dollar,  Rice  two  Bengal  Bazar  Maunds 
.  per  Dollar,  and  sometimes  less,  and  Fruits  in  great  abund** 
ancc.  Prior  to  the  occupation  of  Prince  of  Wales  Island 
by  the  English,  this  was  a  place  of  considerable  trade,  and 
numerous  British  as  well  as  native  Vessels  from  the  distant 
Islands  of  the  Archipelago,  and  the  Coasts  of  Malabar  and 
Coromandel  resorted  there.  There  was  also  a  large  .Tunk 
annually  from  China,  the  Exports  consisted  of  Beech  de 
Mer,  Birds  Nests,  Sharks'  Fins,  Tin,  Rice,  Rattans, 
Dammar,   Tortoise  Shell,  Deer  Skins  and  Sinews,  Bui- 

*  riuring  many  , years  preceding  ihe  corqaett  of  Quedah  by  tbr  SMtnete,  tht 
quantity  of  Rice  and  Paddy  Imported  into  Pinang  from  ihence  annoallv,  r^relf 
fell  short  of  <ooo  Coyans,  bat  since  thateveac  it  has  sc«fcely  exceeded  oa* 
teath  ihc  quauiiiy  abcTC  suicd* 


152      TIN  couKtribs  on  thb  western  coast  of      Part  3* 

lock  and  BiiflTuIoe  Hides  and  Horns,  and  various  other 
Commuditiesii.  The  abstraction  of  the  Trade  from  Que* 
dah  to  Pinang)  occasioned  a  loss  of  Revenue  to  the  King 
of  20,000  Dollars  annually. 

Chiefs  of  the  (  ountry. — 1  have  been  unable  to  trace, 
in  a  satisfactory  way,  the  History  of  the  Chiefs  of  Quedah, 
beyond  the  Grand  Fathei*  of  the  present  King,  1  he  first 
settlers  at  Kedah  were  from  Malacca,  the  Inhabitants  of 
which  came  originally  from  Menangkabaa,  in  the  in- 
terior of  Sumatra.  The  King,  who  was  possessed  of  va- 
rious historical  records,  lost  them  all  upon  the  Siamese 
Invasion.  In  a  work  however  in  my  possession,  which 
I  have  been  some  time  engaged  in  translating,  contain- 
ing  the  Laws,  Port  Regulations,  Court  Ceremonies,  6fc.  of 
Qiiedah,  adapted  from  the  Undang  Undang  Malayu,  I 
find,  that  these  Laws  and  Regulations  were  compiled 
by  order  of  Sultan  Rajil  Ahidin  Mahomed  Shah,  wh© 
reigned  at  a  place  called  Naga,  in  Quedah;  no  mentiod 
is  made  of  the  period  when  the  Sovereign  reigned;  but 
he  is  supposed  to  have  died  a  little  more  than  a  century 
ago.  The  Grand  Father  of  the  present  King  was  Sultaa 
Mahomed  Jevra,  styled  Sultaa  Abdil  Ma-alum  Shah  Al- 
sultan  Mahomed  Jewa  Kalifat  Rahaman  Zeina  Adelin 
Ma-aliim  Shah,  and  at  his  death,  called  Marhum  Kian- 
gan,  or  the  Saint  of  Kiangan,  his  residence  during  the 
last  few  years  of  his  life  being  at  a  place  of  that  name 
up  the  River  Purlis.  He  was  King  in  Mr.  Monckton's 
time.    Uis  Son  succeeded  him,  under  the  name  of  Sultaa 


^ar'tSC        ^  TAB    M  ALA  YAK*  PBN  INSULA. 


153 


Abdullah  Mahkurrain  Shall,  Mr.  Light  says  "  The  old 
King  bad'  no  issue  by  his  lawFut  Wife,  and  Sultan  AbduW 
kh  was  a^  naldral  Son,  his  Mother  being  a  Slave  Girlr 
The  oltT'King  had  two  Brothers,  and  several  Nephews, 
wtio  tKooght  themselves  injured  by  the  election  of  this 
B&stfird  to  the^  succession..  In  the  year  f 7/  0,  they  raised 
a  Rebellion,  and  brought  the  people  of  Salehgore  and 
Perak  to  iheir  assistance.  They  entered  Quedali,  buf 
finding  the  people  did  not  join  them,  they  burnt  Allustar^ 
then  a  very  flourishing  Town^  and  at  the  Kwala,:  took 
several  of  the  Coast  Vessels,  and  carried  off  a  considerable 
deal  of  plunder.  The  old  King  was  so  much  euragedi 
that  he  forbad  thefr  ever  returning  to  the  Country.  'Ihe 
disappointed  Princes  returned  to  Salengore,  where  thej 
died  in  want  and  misery.  Only  one  of  their  Children  ib 
left,  who  lives  with  the  present  King.  The  old  King  theti 
Biarried  his  favorite  Son  to  the  Daughter  of  the  Laxi^ama^ 
na.  At  the  old  King^s  death,  which  happened  in  1778, 
his  Son  was  acknowledged  King.  The  King  is  a  weak 
man,  too  fond  of  Money,  very  relax  in  the  execution  of  the 
Laws,  not  so  much  from  a  principle  of  clemency,  as  timi- 
dity. His  income  consists  in  monopolizing  all  the  Tradd 
and  the  produce  of  the  Mines.  He  receives  likewise  a 
deal  in  presents  and  fines;  every  person  who  has  &ny, 
demand  to  make,  or  suit  to  prefer  first  presents  a 
Sum  of  Money  which  he  thinks  adequate  to  the  demand;) 
if  the  King  approves  of  the  Sum,  he  Signs  the  Paper,  and 
the  Suit  is  obtained^  unless  another  person  comes  with  « 


154        TIN  COUliXAIES  ON  THB  WESTERN  COAST  OF        Part   2. 

greater  Sum.  He  receires  a  small  diit j  upon  every  Prow, 
and  upon  the  Sale  of  Cattle  and  Slaves.  The  Rjots  arc 
obliged  to  cultivate  his  Lands,  and  to  defend  the  Country 
at  their  own  charge."  This  vras  the  Chief  who  ceded 
Prince  of  Wales  Island  to  the  English;  From  the  tradi« 
tion  of  the  natives  of  the  present  day,  hovreveF^  it  does 
not  appear,  that  Sultan  i^bduUah  vras  a  natural  Son  of 
Sultan  Mahomed  Jewa,  as  mentioned  by  Mr,.  Light, 
though  I  am  disposed  to  consider  his  account  correct,  and 
that  the  King,  of  Quedah  has  an  object  in  passing  over 
this  part  of  the  History  of  his  ancestors.  It  is  stated,  that 
Sullan  Mahomed  Jewa  had  two  Wives  and  three  Chil- 
dren, vi^  two  Sons  and  a  Daughter^  The  eldest  SoHj 
Abdullah,  succeded  to  the  Throne,  and  the  younger, 
Tl(  aoodeen,  became  Rajah  M  uda  of  Purlis.  The  Daughter 
mariied  the  Rajah  of  Patani,.  Tuanko  Rajah  Chara^  who 
had  a  Daughter  named  Tuaoka  Kunit» 

Sultan  Abdullah  had  two  Wives,  Wan  Meh,  aijd 
Wan  Mas,  and  four  favorite  Concubines,  viz.  Che  Bonda, 
Che  Mas,  Chendra  Sari,  and  Bida  Sari.  By  Che  Bonda, 
he  had  three  Sons  and  a  Daughter^  the  Sons  named  Tuan- 
ko Ibrahim,  Solyman,  and  Kusoo.  The  second  Wife  had 
nine  Children,  viz.  three  Sons  and  six  Daughters,  the 
Sods  named  luanko  Pangeran*  Busnoo,  and  Petra.  Wan 
Meh  the  other  Wife  had  no  Children.  The  second  Con- 
cubine had  one  Son,  named  Tuanko  Daudr  The  third 
Concubine  had  two   Sons,  named   Tuanko  Ambooa  and 

•  The  present  £x-Kio^  of  Qaeditb*  .-'  ,    ^,t» 


Part2»  Tus  Malayan^  fbninsitla./  1:55 

Mahomed,  and  two  Uauglifers;;:- and  the  fourth-^Concttbine 
had  two  Daughters;  Sultan  Abdullah  died  during  ther" 
time  Mr.  Cautiter  was  Acting  Sbperintendent  of  Pinang^ 
in  the  year  1798y  and  was  succeeded  in  the  Government 
by  his  Brother  the  Rajah  Mooda  of  Purlis,  urfder  the  titl<y 
of  Sukan  Tieaoodeen  Makhurrum  Shah.  This  Chief 
granted  the  Territory  on  the  main  to  the  Honorable  Com** 
pany,  in  Sir  George  Leith's  time.  After  some  time,  Sul* 
tan  Tieaoodeen  getting  old,  became  weary  of  conducring 
the  affairs  of  Government,  and  he  transferred  it  to  Tuan^ 
ho  Pangeran,  the  eldest  Son  of  the  late  King's  second 
Wife,  and  Tuanko  Ibrahim  became  Rajah  Mooda,  Thi* 
arrangement  and  resignation  of  the  Sultan  Tieaoodeen  in 
favor  of  his  Nephew,  was  voluntary.  Tuanko  Pageraa 
had  some  time  before  proceeded  to  Siam,  where  he  re-^ 
mained  some  months,to  pay  his  respects  tothe  Emperor  and 
to  conciliate  his  good  will.  All  the  Chiefs  and  Nobles  of  the 
Country  unanimously  consented  to  receive  Tuanko  Pan- 
geran as  their  King,  and  he  assumed  the  reigns  of  Govern- 
ment in  the  year  of  the  Heijerat  1218,  or  A.  D.  1804^ 
and  afterwards  took  the  title  of  Sbltan  Ahmed  Taju- 
din  Halim  Shah.  He  is  thus  styled  by  the  Siamese  Go- 
vernment, Chou  Pia  Ratismcram  Ramapuck  dae  Sri  Sul- 
tan Mahomed  Ratna  Rajah  Budin  Tersurin  Terwerei 
Wangsa  Chou  Pia  Cherei  Burei — Cherei  being  the  Siamese 
name  of  Quedah. 

In   such  a  large  family  of  Sons,  it  was  natural  to  expect 
there  would  be  many  disputes  in  respect  to  their  separate 


156     riH  COUNTRIES  OK  TUB  wssiBEK  C04ST  OF      Fart  3. 

ftQthority^  and  in  the  divisfon  of  the  Patrimonial  property, 
and  the  late  King  often  complained  that  he  could  not 
controiil  his  numerous  Nephevrs,  who  were  each  aspiring 
to  power.  Tuauka  Ibrahim,  Daud,  and  Ba.^noo,  eacb 
laid  claim  to  part  of  the  annnal  subsidy^  and  the  former 
iengaged  in  opea  rebeliion  against  his  Brother  the  King^ 
but  was  overcome  by  the  Laxsamana  at  Kwala  Muda^ 
where  he  bad  fortified  himself,  and  soon  after  died*  ' 

Another  Brother^  Solyman  has  long  resided  on  th0 
borders  of  the  Honorable  Company's  Territory  in  the^ 
Prye  District,  and  has  always  conducted  himself  with 
great  propriety.  The  present  King,  who  is  now  in  exile 
at  Pinang,  appear  always  to  have  maintained  a  good  cha* 
racter.  Lieutenant  Governor  Farquhar  says  of  hint 
*^  Pangeran,  the  present  King,  is  a  young  man^  whonif 
report  speaks  more  favorably  of,  than  of  the  other  Princes, 
and  who,  if  treated  with  liberality,  may  be  secnred  as  ^ 
real  and  firm  friend.  If  it  be  admitted  therefore,  that 
Bear  neighbours  are  either  firm  friend?,  or  bitter  enemies^ 
we  ought  to  be  at  some  pains  to  secure  the  friendship  of 
this  Chief,  whose  aid,  if  he  were  inimical  to  our  Govern-r 
Bient,  might  enable  even  a  weak  enemy  to  attempt  and* 
persevere  in  that,  which,  without  the  King's  assistance, 
be  would  never  have  presumed*  to  undertake."  Tho^ 
present  'ling  has  two  Sons  growVT  np,  named  Tuanko 
Abdullah  and  Fiianko  Jakoob,  the  latter  his  favorite,  who* 
was  carried  off  by  the  Siamese  aad  has  beea  in  coDfiiieoieat 
ai.Ligore  ever  since.  .     ,i;  '.  r;;J> 


Part  J#  THB    MAtA^AN    PENINSULA.  157 

After  the  capture  of  Qnedah,  the  Rajah  of  Lfgore  os* 
tensibly  transferred  the  Government  of  that  Country  tor 
the  former  Sultan  or  Regent  Tleaoodeen,  (Uncle  of  the 
Ex-Rajah,)  who  was  very  old  and  infirm.  The  only  ob- 
ject of  this  policy  was  to  obtain  from  the  British  Govern* 
nient)  the  annual  subsidy  of  Ten  thousand  Dollars,  here-* 
tofore  paid  to  the  King  of  Quedah.  The  trick  was  too 
apparent  to  be  overlooked,  and  was  treated  as  it  merited, 
by  the  Pinang  Government,  when  an  application  was 
made,  in  Tleaoodeen's  name,  for  the  Money.  The  old 
Sultan,  worn  down  by  age  and  infirmity,  died  last  year. 

The  authority  and  particular  duties  of  the  Bandhara,' 
Laksamana,  Tamungongand  other  Ministers  and  Officers 
of  State,  with  the  etiquitte  of  the  Court,  &c.  will  be  found 
described  in  the  Undang  undang  or  Code  of  Laws  and 
Regulations  which  I  have  been  engaged  in  translating. 
The  Bandharais  the  first  Officer,  Treasurer  or  high  Ste-*" 
ward;  he  has  charge  of  all  the  King's  Vassals,  has  a  large 
Portion  of  land  and  a  certain  number  of  Ryots  to  ma'n'< 
tain  his  State.  He  is  the  ranger  or  Overseer  of  the  forest* 
and  lands*  He  is  General  of  the  Army  in  time  of  War. 
The  Laxsamanais  the  Admiral;  he  governs  all  the  Islands 
and  the  Kwala,  and  has  charge  of  the  Sea  Coast,  He  has 
a  great  number  of  Dependants.    '"      J 

Animals,  Birds,  Fish. — In  the  Forests  of  Quedah  and 
throughout  the  Peninsula,  are  to  be  found  an  ]mmen<;e 
variety  of  Animals,  of  which  the  principal  are  Elephants 
bliick  and  spotted,  Rhinoceros  designated  by  the   Ma<» 


15S        TIN  COlTNTaiBS  ON  TBR  WESTERN  COAST  OP        Ifart  3* 

lays  Badak  Himpit^  tain  pong  and  ray  a,  plaki  and  spotted^ 
several  species  of  the  Tiger,  viz,  Harimau  baiur,  Tu- 
ruiikasau,  the  spotted  and  black  Leopard,  Harimau  ktrnsv 
bang;  Tiger  Cats;  Buffaloes;  Wild  Bullocks,  called  Leoi* 
ber  Sapi,  very  handsome  and  powerful  Animals,  vfith 
particularly  fine  limbs  like  an  Elk,  and  their  horns,  \rhic& 
are- very  long,  resemble  those  of  the  large  Engli'^h  Bui* 
locks.  There  are  also  spotted  Deer,  Elk,  Antelopes, 
Mouse  Deer/  Civet  Cat,  Guanas^  Porcupines,  many  varied- 
ties  ofMon keys,  viz,  Kra,  Lotong,,Bruky.Siamang,  Wang-- 
sa,  Konkang  and  Mawa;  Bears,  Otters,  the  Sloth,  Foxes 
and  flying  Foxe>  and  Squirrels.  Of  Birds  there  is  an  end-^ 
less  variety;  but  their  plumage  is  little  valued,  except 
that  of  the  Argus  Pheasant  and  Peacock,  which  are  very 
numerous,.  The  Argus  Pheasant  frequents  the  most  loneFjf 
and  impenetrable  parts  of  the  forest,  is  naturally  a  very 
shy  bird,  and  when  caught,  di(ffcult  to  keep  alive.  Of 
Pheasants  there  are  many  beautiful  species.^  Fish  of  thQ- 
choicest  and  mo?t  delicate  description  is  extremely  abund* 
aj)t  in  every  part  of  the  Coast,  and  many  sorts  of  shelj 
fibh  areaho  procurablie.  It  would  be  in  vain  attempting, 
an  enumeration  of  the  various  kinds  which  are  obtainable^ 
1  po>sess  the  names  and  description  of  upwards  of  I5Q 
species*  The  Animal  production^  of  this,  valuable;  Country 
are  evea  surpassed  in  number  and  abundance  bj  those  of 
the  Vegetable  Kingdom,  of  which  I  sljiall  proceed  to  gifc.  Sf 
hmj  ^ketc^,^^.,^^^,^;.^e^^^ro^ 


Fart  3;^  th»  malayan^   fbninsula*^  159^ 

VxsGEtABtE  f  RODircTiONs.-^f  sfiall  af faiige  lliese  as  well' 
as  I  am  able,  under  their  respective  heads,  fram  the  in- 
formation of  the  natiyes,  beginning  with  the  largest  Trees 
of  the  Forest,  which  are  empioycd'  for  useful  purjwses,  and 
of  which  there  is  an  inexhaustible"  supply  on  the  moun« 
fains  of  Quedah,  and  indeed  throughout  the  Peninsula* 

Planks  and  Crooked  Timber  foU  Ships. — ^The  largiest 
Trees  which  furnish  the  best  Timber  for  Planks  and 
Timbers  for  Vessels,  are  the  SanjM,  Gram,  Chingal,  Tema-» 
ma  Batu,  Jati  Bnnga,  and  Meranti.  Some  of  these  Trees 
grow  to  a  pl'odigious  size^  and  the  Timber  of  all  of  them 
is  diirablev  ^''*"  ' 

Beaats  and  Posts  for  t^ousBs,  &c.— Tfiose  most  com* 
BQonly  u«ed  as  Pillars  and  Beams  for  Houses,  and  also  oc« 
casionally  in  Ship  building,  are  Temusu  Mas^  Medana^ 
Lilin,  M edang  Ramangi,  Medang  GataT,  Medan^  Lebar 
Daun,  Medang  Telur,  Medang  Payong,  Medang  Kaladi^ 
Medang  Tijar,  and  Dammar  Laut.  The  latter  is  unirer* 
sally  preferred  as  Beams  for  Houses  at  Prince  of  Walet 
Island. 

JPlanks  for  Houses  and  CoFFtNS, — For  Flooring  Planks 
and  other  purposes  of  that  nature,  the  Nangka  Pipit, 
Alban  Tandok,  Bungor  and  Ipil  are  generally  preferred. 
The  Pulei  is  used  for  Ooflins. 

Fdrniturb  Timber.— The  Trees  most  prized  for  maki* 
ing  Furniture  and  Cabinet  Work,  are  the  Bangas^  or 
Red.  Wood^  which  admits,  o^  afiaepoliahr    Theuextia 


160        TIN  COUNTRIES  ON  THB  WESTERN  COAST  OF        Part  2* 

e>tiiiiation    are    Mirbow,    Chichar,    Rasu  Puchu    Etam, 
Scraya,  '1  cmubuiaik  Karbau,  and  Arang,  or  Black  W  ood. 

Masts. — For  Masts  of  Ships,  the  Betangor  Batu,  or 
Red  Poon,  and  Betangor  Bunga,  or  White  Poon  have  beea 
generally    used. 

Flowering  Trees. — The  Natives  arc  very  partial  to 
the  Flowers  of  the  Pakulu,  Chumpa,  Kenanga  and  Sena^ 
all  which  Trees  grow  to  a  considerable  size,  and  are  very 
ornamental  in   Gardens. 

Kris  and  Sword  Handles  and  Musket  Stocks. — The 
Wood  of  the  Kamuning  and  Katanga  Trees,  are  used  for 
making  handles  for  Creeses,  Swords  and  other  side  Arms^ 
and  the  Nianiris  for  the  Stocks  of  Muskets  and  Match* 
locks. 

Oil  and  Dammar  Trebs.^ — Wood  Oil  is  principally 
extracted  from  the  KruingTree,  Uammar  and  Gums  fronti 
innumerable  Trees ;  Sala  is  a  Wood  used  by  the  Hhidoos 
for  burning  their  dead,  and  found  in  small  quantities, 
being  occasionally  exported  to  the  Coa^t  by  the  Chu4iah 
Yes-els.  * 

Medicinal  Trbbs. — From  the  Chenana  Jangi,  is  ex« 
tracfed  a  juice  efficacious  in  the  care  of  Bowel  Complaints, 
and  the  Mertajam  for  Head  Aches  and  Fever. 

Dyb  Wood  and  Perfume. — The  Sepang  and  Mang- 
kudu  are  in  plenty,  and  used  for  dyeing,  the  former  occa« 
.sionally  exported  in  small  quantities.  The  Gahru,  sa 
^mnch  prized  for  its  perfume  and  used  in  the  Temples  and 
.Keligious  edifices,  ia  also  a  natiYe  of  the  Pepiasula»  -^^^ 


Parts.  THB   I^ALATAN     PBMIKSlS^LA*  161 

Palms.-^— Of  the  Palm*  species,  tie  following  tarietief 
are  most  abundant  throughout  the  Peninsula,  viz.  the 
Nibong,  a  tall  slender  Palm  used  in  the  construction  of 
Native  Hoilses  for  Posts,  Flooring,  &c.  and  for  various 
other  purposes;  Inior,  the  Cocoanut,  the  largest  of  any  of 
the  Palms;  Pinang,  the  Betelnut,  resembling  the  Ni* 
hongi  Rambia,  from  which  the  Sago  is  procured,  much 
the  same  in  appearance;  Dangsa  and  Dudor,  two  other 
varieties  not  unlike  the  Betelnut,  but  applied  to  no  useful 
purpose ;  Serdang,  the  leaves  of  which  are  used  for  thatching 
Houses;  the  Tree  is  nearly  asarge  as  the  Cocoanut;  Anau, 
another  large  Palm  from  which  Sugar  and  Toddy  arc  ex« 
tracted,  and  a  substance  which  makes  Cables  and  Rope,  and 
Tal,  a  small  species  of  Cocoanut,  much  prized  by  the  na- 
ti ves.  This  is  a  low  Palm,  the  stem  is  enveloped  with  a  rough 
substance,  somewhat  resembling  coarse  sackcloth. 

Othsr  Trbbs  of  thb  Forest. — Besides  the  Pore?t 
Trees  before  enumerated,  as  applied  to  the  purposes  of 
Ship  and  House  building,  &c.  there  are  many  others  of  in* 
ferior  quality  occasionally  used  for  such  and  other  purposes, 
viz.  Tangar,  Mamba,  Kilim,  Bruas,  A  pi  Api,  Bakow, 
Dedap,  Mangkudu  Besar,  Budi,  Ara,  Ara  Lampong,  Je« 
jawi,  Bubaru,  Sungkei,  Saga  Besar,  Makoyan,  Jeliti,  Bn- 
koi,  Tampinis,  Nipis  Kulit,  Galat,  Galam,  Mati  Anak, 
Langkadei,  Prapat,  Atool,  Balang,  Chemunar,  Pulat^ 
Chingking,  Bubuta» 

Rattans. — There  arc  seventeen  varieties  of  the  Rotas 
Dr  Rattan,  viz.  Semambu,  Batu,  Sini,  Bubuar,  Dullanan^ 


162        TIN  COUNTRIES  ON  THE  WESTEKN  COAST  OF        Part  2* 

Bakow,  Halban,  Hifang,  Gain,  Pasir,  Sabut,  Jernang, 
Tawar,  Pai,  Teling,  Dini  and  Sega^ 

Bamboos. — Of  Bamboos  elcTen  sorts,  viz.  Biilu  Betong, 
Aour  Dini,  x^our  Miniak,  Aour  Gading,  China,  Kechil, 
Pai,  Mati  Ruas,  Belalei,  Ipi,  Timiang. 

Flowers. — The  Malor,  Pengaga,  Chumpaka,  Pekulaf, 
Randa,  Mator  Susuii,  Susan  Kalapa,  Ganda  SuH,  Paridi, 
Snndal  and  Malor  Uiao  are  the  princijml  Flowers  and 
Shrubs  culliTated  by  the  Malays,  and  sold  in  the  market 
phices,  forming  as  they  do,  a  part  of  the  ornaments  of  the 
Musicians  and  Dancers  at  their  nautches,  and  made  great 
use  of  in  their  marriage  Ceremonies* 

Fruit  Trees. — Few  Conn  tries  possess  such  a  vast  pro* 
fusion  of  Fruits,  most  of  which  grow  spontaneously  without 
any  cuhure.  The  first  Fruit  in  the  estimation  of  the  na* 
tives  themselves  is  the  Durian,  well  known  for  its  pecu* 
liarly  powerful  odoriferous  qualities.  Of  Mangoes  (Mam- 
pahim)  there  are  five  varieties,  viz.  the  Mampalam, 
Mampalam  Siam,  Achec,  Bamban  and  Telur,  besides 
four  v^orts  of  Wild  Maugoes  called  Machang,  Machang 
Chupah,  Siku  and  Lada.  Of  the  Jambu  (a  species  of 
Apple)  there  are  the  Jambu  Kling  Merah,  (red)  Ayer 
Mawa,  (which  tastes  like  Rose  Water,)  Jambu  Biji,  the 
Guava,  Irongthe  Cashew  Apple,  and  another  sort  called 
Brit  is.  Of  the  Jack  species,  there  are  the  Chumpadar, 
Isangka,  Nangka  Bubor,  and  Nangka  Belulong.  Of  the 
Orange  kind,  the  Limau  Kadangsa,  Manis,  China,  Chim* 
bul,  Kapas,  Nipisy  Pagar,  Karbauy  Kinsi  and  Krat  Lioo 


Part   2.  THE   IttAl/AYAN    PBNIXSULA*  163 

tang.  The  Mangoostan,  Rambufani  Duka,  Langsaf, 
Tampoya,  and  Tampoui,  all  delicious  fruits,  are  in  the 
greatest  profusion.  Besides  these  are  the  following,  some 
of  which  are  entirely  Jungle  fruits,  and  some  partially 
cultivated,  viz.  Belimbing  Bulu,  and  BelimbingLinching^ 
Rumia,  Tampal,  Jejinti,  Setool,  Setial,  Deliraa,  Krangi 
Lutong,  Kandes  Besar,  Asam  .lawa,  Ramuyia  Subuiar« 
naman,  Galugor^  Chermei,  Kadanda,  Pupur  Tambun, 
Pupur  Dendang,  Krikop  Besar,  Krikop  Buru,  Sanga, 
Pauk,  Bedara,  Punti,  Blnjal,  Binda,  Lanjaf,  Sepam,  Jaa« 
gas,  Setar,  Ramnngei,  Kedaha,  Berimbang,  Kaletu, 
and  nineteen  species  of  Plantains,  viz.  Plsang  Gading^ 
Jelei,  Susu,  Burtatua,  Udang,  Paib,  Amas,  Bengala,  Mas 
Ayer,  Mas  Utan,  Kelat,  Kelat  Barat,  Kelat  Ayer,  Benga- 
la tiada  Biji,  Pendit,  Raga,  Bagaran,  Berasa,  and  Chan- 
gal  Petri,  , 

SuGAft  Cane.— The  Sugar  Cane  grows  in  the  greatest 
perfection,  and  is  eaten  by  the  Malays  in  large  quan- 
tities. There  are  three  sorts,  viz.  Belong,  Mera,  anil 
Rotan.  '        .-;»:.. 

Culinary  Vecetables. — The  most  commonly  culti- 
vated Vegetables  are  the  Trortg,  or  Brinjal,  sometimes 
called  the  Egg  plant,  of  which  there  are  six  varieties,  viz. 
Trong  duda  Haruan,  Panjang,  Rapn,  Prat,  Pipit,  and 
Belanda.  Of  Chillis  there  are  the  Chabei  besa-^,  Chabei 
chuchuk,  and  Chabei  sundal.  Of  Peas,  or  Pulse,  Ka- 
chang  Sepat,  Kalissa,  Chemara  putih,  Cheaiara  mera  and 
Kaya.     Of  Sayur  Bayam,  there  are  six  sorts  used  by  the 


164        TIN  COUNTRIBS  ON  THS  WBSTERN  COAST  OP        Par|  2« 

Malays,  tiz.  Bayam  benar,  Merah,  Uraah,  Duri,  Tubah 
and  Rusak*  Of  the  Cucumber  kind,  three  sorts,  tis. 
Timon  batang,  Ringan  and  Batik,  besides  three  other 
kinds  of  bitter  Cucumbers  called  Patola  Linehin,  Belim* 
bing  and  Ular.  Pumpkins,  Labu  Mera  and  Labu  Ayer* 
Yams  and  Svreet  Potatoes  are  cultivated  at  all  the  Ma- 
la} an  States  on  the  Peninsula,  and  the  Malays  are  never 
at  loss  for  Vegetable  substances  to  mix  in  their  Curries, 
as   the   Woods  produce  innumerable  esculent  plants  and 

Minerals — Allusion  has  already  been  made  to  th<^ 
Tin  Mines  with  which  the  Peninsula  abounds.  Gold  is 
alsofound  in  several  places,  and  in  the  Quedah  Country, 
there  is  abundance  of  Iron  Ore,  similar  lo  that  manu- 
factured by  the  Siamese  into  Quallies  and  Cooking  Uten- 
sils, of  which  very  large  quantities  are  imported  annually 
into  the  British  Settlements  by  the  Chinese  Junks  from 
Bangkok., 

To  the  Southward  of  the  Quedah  River  are 


*»**" 


TABANGO W*  ; 


A  very  small  Rirer^  with  a  Village  of  20  Hoaseirr 


Part  3*  THB   MALAYAN     PBNLNSULA«  165 

■•     V-;.;:'.:     ■    SALAH.  <  ; 


A  little  wider^  with  a  Village  of  10  Houses, 


.<f:^,t  ;.*.      t    iv  .  »/ 


BADAK.  RUGA.  IAN. 


With  several  small  Villages  and  100  Houses*  These 
are  scarcely  larger  than  RiFulets,  and  only  one  ProW 
can  pass  at  a  time.  This  last  place  is  celebrated  for 
Fruit,  particularly  Dorians. 


li^nkiV:  f  'l\ 


MIRBOW. 


Is  thus  described  by  Milburn.  *^  About  18  Miles  to 
the  Southward  of  Quedah;  it  is  a  large  Hirer,  deep  and 
rapid.  The  Water  here  always  fre<»h  to  the  Sea;  the 
heavy  surge  which  breaks  upon  this  shore  during  the 
S,  W.  Monsoon,  has,  by  opposing  the  Current  from  the 


166        TIN  COl/KtiliV  ON  T^E  WSST'ERK  COAST  OP        Part^  21 

River,  formed  a  dangerous  Sand  ££ank,  extending  three 
Miles^out  to  the  Sea,  and  on  which  there  is  only  a  fathom 
Water..  This  lliver  is  however  convenient  on  account  of 
its  situation  with^  the  Tin  Mines.  The  Annual  produce 
here  is  about  1000  Piculs.  This  small  iqban tit jiJI  hotr 
however,  owing  to  the  scarcity  of  Ore,  but  to  the  want 
of  hands,,  and  to  the  few  people  employed.''  To  the 
North wafd  of  this  River,  about  6  or  7  Miles,  are  four 
Islands  caliied  the  Boontings,  named  Boonting,  Sonson,  Pin- 
gyl,  Bidang,  signifying  literally.  Pregnant,  quickly,  calU 
Midwife.  These  Islands  are  well  known  as  the  favorite* 
i:?:iort  of  Turtle,  and  Pirates.  Close  to  the  Southern  point 
of  the  River,  are  two  Hills,  called  Bukic  Pinjara,  and 
]^nkit  Pitri,  where  there  are  several  small  Batteries.  Ta 
the  left  of  the  Muda,  about  twenty-fire  Miles  in  the  in* 
tei  ior,  is  the  lofty  Mountain  called  Gunong  Jerei^  whosd 
sharp  Peak  forms  an  excellent  Land  Mark  for  Naviga- 
tors making  the  Island  of  Pinang.  The  Natives  have 
many  fabulous  traditions  concerning  this  Mountain,  and 
believe,  that  there  is  an  evil  Spirit  residing  upon  the 
Peak.  A  peculiar  and  savage  race  of  people,  called 
Seniang,  are  found  upon  and  near  the  base  of  the  Moun- 
tain Jerei.  .  The  Mirbow  unites  with  the  Quedah  River 
in  the  interior,  by  a  channel,  called  Simpang  Rambei^ 
and  near  Pulo  Tiga,  or  three  Islands,  which  are  iiK 
the  centre  of  the  River,  half  a  day's  pull  up,  is  a  canal' 
.of  communication  with  the  Kwala  Muda^  which  was  cut» 
by  the  present  King  a  few  years  ago.     The  following 


Part  2.  THB    MAlAYAN   PENINStfLAi  t&T 

Streams  falf  into  the  Mirbow  between  the  niouth*  a»d 
the  distance  of  twenty-four  hours  puU  up;  vizk 

Snngei  Mirbow  to  the  left  with  a  Villageof  GO'Houaes. 

Sungei  Dedap  to  the  rfght. none". . .;..•*.;... « 

Siingei  Birgang- .  . . .  ^left. . . .  ^ ; .'  . .  ^.'. . .  30^     ,,' 

Simgei  Batu^': ...  - .  .^. do.. . . . . . .  none. ...  v,  ...;.# 

'     Sungei  Pataml .... .  -right- ... .  ....  .^  %  -  . . . . . ; . ',  .4 

At  Pulo  Tiga  or  Three  Islands-  ..... . . .    100      „ 

Sungei  Limbing  on  the  left  . .  • : 30      jy 

'    Sungei  Til kang. .. — right- . . .  .-.  none. . .  ^  .  i  * . .- -• 

•    Sungi6i  Ayer  Nasi left ........ , .  • 

SuiVgei  Geta. . ...... .right-. 

Pankalan  Ass^m  on  the  left   Bank   of  the  "W    ^ 

Main  Stream -.....»...  i ».i:.>  '*^ 

Bidung  on  the  right  - ..*-.-.;......  i,  5      ^ 


Total     227   Houses 


which,  at  ah  average  of  five  Inhabitants  to  each,  gives  a 
Population  of  1,135  Souls  on  the  Banks  of  the  Mirbow; 
When  the  Siamese  took  possession. 


MUDA. 


•^.-1-.  T*^/ 


This  forms  the  Northern  boundary  of  the  Bfonorabfe 
Company's  Territories  on  the  Main*    The  mouth  of  thii 


168        TIN  COVNTRIBS  ON  THE  WESTEaN  COAST  OP        Part.  2, 

River  is  nearly  directly  opposite  (he  small  Island,  called 
Pulo  Tikus,  off  the  Northern  Point  of  Pinang.  There  is 
a  very  shallow  Bar  at  the  entrance,  which  renders  it  dif- 
ficult for  Prows  to  enter  when  it  blows  hardr  This  Rirer 
is  extremely  rapid,  and  inside  the  Bar^has2,  3  and  4 
fathoms  in  some  places*  Its  source  is  at  the  foot  of  the 
Mountain  Sablah  in  the  Patani  Country.  On  the  op^ 
posite  side,  the  Patani  Rirer^  which  empties  itself  on  the 
Eastern  side  of  the  Peninsula,  also  take  its  rise,  and  it 
is  positively  asserted  by  the  Malays,  that  the  Perak  River 
has  its  source  at  the  base  of  the  same  Mountain^  which 
is  remarkable,  the  mouths  of  two  Rivers  being  distant 
about  a  degree  and  half  of  Latitude^  The  fact  is  con« 
firmed,  however,  by  the  Rajah  of  Perak's  Letter  to  the 
King  of  Quedah  in  1814,  in  which  he  says^  "  the  Patani 
people  have  attacked  our  Country,  and  taken  possession 
of  our  Tin  Mines.** 

On  the  left   bank  of  the  River,   about  a  Mile,  op^  is  a   - 
miserable  Village  called  Kota  Lama,   where  there  are  tho  t 
remains   of  an   old  Brick  Fortification.     After  passing  tb(S  , 
Company's  Territory,  which  extends  only  three  mile»  iu« 
land,  there  h  another  Village  on  the  left  bank,  called  Kotn^ 
Aom;  to  the  right,  a  small  Stream  called  Sungei   Udangr 
About   two  days  pull  up,  there  is  a  junction   of  the   tw<^ 
Streams  which  form  the  Muda.     To  the  right  is  a  Village 
called  Katumba,  containing  20  Houses;   a  short  distance 
above  this,  is  a  small  Stream  to  the  rights  called  Sungei  . 
KupoDg,  with  20  Uousest     Another  to  the  left,  Sungei  Lc«  . 


Fart  ?•  THE   MALAYAN    PBNINSULA«  169 

mau  25  Houses,  andto  the  right,  riot  far  beyond  the  lastj 
h  Sungei  Pulei,  five  days  jonrney  in  Boats  ffani  the  mow tb 
of  th€  River,  vrhere  there  fs  a  gniall  Town,  with-  100 
Honses.  The"  Q'uedafr  authority  extends  as  far  as  this* 
Hiere  it  is  the  Tin,  which  is  carried  across  from  the  Mines 
of  Kroh,  is  put  into  small  Boats  to  bring  down  the  River» 
Nearly  opposite  Pulei,  is  a  lofty  mountain  called  Gimong 
Wang,  and  above  this,  a  small  Tributary  Stream,  Sungei 
Bungor^  with  a  srtiaH  Viibge  of  20  Houses,  A  very  short 
distance  from  this,  are  Kalian  Mas,  Ampat  Aycr,  Kroh^ 
and  Kalian  Intan^  on  the  principal  Tin  Mines  in  the  Fa* 
tani  Country^ 
From  Kroh  to  a  place  called  Kapih,  Is  one  day's  journeyi 

,y     Kapih  to  Beetong,  a  quarter  of  a  day* 

^,     Beetong  to  Rambong  the  same* 

,,     Rambong  to  Jarongthesame.  HerePanguliiMahomi 
ed,the  principal O wner of  theTin  Mines  resides^ 

„     Jarong  to  Kota  Baru,  five  days*  ♦ 

All  the  beforementioned  places  are  under  the  authority 
of  the  Rajah  of  Kota  Baru,  named  Tuan  Raman.  At 
the  distance  of  a  few  days  journey  round  Kota  Biiru,  in 
the  Patani  Country,  are  numerous  Petty  States,  under  dif- 
fent  Rajahs,  or  independent  Chiefs,  of  which  the  following 
are  the  principal. 

From  Kota  Baru  to  Belong,  10  days.  The  Chief  is  Rajah 
Belong,  Here  Gold  is  obtained;  about  10 
Catties  in   the  year. 

i.     Ditto  to   Ligi  2  days,  under  Rajah  Belong. 


jr 

99 

jr 

M 

5» 

»» 

9» 

W 

99 

51 

170        TIN  COUNTRIES  ON  THE  WESTERN  COAST  OF       Part  2« 

From  Kota  Seepoh  4   days,  under   Ahiang.  Nit  Besar^  ,^ 
jy.    Ditto  Jala  1  dajj  under  Tuan  Sisik. 

Sei  2  days,. under  Neckdah^  I  ^         , 

Nochi2  days,  under  Tuan  TangaKj-  ^  -  ..^  ^  ^  , 
Kwala   Bukka3days,  Tuan  Besar*^      r^    .. 
Pankalan  2  days.  Rajah  Jerringr 
Jambu  2day§,^  Rajah  JambiK- 
The  Country  is  represented   to  be  extremely  popiilbn^J* 
and    must  be  so^  as  in    1820,  Syed  Allee,  Nephew  of  Ma-^ 
lacca  Tuanko  Syed    Hanied  of  Patani,  whose  Country  fj 
Kamoja,  had  then^  by  his  own  account,  40,000  disposeablo 
fighting   Men,  "besides   what   he  could  obtain    from   his 
ueighbouring  Malayan  Ailies,-and  he  proposed  ta subdue 
the  States  of  Sangora,  Ligor,  and  Mandelong,  if  the  Bri- 
tish Government  would  co-operate,  and  take  the  capital  of 
Siam.     lii  soliciting  an  Alliance  with  the  British  Govern-^ 
ment   at  thattimcy  as  his  neighbour  the  King  of  Kallantaa- 
did    la>t  year,  whoin    fact  offered  his  Country  to  the  En-- 
glish,^  reserving  for  himself  half  the  Revenues,  Syed  Ha*- 
Mied  holds  out   as  an.  inducement,  that '^  the  Exports  oP 
Patani  are  In  arising  from  Gold  Mines ;.  2ndly  the   Tiif 
Mines,. Salt  Chokies  and  Cardamums,  and  in  all  the  Islands^ 
much  profit  may  be  obtained  fram  Bird  Nests^,  Tin,   and 
Kasturi  Wood.'^ 

Tin. — At  Kroh  Tin  Mines,  there  have  been  .usually 
50  Bahars,  and  at  Kalian  Intan  close  to  it  200  Bahars,  an- 
nually obtained.  One  Ganton  of  Ore  produces  7  Bidor^ 
1  Bidor  is  2-^  Catties.     The  Tin  is  carried  down  to  Pulei 


Paris.  THB    MALAYAN     PENINSULA*^  171 

upoiv  Elephants  and  Buffaloes,  the  \jsiial  load  for  an  Ele*' 
phant  being  one  Bahar,  and  for  a  BuflTaloe  half  that  quaa* 
tity  or  1~  Piciil.  There  are  great  obstructions  at  present 
to  bringing  the  Tin -down  the  ICwala  j^rnda,  being,  infested 
bj  Prrates,  some  of  the  refugees  from  Quedah  aud  the 
Lancavy  Islands.*  The  Tin  Ore  is  put  into^a  large  Pot 
with  a  hole  in  the  bottom,  mixed  with  Charcoal;  under- 
Death  is  a  QuaUie  or  Iron  Pot,  madeat  Siam,  tooontaia 
the  Pure  Metal,  and  a  pair  of  rudely  constructed  BcU 
lows,  called  Pengumbus,  fastened  abdrcr 

Cattle  are  very  abundant  in  the  Patani  Country,  Buf- 
faloes and  Bullocks  from  1  to  3  each,*  Goats  ^  to  ^  of  a 
Dollar,  Fawls  2  per  100,  and  Rice  is  generally  25  Gantons 
per  Dollar,  or  two  Maunds  and  an  eighth. 

We  now  come  to  the  Territory  of  the  Honorable  Com- 
pany,  which  extends  from  the  Southern  bank  of  the 
Kwala  Muda,  to  the  Northern  bank  of  the  Kriah,  a  dis- 
tance of  about  ~  a  degree.  I  shall  briefly  enumerate  the 
Rivers  on  this  part  of  the  Coast;  an  account  of  the  Villages, 
Population,  &c^  falling  more  properly  under  the  head  of 
Finang« 

*  Since  this  waf  written  a  coniiderable  floppTjr  of  Tin  hai  been  <  btained  froa 
the  Patani  Coantrf  through  the  judicioat  arrangements  of  Mr.  Maingy,  ihjs 
Soperintendeot  of  Wellealj  P^?ince  and  there  ii  erer/  prospect  of  an  increasing 
Trade, 

•  ScTcral  hondrcd  Head  of  Cattle  have  lately  beea  broaght  doira  from  C&* 
Patani  Cottntry  to  Froviace  Welletly* 


172     Tin  couKXftifs  U.N  xas  TV£STsaN  COAST  OF     Fart  3* 

BUKKAH. 


Is  the  next  to » the  Ewala  Muda,  a  very  diminutirtir 
Stream,  about  five  miles  to  the  Southward,^  ia  whicli'' 
Prows  onljT  of  the  imal!est  sfze  can  enter  at  high  Water.r- 
Here  is  the  principal  Settlement  on  the  Company's  TerritCN' 
rj  on  the  maioj..  where  the  Superintendent  resides^ 


PRYEL 


Is  abreast  of  the  North  part  of  Pinang,  called  Ftaf 
Point,  where  George  Town  stands.  This  River  goes  about 
20  miles  through  a  Flat  Country,  with  a  rery  winding 
course  to  where  it  diminishes  into  a  small  Rivulet.  There 
Is  a  small  Trus  or  Channel  of  communication  with  the 
Muda.  Captain  Forest  in  the  Fly  Eetch,  escaped  from 
the  Dutch  Cruizer  whieh  chased  him  out  of  Quedah  Roads, 
by  rowing  up  this  River,  while  the  Dutch  thought  he  had 
passed  between  Pinang  and  the  Main.  There  is  a  Mud 
Bar  at  the  entrance,  with  12  or  13  feet  Water,  and  it  car- 
ries  3  fathoms  to  near  its  source^  and  the  Channel  which 


Part  2;^  THE    MALAYAN    PENINSULA.'  175 

leads  from  the  Kvrala  Muda,  is  only  navigable  for  the 
smallest  Canoes.  There  are  several  Villages  on  its  banks 
beyond  the  limits  of  the  Company's  Territory,  viz.  Kota, 
Kampong  Tuanko  Solyman,  where  the  King  of  Quedah's 
Brother  has  resided  some  years,  and  Labn  Bunting.  To 
the  Southward  of  Kota,  are  two  Hills  called  Bukit  JuUu* 
tong  and  Gerak  Ipok. 


JOOROO. 


Is  a  small  River,  about  three  miles  to  the  Southward  of 
Prye.  On  the  right,  is  a  remarkable  Hill,  called  Bukit 
Bagan  Nanas,  and  about  two  miles  inland  on  the  left, 
Bukit  Xangah. 


JUNJONG, 


Is  the  next  small  River.  On  the  right  side  is  Pulo  or 
Bukit  Batu  Kawan,  an  Island  close  to  the  main  which 
extends  along  shore  about  1^  mile,  and  fronting  this,  aro 
two  Islands  called  Pulo  Kra,  or  Monkey  Islands;  to  the 
Southward   of  which  are 


174      TiiX  COUNTRIES  ON.  Tflfr  wBSTBnN  COAST  OF      Part  2. 

BATU  KAWAN.  TANGAR. 
CHANGKAT  KALIDANG. 


three  very  inconsiderable  Streams  and  then  comes  the 
River  which  forms  the  Boundary  between  the  Honorable- 
Cojnpaaj's  territory  and  the  State  of  I'erak,  called 


KRIAN, 


which  has  lately  been  frequented  by  some  of  the  Malayr 
who  have  fled  from  Quedah.  Up  this  River,  Rattans  arc 
obtaineci.  After  passing  a  prominent  Poiut^  called  Tan- 
jong  Belana^  the  next  Ri?er  is  * 


TIANG. 


Here  there  are  no  Inhabitants ;.  but  h  is  a  favorite  resorC 
of  the  Pirates,  who  have  cleared  away  a  very  pretty  Spot 
near  the  entrance,  where  they  land  and  enjoy  themselves 
smoking  Opium,  Cockfighting,  &c.  Passing  another 
Point,  Tanjong  Piandang,  the  next  River  »     > 


FdrtSt  THE    MALAYAN     PENINSULA.'  175 

SELINGSING, 


also  wilHbiit   rnhabitant$5  and-  frequented  by  Pirates  at 
certui a  Seasons,  usually  in  October  and  NoTcmber. 


SEPITANG. 


Is  a  W](Te  River,  but  there  is  a  very  extensive  IMTud  Flaf^ 
which  lines  the  whole  Coast  from  Kriaii  to  Trong,  which 
renders  it  impossible  for  any  but  small  vessels  to  enter 
these  Riversy  some  of  which  are  deep  inside.  These  afford 
a  safe  retreat  for  the  Pirate  Prows,  which  cannot  be  pur^i 
sued  by  our  Cruizers.  Here  there*  are  about  50  Houses^ 
and  250  lahabitants. 


SANG  AH  KECHIL  and  S  ANGAH 

BESAU. 


Are  also  wide  and  deep  Rivers,  but  no  Inhabitants  on 
their  banks. 


176     TIN  eouNxarss  on  the  westbrn  coast  of     Part  2* 

LAROOT. 


,  Is  wide,  but  shallow.     There  are  about  100  Houses  up 
this  River.    .. 


TRONG. 


As  large  as  the  Prye,  but  extends  farther  into  the  in- 
terior. Here  a  good  deal  of  Tin  is  brought  down  from 
the  Perak  mines.  There  are  about  fifty  Hou-^e«,  and  two 
hundred  and  fifty  Inhabitants.  The  Village  of  Sayong, 
near  which  the  Tin  is  obtained,  is  four  days  sail  up  the 
River,  from  the  entrance. 


JARONG  MAS. 


Another  pretty    considerable   River,   with   about  50 
Housei  on  iti  banks» 


Parts.  THE    MALAYAN     FfiNINSULl.  177 

BRUAS, 


Is  another  small  Stream;  there  arc  40  or  50  Housiss. 


KORAU, 


Is  the  next,  awfde  and  rapid  Rirer.  A  few  mHca  to 
the  Southward  of  this  River,  is  an  Island  called  Pulo  Ta« 
lang,  which  abounds  with  Tin  Ore,  it  is  sard;  and  between 
this  Island  and  the  Main,  is  a  Channel  for  small  Vesself 
called  Salat  Fulo  Talang,  or  the  Straits  of  Talang.  Op- 
posite the  South  point  of  this  Island,  is  another  Rirer, 
caUed 


GALAM, 


«nd  a  little  farther  on 


178       TIN  COUNiaiES  OK  THB  \fESTERK  COAST  07       Fart  2#^ 

PUSSUYIU, 


botli  small  Streams  withottt  InhabitatitSr  About  a  mfler 
to  the  Southward  of  the  last,  is  a  very  prominent  point, 
Tanjong  Chechnran  Hantu,  after  rounding  which,  are 
the  two  Islands  of  Pulo  Pankour  Laut,  and  Pankour  Da-- 
rat.  Vessels  of  considerable  burthens  can  enter  the  Straits 
formed  by  the  greater  Pankour  and  the  Mai  a.  After 
passing  the  Northern  Point  of  the  greater  Pankour,  there 
is  a  deep  indented  Bay,  formmg  nearly  a  Semicircle  on 
the  Island,  \Th?ch  is  a  favorite  anchorage  for  Prows,  and 
which  is  called  by  the  Malays  Labuhan  Bilik,  or  the 
Iloom  Anchorage*     Nearly  opposite  this  is 


:lMCt 


BINDING, 


a  wide  and  deep  River  at  the  entrance,  capable  of  ad- 
mitting Vessels  of  a  large  size.     About  7  Miles  up,  is       J 
a  Village  under  a  Chief  of  Salengore,  containing  about 
forty  Houses.     Tin's  River   does   not   extend  above  20/    J 
Miles  into  the  interior.    To  the  Southward  of  Pankour,^ 


Part   2»  THE   MALAYAN    PENINSULA.  ,  .  179 

IS  a  small  Island  called  Piilo  Kata,  and  from  the  Southern 
Point  on  the  Main  directly  opposite,  commences  a  deep 
Bay,  called  Teliik  Batu,  between  which  and  the  Pcrak 
River,  which  lies  opposite  the  Sambilang,  or  Nine  Islands, 
are  the  following  small  Rivers,  (after   passing 


PULO    I^ANIiOUR. 


The  large  Pankour  is  in  Lat.  4*  16'  North.  It  if 
divided  from  the  Main  by  a  narrow  Strait  about  one  and 
a  half  mile  to  one  and  three  quarters  in  width.  It  a- 
bounds  in  Canes,  Rattans,  Oil  giving  Trees,  Dammar, 
and  Crooked  Timber  for  Ships.  It  is  also  said,  that  Tin 
IS  found  on  the  Island.  The  Water  is  excellent,  the  Har- 
bour safe,  and  it  is  in  every  respect,  a  most  eligible  Spot 
for  a  small  Settlement  and  forming  a  Depot  for  the  Tin 
collected  in  the  neighbouring  Countries  of  Perak,  Sal  en- 
gore,  and  Colong.  The  ruins  of  a  Dutch  Fort,  bearing  an 
Inscription  17^3,  are  still  visible.  Tin  Ore  is  also  said 
to  have  been  found  at  the  adjoining  Islands  of  Pulo  Kata 
and  Pulo  Talang.  At  the  latter  place,  a  Mine  was  wrought 
a  few  years  ago,  by  Rajih  Hussien,  Son  of  the  King  of 
Salengore,  when  he  resided  at  the  Dindings.  The  Island 
is  in  the  direct  tract  of  Ships  passing  down  the  Straits  of 
Malacca,  and  they  indeed  generally  pass  within  a  few  miles^ 
of  .it,,  viz,  _•  ::,^:^/v-s^- _  -    ,:j:r/'— ^ioi::;  ^  ,-  ...     :.-:i 


180        TIN  COUKXftlBS  ON  THB  WBSTEEN  COAST  OP        Krtf  'S? 

f     PENDUT  OR  PUCHAT»'^«  ; 

?;-:!  'nii  T^/lH  :;/'?•>'   -Ji*':  «i\Nl     ..i>;. 


without  Inhabitants*  ,,       ,   ,        *    '     .   -  :, 

TERAM,  XUMBONG,  AGAS. 

On  the  banks  of  which  three  small  Rirers  arc  altogether 
about  200  Houses.  There  is  a  prominent  point  to  the? 
Northward  of  the  Perak  River,  after  passing  Sungei  ikgaa^ 
called  Tanjong  Kelam*         • 

The  Current  from  this  large  Riror  runs  "so  strong,  that 
at  the  distance  of  a  mile  from  the  mouth,  the  Water  it 
quite  fresh)  during  the  rainst     It  will  admit  a  yessel  draw«^ 


P^rtS.  THB   MALAYAX     PBMNSULA*,  181 

•     ■  ■  ■  •      '  i  ' 

ing  12  feet;  but  the  Channel  is  intricate,  and  the  Bar 
hard  sand.  There  is  only  one  dangerous  shoal  in  the 
lliver  whicli  is  navigable  for  large  vessels  as  far  as  Tan- 
jong  Putns,  where  the  Dutch  formerly  had  a  factory,  and 
the  bottom  is  soft  Mud.  Both  sides  of  the  lliver  are  low 
and  swampy  except  one  Spot  about  five  milc^  from  the 
entrance,  where  there  formerly  was  a  Fort,  called  Setia, 
and  where  the  ground  is  a  little  more  elevated,  though, 
during  the  rains,  sometime^  partially  overflowed. 

Several  large  Streams  fall  into  the  Perak  and  the  smal- 
ler Streams  or  Anak  Sungei,  as  they  are  called  by  the 
Malays,  are  innumerable.  The  natives  reckon  the  tributa- 
ry Streams  of  the  Perak  at  nine  hundred  and  ninety  nine; 
but  this  is  merely  a  figurative  way  of  conveying  the  idea 
of  a  vast  number,  which  they  have  never  given  ihemsel^e* 
the  trouble  of  taking  a  correct  account  of,  I  shall  novr 
proceed  to  enumerate  the  principal  Streams  and  Villages, 
with  an  estimate  of  the  number  of  Houses,  as  detailed  to 
me  by  several  of  the  best  informed  natives  of  the  Country, 
united  to  my  personal  observation,  premising  however, 
that  1  do  not  vouch  for  the  accuracy  of  the  native  state- 
ments, which,  imperfect  and  inaccurate  as  they  are, 
perhaps,  may  nevertheless  serve  to  convey  a  more  correct 
idea  of  the  population  of  the  Country,  than  has  been 
heretofore  possessed. 

The  following  small  Streams  fall  into  the  Perak  River 
Tiithin  the  distance  of  seven  or  eight  miles  from  its  mouth, 
viz,  Sungei  Kling,  Sungei  Teram,  Udang  Udang  Kechil, 


182        TIN  COUKTRIES^ON  THE  WESTERN  COAST  OP        fa,ri'1L. 


•v^:>i 


Giyan  Giyan   Kechil,    Kwala  Dedap  is,a  large  Stream  ^ 
which  falis^  in  oa  the  left,   au4   receives  three  smaller^ ' 

viz.  ■■    ;..  ,.  r  ))r   j^/:-,.   r;  .,;r.:^-  n.  ixitMli  ::}i^f  -^^ri.  'i-sxt  - 
PahTawat,  on  which  are  ^0  Houses.^      .     •  ^^i    ~:(^ 
Sirih-...:    ....    ....    140.  .-  ^  V.^.,..h  iis>>.k:i;- 

Dalang    ..;.    •j**.    ^.   60  U;  ^  :^^^'^   ^-Itj,  ? 
Opposite  Kwala  Dedap,    another  falls  in  to  the  right,.: 
called   Siingei    Feiiidlahan,     ihe    Tributary    Streams    of 
•which  are  '  •     '\-  ■  '    ■'"    ".    / 1.^  ■-* '.:m  :'^  •-;-'^ 

Dalang  with  a  Village  of  70  Houses^  ^ '  hri^v^K 
•    Sirih'.JiV/iiyyw^.v...  60     \^^^'  '-K'm^M-^'-^^ 


8» 


Palawat'':.::,w"^v^^/^..  30  ^-ii'^>-^nm^»??,^H'^^4.i 


Beyond  the  Dedap,  on  the  right  and  left  are  Pafcoltt, 
Tomanda,  Simpang  Binjei  and  HarroWan,  with  seVeral* 
small  Villages  containing  80  Houses. '('-*-^*i'^yV  >3rv.;i::r> 
A  short  distance  above  the  last  is  Tanjong  Putiis,  where 
the  Dutch  Fort  formerly  stood,  called  Kota  Wolanda  or 
Belanda;  then  the  small  Streams  called  Batu  Kiibit  Jeja- 
wi,  Dorian,  Jelawat,  U dang  Abu,  Kubu  and  Matania^ 
with  several  small  straggling  VillagesJ!?/:!:^^   r?;\ 

Kwala  Bidor  is  the  next,  a  large  branch,  on  the  bank* 
of  whiph  are  the   following  Villages,  vizl'f     •  ?     %,    Vd  v- 
Kijai   witV.^^,.  ..^  20  Housis,^ -^^  •  ;l;:^^|;j?J 
Rasau  Raball...:.  ^  40     ^     ^  "^  ';>  /  ^  (?r^^ 
Teluk  Change  KaH^t  2^.;:;;;^?''^' \,^^ 
Sirdang  *..^...:,V:..:46^;;;'«i^rw'' "J";'. 
Checkossan  .^J.  ^;,  765  wJ-'i! 


Part's.      '      «^   ^'THE    MALlLij^N'TZVlufS^Lji^'  '^'        "^i^ 

Above  KwalaBidor  is  Sungci  Pukalei  with  . .  30  ItouseV, 
SuDgei  Benang,  Mad;  Lumut  and  Kwala  Padang;  up  the 
last  are  the  Villages  of  Digong  with  20  Houses.        " 

jaiiibi  .^ ...;.; 80   '^:^^ 

Padang  Sri   ..  ..   20       „ 
Jeram  Mirbow  -  -   30    *  ^,  opposite 
the  last  3  small  Islands,  Pulo  Tiga....  20    *  ^'   '^      '    '^^ 

Nearly  opposite  the  Batang  Padang  is  a  bay  called  Te- 
Ink  Penada  with  a  Village  containing  40  Houses  and  a 
small  Island  on  the  right,  Pulo  Indra  Sali  with  15,  Two 
miles  beyond  this,  on  the  left  bank  stands  the  Village  of 
Bendar   containing  about  200   Houses  and  a  mile  aboTC 

this,   is  the  principal  Town   of  the  Country  called  Rantaq 
Panjang  or  Long  Reach,  containing  about  400  Houses. 

On  the  right  between  Bendar  and  Rantau  Panjang,  the 
Sungei   Trap,  a  large  Stream  falls  in,  up  which  is  a  Village 

with  SO^Houses.    .  •     •  '■-■■  '\-^::*r-''-ih-^^,''::  ' 

.Kwala  Jandariangj    Kampar  and  Sungei    Rajah  are  • 
three  Tributary  Streams  which  fall  into  the  Perak,  on  the 
right,  within  the  distance  often  miles  above  Rantau  Pan** 
jang.     Up  the  first  are  the  Villages  of 
Batu  Ampar,  containing 30  Houses. 

Gedang  Batu  .  -  40       „ 

Kwala  Rambi..  20       j> 

Lubuk  Eawa  .-  50      »> 

Jering  .vl ......  10.      ^y 


1S4        TIN  COUKTaiBS  ON  THiZ  WESfSRN-  COAST  Of        P^UTt   2« 

Up  the  Kampar  are  Penaick  - .  20  Houses..    ^  ,  , 

Jerang 20  »♦  ^ 

Gaum  .. »•  •••.  15  „ 

Pasir  To  Rama  J  5  ,5 

Chaivgkut  •...10  „ 

Bakk^  .»  •^.^.  30  59 

Niof,.^.    .►•-   20  »r 

.   Rajah  Roh 30  ,y 

BitaKarang  ^.   10  ,^ 

Tiini   -.    .^  .^  10  ^y 

SungerPIuajig-.  40  „.        ....... 

Up  tlic  Raj  ah  are  J  arah; .......  20  ,^ 

Fangkalao  . .  ».  30  ,^ 

Rebba 10  ,^ 


1   IJ;.1»J       VH:» 


:n.  i' 


i.tj 


Sutigci  Pulei  .  -    rO      ,9, 
Tanjong  .•..•..  10      j^ 

Gauin 30      ,»     -^rj-    ' 

Jambt . 20       „ 

At  the  distance  of  four  days,  pull  from  Rantau*  Paw-' 
jang,  against  a  rapid  current^  there  is  said  to-be  a  chan«> 
nel  of  coramunicatioft  betvreen  the  Perak  ami  Saleng4>re' 
Rivers,  and  a  path  which  leads  across  to  Pahang,  The 
following  are  the  names  of  the  principal  Villages- in  the 
interior,,  between  Sungei  Rajah  and  the  borders  ol  the 
Patani  Country,  oa  the  banks  of  the  main  stream,  or  up 
the  small  rivulets  which  fall  in,  on  either  side,  riz. 
Sungei  Pijis  Mali,  with  10  Houses* 
Mati    .-••   •-  -•  .-•   10  :   5fi !» 


Part  2»  TflE   MALAYAN    PENINSULA* 


Pangkalan   Pija  .-   •,  40  Houses* 

Hari  ..    ..    ...--:-  ^.n-.m  i 


Pangtalan    Limbii  ...  40       ^, 
Pasir  Garam  ^.    .^;^.;,ipp      .„; 

Puluh ....  70  ,   ,,. 

Sungbi  Timang  ..,•..    10  ,     ,,, 

Misejid  Lama .  -  i 15       „ 

Jerarii  Kling 20 " ^  ^ ^ 

Sungfei  Mali  J  ...... .  56'  !  'W 

Duablas 120       „ 

Pasir  Piilei  ...  -.-.••  80    *  ,,, 
Kwala   Pant  -.  L/'i^.  ed^'^y' 

Pasir  Jendris 30       ,, 

Pasir  Magadtrt 30   „ 

Pasir Salah  ..  ..-.  -.  40   \  ,, 

Pulo  Juar  ...  ....  -.  40       ,, 

Kwala  Biak  ....   ..  20       ,, 

Gajah  Mali    ......   70     „ 

A  ram     •-••     •-    t*"  ^  " 

Selat  Pulaii    ......  50  ,» 

Bendar  Busii  ......  30  ^^ 

Kwala  Riimban' -i,  "-.  3tf  ,, 
Teluk  Pedaiong  (firsty.  .20    '  „ 
Pulo  Tiga  ...p    ....    So 

Terussan  Perak  ..   .-    lO  „  ^ 

Sungei  Lumboor  ,.^,,20  j»,         ,,  ,.; ! 

Siingei  Beshumana-  r,  3Q  .«. 

Berkatu   -------  /i>  «»     ; . 


5» 


o  « 


186        TIN  COUNTEJSS  ON  THB  WESTERN  COAST  Of        Part  2» 

Pulo  Pinang  -----  20  Houses*  , 
Teluk  Pedaiong(second)20       ^^       ■ 
Pasir  Telur  -  -    -  -  -  15    .  „      V 
Sungei  Ingris  -----  50       *^       ,.  , 
Pasir  Senissari  -  -  -  -  30       ,^ 
Sungei  Ledang  -  -  -  -  40       -^ 
Aru  Panjang  -----  50  ./  ^.^ 
Pasir  Sena  ------  25       ,,; 

Sungei  Tepus  •  -  -  -  -30       wi  /    ,• 
Kwala  Kongsow  -  •   -  80       ,^ 
Pasir  Suduk  --•-*  50       ,^  . 
Kwala  Jeiuur  Garam  -  30       ,^ 
Pulo  Kambing  -  -  -  •  40       ,> 
Jeram  Kling  -^  ^  -^  '^  -^  35       „  ^ 
Jeram  Sjiduk  Barong  -  50      "^' 
Fron>  Kwala  Kongsow  to  the  last  mentioned  pTace,   tke 
Perak   people  are  mixed  with  the  Patani.     This  last  place 
is  nine  days  peril  from  the  mouth  of  the   River  for   Boat» 
of  the  smallest  size^  which  are  propelled,   durfng  the  last 
six  or  Feven   days  of  the  distance,^     by  long  poles»     A 
boat  will  descend  in  one  day  a  distance  which  requires  fire 
or  six  days  to  ascend*     Besides  the  Villages  above  enume-» 
rated  there  are  many  smaller    ones   scattered  over  the 
Country   in  all  directions  and  numerous  huts  and  tempo* 
rary  dwellings   amongst   the   Paddy  Fields. 

PopuLATioN^^In  1818,  the  FopuTatron  of  the  entfre  Pe- 
rak Country  was  estimated  at  100,000  Men,  besides  Women 
aud  Children,  by  the  Political  agent  of  the  Pinang  Govern- 


.*-* 


Part  2.  \    THE    MALATAN     PBNINSITLA*  187 

ment;  bnti  am  disposed  to  think  this  is  somewhat  overrated. 
He  derived  his  information^  as  I  did,  from  the  Inhabitants 
themselves,  but  so  very  ignorant  arc  they,  that  it  is  very 
rare  two  of  them  are  found  to  coincide  in  opinion  upon 
such  sul)jects,  and   it  is  ridiculous   sometimes  to  contrast 
their  different  reports.      The   Inhabitants   of  Perak  are 
much  less  civilized  than  the  Quedah  people,  or  even  their 
more  immediate  neighbours  of  Salengore.     In  stating  the 
number   of  Houses,    I  have  taken  the   medium  of  several 
reports;  some  of  them  were  very  much  exaggerated,  giving 
double  and  even   treble  the  number  which   others,   on 
whose  general  veracity  and  intelligence,  1  could,  from  ex- 
perience, place  reliance,  hare  given  as  the  estimated  num* 
ber.     There  are  upwards   of  400  Chinese  residents,  who 
arc  engaged  in  working  the  Tin  Mines  and  a?  traders. 

Tin. — In  former  years,  after  the  expulsion  of  the  Dutch 
from  Perak,  there  was  equal  ta  2000  Bhars,  or  6000 
Piculs*  of  Tin  annually  imported  into  Prince  of  Wales 
Island  from  that  Country,  and  the  whole  produce,  about 
eighteen  or  twenty  years  ago,  is  not  overrated  at  9000 
Piculs.  At  the  lime  the  Dutch  possessed  the  monopoly 
of  Tin,  prior  and  some  years  subsequent  to  the  formation 
of  theSettlement  at  Prince  of  Wales  Island,  the  Exports 
were  about  5000  Piculs,  which  was  delivered  to  the  Dutch 
at  32  Dollars  per  Bahar  of  428  lbs.  or  equal  to  about  10 
Dollars  per  PicuK  The  Dutch  had  a  small  Stockade  Fort, 
with  about  50  people  to  prevent  the  Natives  from  carrying 

*  A  Pictti  at   Pcuk  is  140  lb««  AroiidapoU* 


_        .n 
188        TIN  COUNXEiES  OX  TUB  ATBSTERN  COAST  OJ        Part  2; 


the  Tin  to  oilier  marketer,  but  with  all  tljeseprecautfon^^ 
the  quantity  they  used  (o  receive  was  greatly  lessened  bjr 
the  SeltlemciU  at   Pinang. 

NaxMF, — Perak  b  the  Land  of  Silver*     It  is  conjectured 
to  be  the  Agru>a  of  Ploteniyy  by  Marsden*  *  ^      ' 

CuibFs  OF  Pbrak..— The  first  Kiug  ol  Perak,  of  whon» 
there   is  any  account    now   extant,  was   Sultan    Muzafer 
Shah,    Father  of  Sultan  Mansur  Shah,  who  ascended  tho 
Throne  of  Acheen,  and  under  whose   Government   that 
State  rose  to  such  power  and   importance.     He  it  wa?  who 
so   frequently  endeavoured    to  expel  the  Portuguese,    and 
made  $o  many  attempts  upon  Malacca.     "-  He  was  mur^ 
dered"   says   Marsden,  "^  together  wiih   His   Queen   and 
principal  Nobility  by  the  General  of  the  Forces,,  who  had 
long  for n^ed    designs  upon   the  Crown*     This  was  perpe- 
trated   in   May  1585,   when  he   had    reigned  nearly   18^ 
years.     In   his  time,  the  consequence   of  the  Kingdom  of 
Acheen   is  represented   to  have  arrived  at   a  considerable 
height,  and   its   friend>hip  to  have  been  courted  bo   the 
most  powerful  States.     The  late  Monarch's  Daughter  and 
only   Child,  was  married  to   the   King   of  Johor^"     The 
present  Chief  of  Perak,  is  Sultan  Tajudin,   w  ho  ascended 
the  Throne  in  October  1818,   when  the  Country  was  con- 
quered by  Quedah.     His  Father  was  Sultan  Mansur  Shall 
the   second  who  died  in  1819,  and  whose  Father  was  Sul* 
tan  Mahomed,  Tawze  Udeen,  who  died  in  the  year  of  the 
Hejirat    1215*.     This  Country  has  been  the  scene  of  con*, 

»»*":'        jff  A.  D.  i8oi.' 


Parts.         ^^  THB    MALAYAN     PBNINSULAr  189 

stant  warfare.  Tlie  British  GoTertimient  expelled  the 
Dutch  in  1795,  when  Lord  Camel  ford,  then  a  Lieutenant, 
in  the  Navy  amf  Lfeutenaiit  ]Vlacali:>ter  proceeded  with  a 
small  Fotw,and  ct)mpelled  the  Dutch  Garrison  to  stir- 
render.  In  the  year  of  the  Heijirat  1220*  the  King  of 
Salengore  had  some  difference  concerning  arparC  of  the 
Territory  on  the  Coast,  and  he  took  possession  of  the 
whole  Country,  after  a  short  opposition,  and  in  announce 
ing  to  the  British  Goyemment  his  intention  of  blockading 
the  River,  he  says,  ^  The'  people  of  Pinang  mmt  not  go 
to  Perak  at  present,  for  Perak,  fron*  the  River  Koran, 
to  Berting  Bras  Basoh,  h  my  Country.  This  Country  I 
have  taken  by  force  of  Powder  and  Ball,  which  Custom 
the  Governor  of  Pinang  is  acquainted  with."  In  1818, 
the  Country  was  conquered  by  Quedah,  by  order  of  Siam,, 
and  in  1822,  the  King  of  Salengore  expelled  the  Sianrese 
tphiefs  and  Malayan  Forces  j  he  has  restored  Saltan  Tajudin 
to  his  former  functions  and  has  taken  the  Country  under 
his  protection.  His  Sons  the  Rajah  Mooda  and  Tuanko 
Hassin,  the  Chief  of  the  Settlement  at  the  Bindings  have 
established  posts  about  30  miles  from  the  mouth  of  the 
River   and  levy   a  duty  on    all  Tin  Exported  by  that. 

Channel*    '  M^v  '  • 

The   Point  at  the  Southern  entrance  of  Perak,  is  called  ^ 
Tanjong  Kringa,  between  which  and  the  Bur  nam,  are 

three  small  Streams 

•  A.  D.  i8o€» 


TIN  COtrjl^WJ^  0KjTH»^7gS'5B|^  COAST  OF       V^^fh 

SUNGEI  UlJi^iSPNGBI  BE- 
TUL,   SUNGEI  RANGAS- 


iT)-i'Mn.- 


BURNAM. 


Is  a  large  RTrer,  navigable  only  for  small  Vessefs,  fn  coftv 
sequeace  of  the  Mud  Flats  which  project  from  its  inouth^ 
There  is  a  small  Town  at  the-  distance  of  tvfodays  pull  froa]^ 

I     -    ->■      ■■    .       .'     ,       ..       •       •  •.  I'i  a  ->  i 

theentraace^  having  about  K)0(X  Inhabitants*  This  nlace 
is  celebrated  for  Battansy  of  which  large  quantities  are 
exported,  and  oecasionallj  some  Tin,  which  is  brought 
down  the  small  Channels  from  the  Perak  Country.  The 
Ilajah  M ooda  of  Salengore  IS  the  Chiefof  this  place,  and 
frequendj  resides  here*  .^  Bejond.Burnam  are  ^ 


Part  2»    '^    '"  '^ '  tvL^  MALAtAK  pkklVsiiuu  '  191 


•    FASSIR  PAN JA^gJ  SE  GI^ 
3L.ONG  GULONG,  and  TINGHI, 


three  rery  small  Rivers  without  Jnhabitants;  Between 
Se  GulongGulong  and  Salengore,  are  three  prominent 
Points,  yiz,  Tanjong  Belana,  Tanjong  Sau,  and  Earang. 


■  ^  * : :-  ;.ft„*i.**— «»•»'■ 


SALENGORE. 


Off  the  month  of  this-  River,  there  fs  a  very  extensive 
Mnd  Platband  not  more  than  2|^  fathoms  Water  Smiles 
off  Shore.  Small  Vessels  however  enter  the  River,  and 
formerly  Ships  of  250  Tons  proceeded  as  far  as  the  first 
Town,  but  after  the  attack  by  the  Dutch  in  1784,  the 
natives  threw  a  great  quantity  of  large  Stones  across  the 
entrance  of  the  River,  The  Town  of  Salengore  does  no^ 
contain  above  400  Inhabitants  of  all  classes.  The  fol- 
lowing are  the  Villages  on  the  Salengorc  River,  with  the 
Tributary  Streams.  v  -  \ 

Kampong  Tanjong  Batu  ^  «  «  •  20  llou«es» 
Sebrang  Pematang  r  -  ^  -  -  -  -  30  ^    „ 


192,       TIN  COUNTftlBS^  ON  THE  WESTERN  COAST  OF       Part  9.- 


Ow  tJie  right,  iHe  Hill  witfi  a  Fonification  on  tire  summit 
and  about  -  -  -  -^   -  -  -  20  Hbuses.     , 
Sunge*TelukPiai'    •»    -    -    •    •  >  ^^ '  '  •  -  . 
Sungef  Teluk   Champa  -^  45-      5^ 
Sungei  Tanjong  Pinang  -  8CP      „ 
Sungei  Kampong  Kuantan  50^      ,y^ 


*>* 


:r(    ^v 


Sunger  Nior  -  -   -  -  --  •  20; '',^ 

Sungei  Hendhr  Baru  -^  -'TS      ^^  I'l*  ;  v/  ^i 
Sungei  Sanglang  -  •   -  -  40       ^      .  :   ^-• 
Kampong  Nakoda  Gail  -•80'      „ 
Sungei  Kampong  Bugis  «  10       ^ 
Sungei  Duraka  -^  -  -r  *.  -  )0"      ^ 
Sungei  Retongan  -----  50*      ,y 

Sungei  Rambei  ---^----•••• 

Sungef  Trus  -^-t--^----*- 

Dusu»  Brintonga»  ...  10       ,^ 
Sungei  Ranfan^  Panjang  -  10^      ,^ 
Dusun  Tugal  Meniala  -  -  50      ,y 
Serindit  ---^---.-  lOa      ,^ 
Gua  Kling  ----------- 

Sungei  Bendar  -------•• 

Sungei  Aycr   Etam  -  *  -^  10      ^    f  ... 
Bulu  Kechil  .-..--  Ijr 


If 


•>JfJ! 


u 


Sungei  Tingei  -----  100       ,, 

Kampong  Data  -  -  •  -  150      ff?ti 
Kataran,  where  much  Tin  is  procured  *-i 
Ayer  Terjoon  ---------- 

Serindoo  •-•-•••-•••  •      -« 


ir% 


Part?;  the  istalayIn   PBNiiis0LAr  193 

Here  tfie  Rivel:  unites  with  tBe  Sungei  Gmtar  which 
Beads  to  Pahang.'^    .,  ^  ^,    -i*?^^, ; 

CfliKFs  or  Salengorb.— Thig  pfeseht  Chief  of  Salen* 
gore  is  Rajiah,  or  Sultan  Ibrahini,  who   was  on  the  Throno 
of  that  Country  long"  before   Pfnang  was  taken  possession 
of.     His   Father  was  Sultan  Aide  or  Aulie-Udeen,  and  his 
Grand  Father  Saltan  Solyman.     He  is  of  Buggcse  descent, 
the  founder  of  Salengore  being  a  Buggese.     One  of  the 
earliest  Settlements  in  that  quarter,  was  at  Lingi,  near 
Malacca,  where  his  ancestor  Klanah  Ye  Yaw  Pitra,  was 
Chief,  and  the  Buggese  gradually  extended  their  influence 
over  Colong,  and  other  Malayan  Settlements  in  that  quar« 
ter,  as  far  as  Perak;  and  many  years  ago,  attacked  Que« 
dah.     The  present  Chief  conquered   Perak.     The  parti- 
culars of  his  disputes  and  connexion  with  the  Dutch  have 
been  elsewhere  described.     Rajah  Mahomed  is  the  King's 
eldest  Son,  styled  Rajah  Mooda,  or  Heir  apparent.     The 
present  Chief  has   had  not  less  than  sixty  Children,   of 
whom   about  half  the  number  are  now   alive.     The  Sa- 
lengore   King  is   nearly  connected,    by  relationship,  with  ^ 
the  Chiefs  of  Johore,  Pahang,  Rhio,  and    Lingin.     About 
twenty   years  ago,   when  Sultan  Mahomed   and    Rajah 
Aulee   were  engaged  in  hostilities  at  Rhio  and  Lingin, 
the  present  Chief  of  Sal^igore' wa^'dissuacled  by  the  Bri- 
tish  Government  from   interfcrfng   in  the  dispute,   as  it 
was  understood   he  intended  to  do.     In  replying,  he  lakes 
the  opportunity  of  ex plainfng  the   connexion  which  sub- 
sisted  between  Salengore  and  those    States.      He  says, 


194        TIN  COUNTRIES  ON  THE  WESTERN  COAST  OF       Part  21 

"  1  am  desired  not  to  interfere  in  the  disputes  with  Rhio;; 
this  is  Tery  un  reason  able,,  and  cannot  be  coraplied  with^ 
as  I  must  certainly  go^  to  Rhio,  and  must  not  neglect 
going,  because  I  can  never  be  separated  from  my  Bre- 
thren, nor  can  I  rest  without  seeing  Sultan  Mahomed  and 
Rajah  Aulee,  because  Sultan  Mahomed  is  my  younger 
Brother,  and  Rajah  Aulee,  my  elder,  for  which  reason  it 
is  proper  that  1  should  go  to  Rhio,  or  even  to  Lingin,  tor 
know  the  reason  that  my  Brothers  are  %hling  among 
themselves,  to  give  them  good  advice,  and  see  that  matters 
are  amicably  settled  between  them,  agreeably  to  the  an* 
cient  Treaty  of  Datu  Neena,  who  was  King  of  Johor  in 
former  times.  Do  not  entertain  an  idea,  that  I  am  going 
to  Rhio  to  cause  trouble  and  strife;  for,  if  either  Rajah 
Aulee,  or  Sultan  Mahomed  get  ruined,  I  shall  be  the  ioser» 
1  shall  now  explain  the  succession  of  my  Brothers  to  the 
Country  of  Johore,  where  the  Rajah  in  former  days  wa» 
a  Buggese,  and  his  Country  was  taken  by  the  King  of 
Menankabau  and  Siack*  The  Malay  Rajah  applied  to 
an  ancestor  of  mine  for  assistance,  which  was  granted, 
and  betook  the  Country  from  the  Menangkabau  people, 
following  the  course  of  the  new  River  named  Calna  Jie 
Pootra,  lie  then  entered  into  a  Treaty  with  the  Malay 
Rajah,  and  they  bolh  swore  to  it,  and  they  lived  on  terms 
of  the  grealej-t  friendship,  which  was  continued  by  their 
successors  for  many  generations,  and  the  succession  to 
Jang  de  per  Tiian,  Rajah  Mooda,  Bandhara,  Tamungong^ 
and  Rajah  ludra  Bongsooi  continued  regular,  and  never 


Part  3«  THB    MALAYAN    PENINSULA*-  I9S 

were  alteredi  and  now  Jang  de  per  (uan  is  the  Malaj: 
Rajah,  and  Rajah  Aulee  is  the  Bugis  Rajah.  As  it  U 
the  custom^  among  the  black  people,  that  the  eldest 
is  always  the^  Rajah,  if  Rajah  A  nice  was  not  in^being, 
I  should  be  Rajah  of  Johore,  because  lK>th  Sultan  Ma- 
homed and  Rajah  Aulee*s  Father  were  related  to  me. 
Kajah  Aulee's  Mother  and  ray  Mother  were  Sisters,  and 
Sultan  Mahomed's  Mother  was  my  Father's  Sister,  Thii 
is  the  relationship  between  us.  Surely  you  will  not  se* 
parate  the  white  from  th^  black  of  the  eye,  flesh  an4 
blood.  It  would  be  unreasonable  to  prevent  my  going 
to  Rhio,  Rajah  Bandhara,  who  is  at  Pahang,  and  Inche 
Mooda  at  Bulong,  with  Rajah  Indra  Bongsoo,  are  under 
Sultan  Mahomed  and  Rajah  Aulee;  the  Malay  and  Bu- 
gis  Rajahs  in  that  Country,  are  like  unto  Husband  and 
Wife, — the  Malay  Rajah  as  the  Wife,  and  the  Bugis 
Rajah  as  the  Husband,  because  the  Bugis  Rajah,  Rajah 
Aulee,  made  the  present  Sultan  Mahomed  Rajah,  and 
a  Malay  Rajah  created  the  Bugis  Rajah,  and  they  go^ 
vern  jointly;  I  understand,  that  Inche  Mooda  has  assum- 
ed the  Government  of  Rhio,  and  this  changing  the  Go^ 
Ternment,  is  the  cause  of  all  the  disturbances.^^ 

The  former  Kings  of  Acheen  were  on  very  friendly; 
terms  with  the  Salengore  Chiefs,  and  the  King  now  pos- 
sesses many  large  Guns  which  he  procured  at  Acheen; 
In  a  large  brass  piece  of  ordnance,  a  long  32  Pounder, 
I  believe,  which  was  presented  to  him  by  the  King  of 


196        TIN  COUNTRIES  ON  THff  WBSTBRN  COAST-  OF       Fart  21 

Acheen,  which  is  mounted  on  the  Hill,-  tfie  Natives  say 
there  is  a  White  Snake,  which  comes  out  every  Sunday^ 
and  goeff  to  sleep  inside  the  remainder  of  the  Week» 
They  fancy  this  is  a  Spirit,  and  if  any  person  touches  ir,. 
he  is  sure  ta  fall  sick.^  The  Malays  have  always  some 
remarkable  or  superstitious  stwy  concerning  their  parr 
ticular  Guns^  and  invent  the  most  incredible  Tales. 

The  Salengore  Country  is  much  more  thinly  inhabfted 
than  Perak:  the  Inhabitants  however  are  a  much  superior 
race  in  point  of  intelligence  and  education,  and  have  had 
more  intercourse  with  Europeans.  "  Their  features  are 
of  much  milder  expressian  than  the  Perak  peopl^e,  wha 
are  certainly  the  worst  leaking  in  this  quarter^  and  their 
complexions  are  much  fairerr    ^  -  .'-     \^^^-*  ■  • ' 

Tin, — The  Annual  produce  of  Tm  at  Salengore  and 
Colong  of  late  years,  has  been  estimated  at  about  2000 
Piculs.  The  Dutch  formerly  possessed  a  Monopoly  of 
the  Tin  Trade  of  this  State,  and  compelled  the  King 
to  Trade  only  with  Malacca,  about  the  year  1785,  and 
a  few  years  after  Prince  of  Wales  Lland  was  taken  pos- 
session of.     The  Agent  of  the  Pinang  Government,  who 

...    J  ... .     i 

,  proceeded  to  Salengore  in  1818,  contracted  for  1500  Pi- 
culs annually,  receivable  at  Salengore,  at  43  Dollars  per 
Bahar  of  400  lbs,         .^  i  v-  ^ -.v^  r.;v^    ii.  .u/ .  .^-^tjiii^Ml   i 


JPart  2»  THB    MALAYAN-  rBNIiNSUl.A.'.  l^f 

API    API. 


A  small  RVer  to  tKe  SouthVard'of  SaletTgorte  Hilf;.  un^ 
der  Pangulii  Che  Jabbong;  having  a  population  of  tOO^ 
people.     Rice  is  GUkivatecfr    *       ^-  .   .     i  ^f 


BULU 


A  celebrafed  pface  for  fruft,  and  t&ere  is  a  population  rf 
40  or  50  under  the  above  P^angiilur 


JERAM. 


Is  a  shallow  and  narfotv  Rirer.  Here  there  arc  some 
small  Kampongs  or  Villages,  and  about  500  Inhabitants 
under  Panguhi  Che  AUie.  Here  great  quantities  of  Co- 
coanuts  are  obtained.  This  Rirer  is  nearly  opposite 
Goose  Island  (Palo  Ang-a,)  and  some  other  small  Islets 
called  Bottle  Islaud^i  by  Europeans — by  the  Natives  Pula 
Tokola.  • 


|9S^       TIN  COUNTHIES  ON  THB  WESTERN  COAST  0»       Part  il 

KAPARf. 


V  i 


A  small  Rirer^  with  a^  Village  and'  eighty  Inhabitants^ 
uudec  Paogulu  Che  Teluk.^    Paddy  is  cuUi?ated  here;^ 


PUI^AU. 


Which  soon  loses  itself  ur  the  Woods*    No^  Iaha£ftaJiM 


COLONG. 


Is  about  200  yards  wide  at  the  month,  but  narrows  t<» 
100,  and  in  some  places  70  after  a  few  reaches.  The 
Channel  is  safe  and  deep  in  most  places,  and  the  Current 
Tery  rapid.  The  first  Town  is  about  20  mile»  from  the 
entrance,  called  Colong.  It  is  situated  on  the  right  banfc^ 
and  defended  by  several  Batteries.  Here  the  King  of 
Salengore  resides  at  times*    The  Inhabitants,  before  the 


'"itL 


Part  2;. 


WB   MALAYAN     FBNlKSlTtAV 


19^ 


i^U 


Warwr<lrtfie'Srainfese  atPerafirn  1822',  were  ^ctonM  ^ 
about  I500;a„d  the  fol,o..i„^.  .ra.he^a:::  f^^^^^ 
lages  upo„..he-R.>er,  a.  fer'asWithi.  one  day's  j.jj/a 
Fabang^.  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  Peninsula,  ria.- 

Telufr  Gadin^^ 

Sungei-Duav 

Telut  Pbreh 

Surnger  Binjei;  " 

Pankalaa  Batir 

Kampong-  Lima  Pufe- 

Bukit  K«chiK 

Puaian^ 

Bnkit  Kruing.    TSis  &  »•  famom  pface  for 

•R>attaQs«'.  ,.. 
BuKt  Kuda,. 
Sungei  Bassow. 
Naga  xManguItiv^ 
Kampong  Lalang^,.^. 
Bukit  Bankong. 
feuogei  Ayer  Etaitf^ 

Ae  all  these  place?, 


•!!i' 


Petalihg,  ^  '  '- 
Sirdang. 
Junjong.  '  ' 
.Pantei  Rusa. 
KWala  Bulu, 
Gua  Bato. 
Suijgei  Lumpoor.  ^ 


Tin   is  obtained,  but 
roost  at  Lumpoor,  be- 
.  yond  which  there  are 
no  Houses. 

Pahang  is  one  day^g 
journejr  from  Lum* 
poor* 


2Q0>       TIN  COGNTBIES  ON  THB  WESTERN  COAST  Of        P^rt  % 


ff 


Up  tKis  small  RiVer,,ace  about  500  inhabitants,  and 
Tin  and  Rattans  are  exported  from  it.  After  passing  Salat 
Luiiiut,  the  proper  Channel  of  Colong  Straits,  and  Salat 
Lambajany  the  false  Straits,,  the  next  Ri?er  is- 


TAMPONI,  ; 


with   200  Inhabitants  nnder  a  PangnTcr.  ' 

To  the  Southward  of  Pareelar  Hill,  called  Gimong  Jegra^ 
is  a  small  River,  named  **'^'"*-  >--■■ 


without  Inhabitants.  The  Malays  usually  fire  a  Targe 
Gun  or  Musket  in  passing  Parcelar  Hill  for  a  fair  wind* 
Beyond  Jegra,  the  next  Rivers  are  iii^j  ;uB  -     : 


Part  Sr  THB   MALAYAN    FSmNSULAi'  291 

passir; 


iritb  20  Inba&itants; 


GUBBANG^ 


with  50  Infiabitants;:  beyond  which  is  a  Point  called 


TANJONG  RUH,. 


With  300  Inhabitant9r 


SEPPANG. 


With  200  Inhabitants.    [^Hcre  Wood  oil.    Dammar 
and  Faddy  are  obtaiuedt . : 


202'     TIN  coaNxaiEs  on  thb  westbrn  coast  of     Part  3* 

NIPAEtr 

Willi  5©  IflfiabitantiSr  ,    .  i     ,^ 

yi— — ^,y,  .      .';,     r^,       ll^llJV-;         '**'     - 

HJBLUTv      r^  ^iv->^^- - 

Has  lately  become- a^  great   place  for  Tm.    Tfiere  are 
about   1000  Inhabitants    up'this  River^  of  which  200  are 
Chinese,  who  work' the  Mines,  and  the  Settlement  is  ondfer 
charge  of  a  China.  Captain,  appointed   bj  the  King  ofT 
Saleogorer 


iLlNGI  kechilT 


A  small  River  with*  150^  In  habitants.  This  fs  tfic  pihe- 
scnt  bouudarj  of  the  Salengoie  Territory.  Not  far  froia 
this  u 


_.'.-'j.;..    ir 


3LINGI  BESAK, 


tirbich  is  a  Dependency  of  Malacca;  .  This  RiVer  is  about 
6  or  Tioiles  to  the  Eastward  of  Cape  Eachado,    It  isabout 


Parts.  au£  Malayan-  rBKUNsuLA*.    .  203 

20  miles  to  the  first  Village^.  There  are'  many  Chinese 
here,  anda  large  quantity  of  Tin  annually  obtained-,  which 
is  all  sent  to  Malacca,,  so aie  of  the  Residents  of  that  place 
being  concerned  in  the  Mines^  and  making  large  advances.. 
The  Rajah  of  Sale ngore' claimed  the  River  as  being  within? 
hi*  Territory,  and  in  the  year  1304,  complained  of  an  en* 
croaehment  on  the  part  of  a  gentleman  of  Malacca,  who^ 
^as  lately  acting  Governor  of  that  Settlement.  He  thus 
asserts  his  right t  '*  The  Land  about  Lingi  is  mine,  and 
descended  tome  from  my  ancestors.  No  one  has  ever 
claimed  it,  until  now  that  Adrian  Koek  has  taken  it.  It 
was  the  land  belonging  to  my  Father,  Rajah  Aufee,  from 
time  immemorial.  WhcJn  Salengore  was  at  War  with 
Malacca,  twice  they  fought.  In  the  time  of  my  Father  the 
Company  attacked  and  took  Lingi  with  Rajah  Kitcfai;  it 
"was  afterwards  reconquered^  and  the  Company  was  attack, 
ed  at  Malacca  when  they  had  the  Fort  on  the  Hill;  after- 
wards Mayer  can>e  from  Batavia,  sent  by  the  Governor 
there  to  settle  the  dispute  between  the  Company  and  Sa- 
lengore. Mayer  said,  "  wherever  the  smoke  of  the 
Company's  Powder  reached,  should  belong  to  them:"  to 
this  my  ancestor  said,  that  he  agreed,  and  '*  that  wherever 
the  smoke  of  theBuggese  gunpowder  reached,  should  be 
their's."  The  Peace  was  concluded,  and  there  never 
have  been  words  about  it  further.  The  Company's  Land 
was  returned,  and  the  Salengore  Land  was  given  back 
totheBugis.  The  Boundaries  of  Malacca  and  Salengore^ 
was.  the  River  Baroo;  oa  the  farther  side  belongs  to  Ma<t 


204      TIN  COUNXaiES^OF  THB  MALAYAN  PENINSULA.    Part   3» 

lacca;  on  this  io^  Salengore^  Since  I  have  been  King,  and 
had  possessfon  of  my  patrimony,  I  have  had  a  quarrel 
with  the  Company  at  Malacca;,  they  attacked  Sa- 
Icngore  and  took  possession  of  it  about  ten  months* 
By^  God's  assistance^  1  again  received  it.  Abram  De» 
went  was  Governor  when  they  made  War  with  mei^ 
After  this^  the  Company  returned  to  SalengorCy  and  the 
Governor  sent  Abram  Moser,  and  several  others  to  settle 
^e  diflerences..  Having  arrived  a  Malacca,  they  made- 
Peace  between  me  and  the  Company.  We  swore  to^ 
adhere  to  the  Treaty,  and  bound  our  posterfty  to  the 
same.  The  Lands  belonging  to  Salengore,  were  thea 
returned  to  me,:  and  the  Country  belonging  to  Malacca, 
to  them;  the  River  was  before  called  Sungei  Barii».  I 
declare  Lingi  is  mine,  because  it  belonged  to  my  Fore-' 
fathers^  and  from  them  descended  to  me.  When  the 
Company  conq^uered  Lingiy  it  was  their's  of  course;:  but' 
at  the  Peace,  they  again  returned  it  to  Salengore  and  the^ 
Biigi5»  Also,  when  they  took  Salengore,  ft  was  their'sj  biit 
at  the  Peace  they  also  returned  it  to  me.  When  my 
ancestor  made  War  at  Lingi,  all  the  Bugis  lived  therc^ 
and  when  he,  with  Rajah  Alum,  of  Siak,  attacked  Ma* 
lacca.  During  the  time  of  my  ancestor  Morhum  Klanah 
Ye  Yaw  Pet ra,  then  Murhum  Sultan  Soliman,  it  was  a 
Bugis  Government.  How  could  they  give  a  Bugis  CouiW; 
try  called  Lingi?  Such  are  the  particular!  sijbout  Liogi.^ 


•*J 


APPENDIX. 


■''Uf.  ' 

t.. 

4n:x:^ 

■h:  : 

.'«> 

ij.  i,  I 

.        'i    ■ 

^•<;, 

TRANSLATION 

'.'.    .  ^!  ;•■;.•..-    .-    ....  .     :    ^    ■,  ;     ; 

Of  a  letter  from  the  Ministers  of  the  King  of  Ana  to  (he 
Rajah  of  Quedah  at  Prince  of  fFales  Island. 


Ai 


■i' 


KTER  much  praise  of  the  power,  ^eatneM   and  exalted 
character  of  (he  IMightj  King  of  Ava;  they  proceed, 

**  The  King  of  Quedah  sent  Che  Lanang  and  IVfahomed 
Alljr  with  a  letter  and  presents  which  were  brought  to  one  of 
the  Southern  ports  of  the  Kingdom,  and  the  Rajah  of  Tavet 
forwarded  them  to  Changong,  (Uangopn.)  Intelligence  having 
leached   Pegue,  measures  were  taken  for  forwarding  the  letter 

and  messengers  to  the  Golden  Palace.  The  race  of  the.prescnt 
Mightjr  King  was  the  first  of  mankind  who  arose  after  the  for- 
mation  of  the  world  and  the  titles  of  His  Majesty  are  Maha 
Semdak  and  Sioa  Senah;  whoever  requires  assistance,  this  mighty 
King  lends  his  support  to,  for  it  is  his  custom  to  render  aid. 
The  Rajah  of  Quedah  solicits  assistance  and  he  shall  assuredly 
obtain  it,  in  reference  to  the  communications  of  Che  LanaBg 
and  Mahomed  Ally* 


<*  Tlic  messcngfirt  reported  lliat  QuedaV,  Pnrlw,  PeraK,  Saw- 
lengore  and  Pat aui^  6ve  States,,  vftce  cooceriing  to  send  a  com* 
plimentarj  oflering  liither.  The  King  of  Qiiedab  being  off  bit^ 
guardj  tbe  Siamese  came  siiddenljr  upon  him  and  seen  red  bi»« 
Country^  and  be  removed  to  Pulo  Pinang,  where  be  al  present* 
reside^^.  Tbej  aUo  reported  that  there  aie  three  States  whiclr 
If  ere  concerting  to  attack  tlie  Sfamese  at  Quedab  and  expeli 
tbeui  from  tbe  Country.  It  was  also  mentioned  by  tbe  messen* 
gers  that  ihej  were  ordered  to*  present?  themselves  before  tho^ 
King  without  delay,  and  that  tbcj  were  expected  to  go  and 
come  in  four  months;,  and  finaUj,  that  if  they  did  not  return  jn^ 
four  months,  the  people  of  these  five  Countries  before  alluded 
to  would  proceed  to  atfack  (he  Siamese  at  Qfuedab.. 

The  great  King  inquired  whether  there'were  any  other  State* 
besides  these  interested^  and  the  Envoy  replied  there  were  Rum- 
dow,  Rbio,  Dungoo,  Marang^  Pabang^  Callantan  and  Trin'ga. 
DO.  The  King  then  demanded^  if  in  the  event  oftbe  6ve  States 
i)eroremeutioned  being  united  and  determined  t<i  attack  tire 
Siamese^  how  would  the  Kings  oftbe  seven  Tast  mcn(K>nc(l 
Countries  be  disposed  to  act;  would  they  join  also?  The  Krng^ 
.farther  inquired  if  there  were  any  more  Countries  besides  those 
already  enumerated,  and  the  messengers  replied  that  there  was 
a  King  of  Acheen^  and  that  if  all  tbe  other  States  were  unam* 
0)ous  be  would  join  also. 

•*  Che  Lanang  and  Mahomed  Alty  came  here  at  theunfavora. 
ble  monsoon,  and  when  they  arrived  on  the  Coast  tbe  weather 
was  very  boistirous*  They  did  not  therefore  reach  the  Gol- 
den  Palace  till  the  month  ofShaban,  and  in  themontb  of  Jc* 
madiUawal  ten  months  will  have  expired.  The  King  of  Que. 
clah  liassgiicited  assistauce^  to  has  (be  Kin^p  of  CochLi  Chioii| 


(Coclieey)  begged  aid.  To  Codifn  CBIna  people  have  already 
been  gent,;foF  the  application^  from  that  Couatrjr  was  made  first, 
the  King  of  QtiedaliV&uhsequeiitly^  and  besides  the  iotelligeace 
regafdi4ig  the  King  of  Qicdah  it  not  precise;  when  positive 
and  ctrcumstantial  accounts  are  received^  he  certainty  shall  be 
assisted^  ao  armament  shall  be  sent  fully  prepared  and  equip* 
ped  to  attack  the  Siamese;  and  the  King  of  Q'aedah  shall  be 
restiH-ed  to  his  Country;  the  five  Slates  will  thea  become  like 
Ornaa^nts  of  the  Golden  Palace.. 

*^  Titles  of  distinction  have  been  conferred  upon  the  Chief» 
of  (he  five  Slates;  a  Gold  Umbrella  and  complete  equipment 
for  a  Horse  has  also  been  sent  for  each.  The  King  of  Que* 
dah  is  requested  to  inquire  if  the  Runrbow,  Rhio,  Dungor% 
Marangy  CaHantan,  Pahang  and  Triogano,  and  seven  States  of 
Acheea  will  join  of  not.  The  King  of  Qiiedah  will  send 
tnteMigence  of  such  as  refuse  to  join  to  the  Golden  Pnlace 
and  return  the  people' who  convey  this  without  any  long  delay. 

The  presents  have  been  given  in  charge  to  Che  Lanang  an^ 
Mahomed  Ally,  to  be  carried  to  the  King  of  Quedah  and 
the  great  King  has  ordered  people  to  be  sent  in  company  to 
prevent  the  !Vlessenger8  suffering  any  trouble  in  the  way. 
When  they  arrive  he  will  receive  them  and  obtain  intelligence 
from  Cochin  China.  As  the  King  of  Quedah  ha)  begged  as« 
tistance  from  the  King  of  the  Gotden  Palace,  let  him  not  be 
mistrustful  or  »«ispiciou».  As  to  the  titles  and  the  Horse 
Equipments,  the  King  orders  them  to  be  preserved,  taken  care 
of  and  respected,  for  according  to  the  custom  of  the  great 
King  of  the  Gold  Palace^  this  if  the  greatest  favor  that  can 
be  bestowed,  ^       ^,j 


«•  The  King  of  Qiiedab  wiH  malcc  iHMa  aft  ilfcbras^inrt^ 
ll.at  «.ay  ba.e  trai.spired  .inic  ihe  dispatch  of  hU  Envoys 
the  Lauang  and  Mahomed  All,  .0  ^va  'Vat  ^"J,  ^-4 
B,ay  be  kuo^o.  a.«ell  a.  alliotelligdoc*  rela(.ng  to  Ae  Kmg 
K>e  .eveu  States,  and  he  «iU  addre^  W.  c«««uo.«^^A 
to  the  Ra)ab  of  Taweu'*  ^^*  H^^^W?*^M^^il :: 

^    The  kite/>.ri«en  hi  tlic  Burmab  Character,  ^^J^f!^ 
inloMala^s^  of  which  the  above  U  r^Yj, 

(A  true  Traustattoo.)  ^„^A»r 

/    (Signed)  J.ANDERSON, 

Malay  Tuanslatoe  to  Gofr 

Pinang,  22nd  January,  1824.  .    t  ?.  ^.^ 


TRANSLATION  ..,-^...:  ;,;:!•;<"?:": -^-'^ 
Bajab  of  Quedah  at  Pulo  Pinang,  ^ 


ARer  a  lengthened  panegyric  of  the  King  of  tt«»^ Gold*. 

Palace,  (A va)  he  proceed*.  ,.  itaTi,in,  Vinfornf- 

,    ..  Thl  Ra>hof  Quedah  whogovej^m^^^^^^^ 

ed.  theRajan   "^"^rr 'Tu!^  So^TaWei   Assisted  !» 

bad   oppressed  Quedah.  '"^.f  V^'i^;/  ^^   ftoldia.  Wiac*. 
communicating  the  san«.  to  n.^KKjoJhe^y_^ 

irt^retr  :X^^    The  K.^t.^<iol- 


Apfbndix*  f 

i 

den  Palace  onliearing  ITjis,  was  impressed  with  feelings  of  com* 
passion  for  the  Rajah  of  Quedah ;  for  it  is  the  peculiar  charac* 
teristic  of  the  King  that  when  he  bears  of  the  distress  ofaoj 
one  he  instantly  feels  a  disposition  to  relieve. 
^  "  Che  Lanang  and  Mahomed  Ally  came  and  presented  them* 
selves  before  the  great  King  and  represented  the  circumstances 
of  the  King  of  Quedah»  Purlis,  Patani,  Perak  and  Salengore  ? 
but  he  is  anxious  to  hear  again  all  particulars  of  the  present stato 
of  affairs  in  these  Countries^  and  when  these  five  States  have 
finally  settled  and  their  fidelity  is  assured,  an  armament  will  be 
prepared  and  sent  to  attack  and  retake  the  Country  of  Qitedali 
and  restore  it  to  the  King.  As  to  the  four  Countries  they  shall 
never  be  exposed  to  difficulty  for  the  time  to  eome^  nor  will  the 
Siamese  be  able  to  disturb  them  again ;  as  the  great  King  pro* 
tecfs  the  States  dependent  upon  him,  so  will  he  guard  (he  King 
of  Quedah  and  the  four  other  States  abovementioned  :  where* 
fore,  in  his  favor,  he  has  been  pleased  to  confer  (ides  with  a 
magnificent  equipment,'*  literally  a  magnificent  dress,  but 
the  present  consists  of  a  long  gilt  umbrella,  a  set  of  furniture 
for  a  Horse,  and  a  lackered  stand  for  dinner  sen  ice  to  each. 

•*  Che  Lanang,  Mahomed  Ally, Chang  Buk,  Buan  and  Ichuan 
have  also  been  invested  with  titles  and  a  dress;  the  King  shcvr- 
ed  them  the  same  attention  and  kindness  that  he  would  h?vo 
evinced  to  his  own  subjects.  The  Chiefs  of  Quedah,  Put  lis, 
Perak,  Salengore  and  Patani  have  now  been  invested  with  titlel 
of  distinction  and  have  had  each  a  splendid  present  granted  to 
them.  The  King  requests  that  inquiries  may  be  made  relative 
to  the  other  States,  and  that  such  information  as  may  be  obtained, 
may  be  sent,  according  to  the  desire  expressed  in  the  large 
letter  from  the  great  King  which  accompanies  this» 


<ri  Appendix*  . 

r> '  _  .  ■    • 

Che   Lanang  and   Mahomed  Ally  returned  to  Tawei  on  Ihd 
13lh  daj  of  (he  month  Nion  in  Ihe  year  1 185,  and  the  ship,  withe 
Pangulu  Sera  and  Noquedah  Simbuang,  arrifed  about  a  mnntb  - 
after;  inquiries  were  made    of  these  two   messengers   relative- 
to  the  King  of  Quedah,  how  he  was  situated  at  present,  and  the 
intent  of  their  deputation;  they  replied  that  they  had  been  sent 
by  the  Rajah  of  Quedah  wilh  a  complimentary    present  of  a 
Clock    which  was   received  at  Tawei,     A  letter  explanatory  of 
all  the  circumstances  relating  to  the  King  of  Quedah  was  pre- 
pared   by  the    Rajah  of  Tawei  and    forwarded  with  the  Clock 
to  the  King  of  the  Golden    Palace.     Noquedah  Simbuang  re* 
mained   at  Tawei  to  await  the  orders  that  might  be  received  in 
reply  by  the  persons  who  were  deputed   to  wait  oatbe  great 
King.  .  ^  -i:      .    ? 

The  Messengers  Pangnlu  Sera,  Che  Lanang  and  Mahomed 
Ally,  v«t(li  the  letter,  the  titles  of  distinction  and  presents  are  > 
now  returning,  and  in  order  that  they  may  meet  with  no  ia« 
terruptiun  in  the  way,  the  accompanying  five  Chiefs  of  conse- 
quence, of  Tawei,  viz.  Sekei  Dogi  Nei  Mia  Ze  Jaksa«  Seju 
Jagoom  Surakiu,  Jagoom  Ze  Yakiu,  Ja  Jak  Kiu  Soo  and 
lUti  Miou  Si  Siouk  Noita  were  directed  to  escort  them  to 
safely  to  Pulo  Pinang.  When  they  arrive,  the  Rajah  of  Que« 
dah  will  acquaint  them  with  all  the  circumstances  which  may 
ha\e  transpired  since  the  despatch  of  his  Envoys  Che  Lanang 
and  Mahomed  Ally,  and  also  communicate  the  same,  by  letter, 
^bich  ntay  be  ^riven  in  charge  of  these  five  persons. 

As  to  the  Rice  and  Paddy  which  the  Rajah  of  Quedah 
requested,  it  has  been  given,  according  to  his  desire  and  per* 
mission  was  given  also  to  load  the  Ship  according  to  the  plea* 
iurc  of  the  gersouiia  charge.    The  quantity  U  44  Coyaptiy^L^^'  f- 


The  King  of  tbc  Golden  Palace  requires  some  Tin  for  the 
roof  of  the  Palace^  and  be  sends  26  Cojans  of  Rice  which  he  begt 
niaj  be  sold,  and  the  proceeds  invested  in  Tin,  which  raaj  bo 
delivered  to  the  6\e  Chiefs.  The  whole  quantity  of  Rico 
tliippcd  therefore,  is  74  Cojaos.  Now  the  King  of  Quedah^ 
with  a  candid  heart,  wishes  to  become  tributary  to  the  Goldea 
Palace  and  the  great  King  will  protect  him  and  cherish  hit ' 
Children  and  his  Children's  Children,  even  his  remotest  de- 
scendants, and  promote  their  prosperity  and  welfare,  it  is  re- 
quested the  Rajah  of  Quedah  will  assist  in  selling  the  Rice^ 
according  to  the  market  price  of  Pinang  and  purchase  the 
Tin  at  the  value  of  the  day>  sending  a  letter  also  coutainiu«p 
all  particulars* 

No  date.  '■:.., 

This  letter  was  rendered  from  Burmabs  into  the  Malayan 
language  of  which  this  is  •    v*  •• 

(A  true  Translation.) 
-.      .  (Signed)  J,  ANDERSON,    ^ 

Malay  TuANSAToa  to  Goyt. 
Pinang,  22rd  January,  1834. 


It  may,  be  proper  to  notice  that  in  consequence  of  the 
plausible  professions  of  the  Envoys  from  Ligore,  which  the 
following  minute  of  a  conference  exhibits,  the  Governor  of. 
Prince  Wales  Island  addressed  two  letters  to  the  Rajah  of  Li- 
gore,  containing  the  draft  of  a  proposed  Treaty  and  submitting 
certain  propositions  cqnnected  with  the  restoration  of  the  King 
of  Quedah.    The  Envoys  were  charged  with  these  despatches. 


:W^;. 


viii  Appbndi]^.  ^ 

and  about  a  montli  after  their  return,  Captain  Lowe  was  ^epufei 
bjrtlie  Pinang  GoYernracnt  to  Traang,  with  letters  for  the  Rajal^ 
of  Ligore,  iotendiog  to  cross  over  the  Peniosula;  but  His  t]igh<* 
Dess  would  neither  come  to  meet  the  British  Agent  nor  permit 
him  to  proceed  to  Ligore^  in  consequence  of  which,  the  Embai* 
sador  returned  to  Pinang,  without  having  effected  the  princi* 
pal  objects  of  his  mission.  Although  jeveu  months  have  now 
elapsed  since  the  letters  were  despatched,  no  replj  has  been 
received, — ^^a  practical  demonstratioo  of  the  duplicitj  of  the 
Siamese,  in  addition  to  the  numerous  other  proofs  of  their 
Want  of  veracity  which  have  been  testified  towards  the  Brittsb. 
Goveroment  during  the  last  few  yeara.  -i  Kir 

::-  ^■i,i:-i-  ■  •    •  ,...-■.  »-{"it)fai;fef»»M^f-4j^: 

MEMORANDDM      •  j^ 


0/a  Conference  belx^een  the  Honorable  ihe  Governor  and 
'  ihe  Messengers  from  the  Rajah  of  Ligore^  on  Satur^* 
day  the  3rd  of  ^pril  lH2i.    . 


The  Honorable  the  Governor  informed  the  two  Siamese 
IVIessengers,  that  he  had  perused  the  letters  which  they  had 
brought  from  the  Rajah  of  Ligore,  in  one  of  which  he  had 
communicated  the  measures  adopted  by  him  for  making  atone* 
ment  for  the  outrages  at  Quedah,  by  the  murder  of  Lebby 
Gbaimy;  that  he  had  been  much  astonished  to  observe  the 
Rajah  had  so  long  delayed  instituting  inquiries  into  the  affair 


APPENDfXr  hi 

'and  Instead  of  manifesting  ar-  prompt  and  decided  disapproval 
*t)f  such  unprovoked'  outrages,  bjr  actions,  he  had  continued  tis^ 
jend  him  only  empty  assurances  and  letters.  Tlie  Governor 
Wso  observed,  that  the  Rajah  of  Ligore  appeared  now  to-evine» 
'«  becoming  compliance  with  the  just  expectations  of  the  Bfi. 
tish  Government  and  had  shewn  a  desire  to  discourage  the 
commis-ion  of  such  acts,  and  as  it  seemed  the  Messengers  were 
empowered  to  make  some  communications  to  him,  npon  other 
points  of  importance,  he  requested,  previously  to  entering  upoir 
the  discussion  of  any  other  matter,  to  be  informed,  what  pat « 
ticular  steps  the  Rajah  of  Ligore  had  taken  to  punish  the 
suspected  persons  who  had  been  sent  from  Quedah  and  were 
represented  to  be  now  in  prison  at  Ligore^ 

The  Messengers  replied,  that  a  few  days  after  the  receipt  of 
the  Governor's  last  letter,  the  Rajah  of  Ligore  caused  the  four 
persons  suspected  of  being  concerned  in  tl^  murder  of  Lebbej 
■Ghanny,  viz.  Konrat  Aksoon,  the  Secretary,  (a  Siamese,)  Che 
Musa,  (a  Malay,)  the  Interpreter  and  Translator,  Kochop^ 
the  Commissary  of  Ordnance,  (a  Siamese)  and  the  Superintend^ 
ent  of  the  Elephants,  against  whom  the  suspicions  were  very 
strong,  to  be  bound  to  a  stake,  according  to  the  law  of  Siam> 
fur  the  purpose  of  extorting  a  confession.  They  received  each 
180  Stripes  and  were  otherwise  punished;  but  as  (hey  would 
Dot  confess,  they  had  been  remanded  to  prison  and  the  Rijali 
of  Ligore  was  instituting  further  inquiries  into  the  matter.     ' 

The  Honorable  the  Governor  remarked  that  he  was  sur- 
prised there  should  have  been  such  difficulty  in  identifying 
the  perpetrators  of  the  murder,  as  he  had  sent  a  Cruizer,  with 
jome  of  the  persons  who  escaped  from  Lehhey  Ghanny 's  boat, 
^ho  could  have  poialed  out  the  residence  of  the  principal  of* 


',%  Appendix* 

fender ;  but  thfe  authorities  at  Quedali  threw  every  obstacle  tbejr 
possibly  could,  iu  the  way  of  investigation  and  inquiry  and  be 
had  therefore  appealed  to  the  Rajah  of  Ligore,  trusting  tbat 
the  notice  he  bad  taken  of  this  glaring  breach  of  good  faith 
vi'ould  operate  as  an  useful  cautiun  for  the  future  aitd  ensure 
that  protection  to  peaceable  British  Subjects,  trading  to  th« 
adjoining  states,  io  which  they  were  entitled.  The  Governor 
further  observed^  that  had  a  similar  offence  been  committed 
upon  a  Siamese  subject  at  a  British  Settlement,  immediate  pu- 
nishment would  have  fellowed,  and  there  would  have  been  uo 
iardiucss  in  making  every  proper  reparation  the  law  would  ad- 
mit of,  evea  without  any  appeal  from  the  Siam  Goveromeot.    j-. 

The  Messengers  assured  the  Governor,  with  considerable 
jwarmth  and  every  appeaiance  of  sincerity*,  that  the  Rajah  of 
Ligore  was  very  desirous  (o  maintain  a  good  understanding, 
and  that  after  the  return  of  one  of  the  present  Messengers, 
Kon  Akson,  from  hence,  about  two  months  ago,  his  Highness 
desired  him  io  attend  the  examination  of  the  four  suspected 
persons,  in  order  that  he  might  again  proceed  to  Pinang  to 
assure  the  Governor,  the  Rajah  of  Ligore  had  done  all  in  his 
power  to  bring  the  offi^nders  to  justice.  They  hoped  there- 
fore, the  Governor  would  not  longer  entertain  any  doubt  of 
the  anxiety  of  the  Rajah  of  Ligore  to  make  ample  amends. 

The  Governor  replied,  that  from  the  circumstances  now 
stated,  he  was  disposed  to  give  credit  to  the  Rajah  of  Ligore's 
intent  ions;  al(h'»ugh  he  could  have  wished,  for  the  sake  of 
example,  that  the  proceedings  had  been  conducted  upon  the 
8p«>t,  at  Qiiedah.  He  was  neTeitheless,  inclined  to  be  satis, 
fied  With  the  result  of  the  Rnjah  of  Ligore'i  proceedings^  aad 


be  signified  his  wish  to  bear  the  purport  of  the  other  com* 
muuicalions  with  which  the  Messeugers  were  charged.,  i  •      . 

They  stated  that  they  had  brought  three  letters,  (  producing 
IheiUy)  from  the  Son  and  Sister  of  the  Rajah  of  Qiiedab, 
vhich  they  were  directed,  by  the  Rajah  of  Li  go  re,  to  deiiver 
personally  to  His  Majesty,  and  they  therefore  requested  the 
permission  of  the  Governor  to  have  au  interview  with  the 
King.  They  said  the  letters  related  to  some  negotiations  which 
were  in  progress,  for  returning  the  Rajah  of  Qnedah  to  bis 
former  Government,  and  thej  had  been  commanded  to  assume 
him,  that  if  he  would  send  a  letter  soliciting  the  assistance 
of  the  Rajah  of  Ligore  and  place  entire  confidence  in  him, 
abstaining  at  the  same  time,  from  sending  his  prows  and 
people  to  several  of  the  northern  Ports  of  Quedali,  where  they 
had  been  carrying  on  a  predatory  warfare,  or  from  accepting 
the  profiered  aid  of  the  Burmahs  and  Malayan  States,  he 
might  be  returned  to  his  own  Country  and  be  re-invested  with 
all  his  former  authority.  The  Messengers  mentioned  aiso, 
that  the  Rajah  of  Ligore  was  much  pleased  with  the  Gover- 
nor's late  letter  upon  this  subject  and  he  highly  approved  of 
the  proposed  mediation;  he  had  commissioned  them  to  declare 
to  the  Governor,  that  so  desirous  was  he  to  put  a  stop  to  all 
differences  and  to  preserve  a  good  understanding  between  the 
Siamese  and  British  Government,  that  he  would  accede  to  any 
consistent  proposition  the  Governor  might  be  pleased  to  make| 
in  regard  to  returning  the  Rajah  of  Quedah  to  his  own  Coua* 


V'     "      i 


try.    ■.  y^>;''i.^^^-'M-.in-*Mi  ^'^-^  j:^^^^^  ■  ^^^    .  ^    /t^^     .^, 

The  Governor  rejoined,  that  as  he  was  the  friend  of  both 
parties,  he  was  gratified  to  find  the  Rajah  of  Ligore  was  dig* 
posed  to  accept  his  proiTered  ar^itratioDi  and  that  there.  w<m 


jLii  Appendix^ 

k  likelihood,  through  hi?  HitercessioD,  of  the  Rajah  of  Que- 
dab  being  re-iostated;  that  he  musi  have  observed  (he  pos» 
tession  of  the  Qiiedah  Country  by  the  Siamese  had  been  » 
source  of  trouble  to  his  Highness  af  Ligore^  \iilhout  any  ad- 
vantages to  counterbalance, — while  be  excited  the  jealousy 
and  ill  will  of  the  surrounding  States;  that  the  Burmahs  aod 
many  of  the  Malayan  States  had  offered  the  Rajah  of  Que. 
dab  powerful  co-operation  which  would,  in  all  probability, 
•  have  been  brought  into  action  'ere  now,  had  they  had  not 
been,  in  some  degree,  restrained  by  his  advice.  It  was  clearly, 
therefore,  for  the  Rajah  of  Ligore's  own  advantage  and  in* 
terest  to  avert  the  possibility  of  such  a  dangerous  combrna* 
tion,  and  to  restore  the  King  of  Quedah  to  his  Throne,— ^a 
measure  most  acceptable  to  the  British  Government.  ^  He  also 
said,  that  notwithstanding  the  friendly  professions  of  the  Ra* 
jab  of  Ligore,  it  would  not  he  consistent  with  his  duty  and 
inclination,  after  the  part:  he  had  taken,  to  advise  the  return 
of  the  Rajah  of  Quedah,  until  the  Siamese  troops  were  with<- 
drawn  and  an  engagement  entered  into,  to  guard  against  atly 
treachery  in  the  business;  that  when  the  British  Government 
interposed  its  good  Offices  and  interfered  in  the  affairs  of 
other  States,  it  did  so  iu  sincerity  and  no  evasion  of  a  solentn 
treaty  would  be  tolerated;  it  was  proper,  therefore,  that  every 
thing  should  be  clearly  defined,  and  when  understood,  strict« 
ly  adhered  to.  The  Governor  expressed  his  regret  that  the 
Rajah  of  Ligore  had  not  come  down  to  Quedah  as  suggested 
by  him,  when  a  speedy  adjustment  might  have  been  effected. 
He  also  inquired  of  the  Messengers,  if  his  Highness  had  the 
-power  to  restore  the  King  of  Quedah  without  the  special 
muthoiity  of  the  Emperor  of  Siam«  'Vp  L'f  ; 


i 
APFBNDIXr  '  xiii 


The  Messengers  la  reply  said,  the  Rajah  of  Ligore  stitl  erU 

tertaiued  suspicions  that  tlie  Rajah  of  Qiiedah  had  not  a  proper  | 

confidence  in  his  good  intentions,    therefore,  ac4y  negotiations  j 

would  he  conducted  through  the  medlura  and  by  the  consent  \ 

©r  the  Governor;,   thai   the   Rai.aH  of  Ligore  was^  anxious  to  . 

have  come  down  to  Quedah,  agreeably  to  tli«  Governor's  wishs  j 

but  he  could  not  have  done  so,  unaccompanied  by  a  large  forcei.  I 
and    the  scarcity  of  grain  at  Quedah  rendered  that  impossible  J 

he-  had  therefore  deputed  them  to  infornv  the  Governor  he  wat  j 
leady  to  receive  his^  further  proposals^  that  he  wished  any  ea<» 

gagements  on  the  part  of  the  Ilajah  of  Quedah  to  be  guarran*  | 
teed  by  the  Cover  nor,  and  that  it  was  his^desire^that  Chief  should^ 
as   a  matter  of  form,   write  to  him  and  solicit  his  influence  and 

assistance;  the  Messengers  added  that  the  consent  of  the  Em>»  i 

peror  was  a  matter  of  course,^if  the  Rajah  of  Ligore  were  wiU  \ 

ling  ;  for  the  Quedah  Country  had  been  transferred  to  him; — oa  \ 

this  head  there  could  be  DO  difficulty.  \ 

In  answer  ta these  remarks,  the  Grovernor  said,  thai  the  i 
services  and  obligations  of  the  Rajah  of  Qtiedah  were  so  ill  i 
defined  and  the  exactions  by  the  Siaa>ese  Government  latterly  I 
so  heavy  and  intolerable,  it  would  be  necessary  to  come  to  a  J 
clear  understanding  as  to  what  sort  of  connexion  should  su&«  ] 
sist  in  future,  and  in  what  degree  Quedah  was  to  be  depend- 
ent upoD  Siamv                                                   *    '  i 

The  Messengers  again  urged  that  the  Raj  ah  of  Ligore  had  j 

surh  perfect  reliance  upon  the  Governor  and  so  sincere  a  desiro  j 

to  adj!rst  every  thing  to  his  satisfaction,  that  they  had  no  doubt  ] 

His  Highness  would  comply  with   hii  wishes  in  regard  to  the  I 

present  matters  of  discussion.     They  complained  that  some  of  J 

the  Rajah  of  Quedah*8  adbereati  bad  fitted  out  vesseU  tad  i 


Appenditi 

re  commitltng  depredafions,  not  otiTy  upon  ttie  Siamese,  bat 
iceable  traders,  and  the  Rajah  of  Ligore  hoped  the  Cover- 
would  prohibit  anj  hostile  equipment,  :  Oi' ,».•>• 
rhe  Governor  replied,  (hat  (he  vesseb  alluded  to  were  no( 
ed  out  at  this  Island  and  as  (he  Messengers  were  doubtlesi 
are  and  had  observed,  tvfo  Cruizers  were  constantly  goin^ 
learch  of  Pirates,  and  he  was  using  his  most  strenuous  en^ 
ivours  io  suppress  Piracy,  ^{(h  regard  to  the  delivery 
the  letters,  (he  Governor  proposed  to  desire  (he  Mala/ 
mslator  to  accompany  the  Messengers  for  that  purpo9e> 
ich  they  entirely  approved  of.  He  intimated  to  them  thai 
would  appoint  as  early  a  day  as  possible,  for  receiving  th6 
jah  of  Quedah  and  themselves  togeiher,  to  discuss  and  set* 
the  preliminaries  of  the  proposed  Treaties.  -^ 
Fhe  Messengers,  before  taking  (heir  leave,  produced  a  dra^^r- 
of  Cloth  which  the  Rajah  of  Ligore  had  desired  (hem  (^ 
uest  might  be  sent  to  li)urope  to  be  manufactured  for  hi m^ 
e  G(fvernor  assured  them  there  would  be  bo  difficulty  ia 
npljing  with  his  wishes  in  regard  to  that  or  any  others  of 
imilar  nature,  and  after  the  more  important  matters  bail 
n  settled  and  brought  te  a  satisfactory  conclusion  he  shoultf 
happy  to  afford  the  Rajah  of  Ligore  every  assistance  and 
ulgence. 

Ifier  a  short  conversation  respecting  the  Journey  from 
^ore,  (he  Crops  and  the  S(ate  of  the  Country,  the  confer* 
e  ended  and  the  Messengers  withdrew,  ^j,,^  .- -^  if  ' 

(Signed)  JOHN  ANDERSON, 

Malat  Translatob  to  GoVt» 

ince  of  Wales  Island,  >     "^  ,  •*'-' 

Ihe  9th  April,  182*.  >^ -f?>^4^?*  yil<,if^£^^^  i^^  iJvU^l  ^ri^r 


Appendix^  t  xt 

TRANSLATION  of  a  Trealy  qfPeace^  Friendship  and 
Alliance  entered  into  between  Sir  George  Leithy  Bd* 
ronety  Lieutenant  Governor  of  Prince  of  Wales  hlani^ 
on  the  part  of  the  British  Government  and  the  Kinff 
of  Quedahy  Tleaoodeen^    / 


■     ,               .?;).♦! 

.?:  to  rU  > 

'^'^^'^>>j  '    SEAL 

.^■.: ' •^l^  '■■.  :.''ii..A:. 

;  -^  ,. .  _  . 

of  Tleaoodeen, 

^■J'-'^--   ■:.^.:..    ■.>■:   ■ 

Sultan  Mooda, 

-.rji^-V-^^^^^^^r-'' 

Son  of  Ma-alum  Shab, 

^i;^k  :?.-:■  \'^::v- 

KingofQuedah. 

-  t 


In  the  year  of  the  Hejirat  of  the  Prophef,  (Che  peace  of  the  S^*' 

most  high  God  be  opon  him,)  One  thousand  Two  hundred  aud  Pa5"?u' 

Fifteen,  (he year  Ha.  od  the  twelfth   day  of  the  month  Mahar-  Maha  B 

rum,    Wednesday.     Whereas  this   day  Ihis    writing  shewelh  ®f  Q«ed 
that  Sir  George    Leith  Baronet,  Lieutenant  Governor  of  Pulo 

Pinang,  (on  Hie  part  of  the  English  Company,)  has  agreed  on  SEAI 

and  concluded  a  Treaty  with  His   Majesty  the  Rajah   Mooda  "f  Wan  i 

of  Pu,  lis  and  Quedah,  and  all  (he  OflScers  of  State  and  Chief*  ^bduU* 

of  (he  two  Countries,  to  be  on  friendly  terms  by  Sea  and  Laud  j 
as  long  a,  the  Sun  and  Moon  retain  their  motion  and  spleo^lourj 
the  articles  of  which  Treaty  areas  follow. 

^Artrcte'lst.  The  English  Company  are  to  pay  annually  f«  I 

H.S   Majesty  of  Purlis  and  Quedah,  Ten  thousand   Dollar,  a.  I 

loner  as  (he  Eno-Ii,h,|,al|  continue  in  possession  of  Pulo  Pinang  '       i 

«nd  the  country  ou  the  opposite  Coast  l«reafter  mentiofled,      '  \ 


m  Appendix, 

ArficTe  2nd,  Hii  Majesty  agrees  to  gha  to  ilie  English 
Conipanj  for  ever,  all  that  part  of  the  Sea  Coasts  that  is  betweea 
Kwala  Krianandtbe  River  sideof  KwalaMooda,  and  measur- 
ing inland  from  the  sea  side  sixty  Orlongs^  the  whole  length 
abovementioned  to  be  measured  by  people  appointed  by  His^ 
Majesty  and  the  Company's  people.  The  English  Com  pan/ 
are  to  protect  this  coast  from  all  enemies,  robbers  and  pirate* 
that  may  attack  it  by  sea  from  North  or  South. 

Article  3rd.  His  Majesty  agrees  that  all  kinds  of  provisiont 
*V7anted  for  Pulo  Ptnang,  the  Ships  of  War,  and  CoropanylB  Ships^ 
may  be  bought  at  Purlis  and  Quedah  Tvithout  iro pediment, 
or  being  stibjdct  tetany  duty  or  custom:  and  all  boats  going 
from  Pufo  Pinang  to  Purlis  and  Quedab  for  the  purpose  of 
purchasing  provisions  are  to  be  furnished  with  proper  Past. 
ports  for  that  purpose  to  prevent  impositiont.  ro  -*i;<i«*)n(f:i?I 

Article  4ih.  All  Slaves  rurrniog  away  from  PurTis  and  Que- 
dah to  Pulo  Piiaigor  from  Pulo  Pinang  to  Purlis  aod  Quedah 
shall  he  returned  to  their  owners^ 

Article  5th.  All  Debtors  running  from  their  Creditors  from 
Purlis  and  Qncdah  to  Pulo  Pinang  or  from  Pulo  Pinang  io 
Purlis  and  Quedah,  if  they  do  not  pay  their  debts,  their  person! 
shall  he  delivered,  up  to  their  Creditors.-.     .  .     >    >  >  -    . 

Article  6th.  His  Majesty  shall  not  permit  Earopeant  of 
any  othei  nation  to  settle  in  any  part  of  bis  doiBink)as«    cM'-'^  ' 

Article  7th.  The  Company  are  not  to  receive  any  such  pco» 
pie  as  may  be  proved  to  have  committed  rebellion  or  High 
Treason  against  His  Majesty* 

Article  8lh.  All  persons  guilty  of  murder,  running  from 
Purlis  and  Quedah  to  Pulo  Pinang  or  from  Pulo  Pinang  to 
Puf lis  and  Qucdah^shali  beapprehended  and  returoed  in  bond^ 


Article  9l1i.  Alt  persons  stealing  Chops,.  (Forgcrj,)]  t<rbr 
given  up  likewise*. 

Article  IDtb.  A^ll  tliose  wtio  arc  or  may  become  enemier 
to  the  Companj,  His-  Majesty  shall  not  assist  with  provisions. 

Article  FUK;  All' persons  belonging  to  His  Majesty  bringingr 
the    produce  of4he  countries- down  the  Rivers,  are  notr  to  b« 
molested-  or  impeded-  by  the  Company's  people. 

Articfe  r2th\  Suel>  artfcles  as  His  Majesty  may  stand  in* 
need  of  from  Pulo  Pinang  aretobe  procured  by  the  Compa* 
ny's  Agents  and  the  amount  to  be  deducted  from  the  gratuity. 

Article  \Si\\,  A9-  soon  a^-  possible  after  the  ratification  of 
this  Treaty,  the  arrears  of  gratuity  now  due«  agreeable  to  tha' 
furmsr  Treaty  and  agreement,,  to  Uis  Maj^esty  ot  Purlisau^ 
Quedahy  arc  to  be  paid  ofl^        .  \.     • 

Article  14tb.  On  the  ratification  of  this  Tjeaty,  all  former 
Treaties  and  agreementa  between  the  two  Goveruments^  to>ba 
null  and  void*  ^       .,.',, 

These  fourteen  articles  being  settledand'  concluded,  between 
His' Majesty  and  tlie  English  Company,  the  Countries  of  Pirr- 
lis  and  Qtiedah  and  Pulo  Pinang  shall  be*  as  one  Country,,  and 
M^hoever  shall  depart  or  deviate  fiom  any  part  of  this  agreement 
the  Almighty  punfsh  and  destroy  him,  he  slull  not  prosper. 

This  done  and  completed,  and'  ivny  Treaties   of  the   sama^ 
tenor  and  date  interchangeably  given  between  His  Majesty  and 
the  Governor  of  Pulo  Pinang,  and  sealed  with  the  S^als  of  the 
State   OflScers  immediately  officiating  under  His    Majesty  k> 
Older  ta  prevent  disputes  hereafteF» 


xyiii  .  Appendix.     . 

Written  bj  Hakim  Ibrabiro,  Son  of  Sri  Rajah  Mooda»  hy  :  t*, 
order  of  His  Majesty  of  exalted  digoitjr*       .  »  *^  •>] !-  '  '  ^  ->  •     ' 


SEXL 

yv-.:UiK     !;5!C.?£i: 

of 
Hakim 
Ibrabiia 

Originally  translated  bj 
Malay  Thanslatoh,  ,^^  ^ 

■  r:  i  V>Ti^o*rMu  r 

Rerised  from  the  original  by    . . 

^              '        'J   uo  :.h'^ 

JOHN  ANDERSON*     ^^ 

Malay  Translator  to  Gort^  '"  ] 

•'   .  -^  ;■  "i: 

Ttts^rr  OF  Commercial  Alliance  between  the  Hono* 
rable  English  East  India  Company^  and  His  Majesty    . 
the  Rajah  of  Perak,  settled  hy  Mr.    Walter  Sexsetl  .- 
Cracroft^  in   virtue  of  Pothers  delegated  to  him  by  the 
Honorable  John  Alexander  Banner  man.  Governor  of 
,  .Q^      .  Prince  of  f Fates  Island  and  its  Dependencies, — Done 
^-    "         on  the  27th  Ramadlan  1233,  (answering  to  the  Even*  , 
y^        ingof  the  30th  July  ]818.>  .^:,,,  y:..  i  \     . 

Article  Ist.  The  Peace  and  Fiiendsbip  now  subsisting  be«.  ' 
tween  the  Honorable  English    East  India  Company,  and  Hit 
Majesty  the  Rajah  of  Perak  shall  be  perpetual.  (     .  /  . 

■  ■    ■      ':»--  ■  ■r'ku'^ 

.  Article  Sad.  The  Vessels  and  Merchandire  belonging  to vii^ 
British  Subjects,  or  Persons  being  under  th«  protection  of  thfc- ft 
Honorable  East  India  Company  shall  alwayi  enjoy  in  the  Portr*:*/. 


^•»*^ 


'      '  'I 

ftnd  Dominions  subject  to  His  Mjijcsty  the  Rajah  of  Perak,^ 
all  the  Privileges  and  advantages  \*hicli  are  novr,  or  maj  ai 
anj  time  hereafter  be  granted  %o  the  subjects  of  the  mos| 
favored  Nations,  . 

Article  Srd.  The  Vessels  and  Merchandize  belonging  tdH 
the  subjects  of  His  Majesty  the  Rajah  of  Perak  shall  alwayi 
receive  similar  advantages  and  Privileges  with  those  in  the  pre* 
ceding  article,  as  long  as  they  are  in  the  harbour  of  Fort  Corn* 
wallis;  and  in  all  other  places  dependent  oa  the  British  Go* 
Ternment  of  Prince  of  Wales  Island* 

Article  4th.  His  Majesty  of  Perak  agrees  that  he  will  nol 
rencAv  any  obsolete  and  interrupted  Treaties  with  other  Nationiy 
Public  Bodies  or  Individuals,  the  Provisions  of  which  may  in 
any  degree  tend  to  exclude  or  obstruct  the  Trade  3f  British 
Subjects,  who  further  shall  not  be  burthened  with  any  iiQt 
positions  or  Duties  not  levied  on  the  subject»  of  other  States. 

Article  5th.  His  Majesty  the  Rajah  of  Perak  further  eni 
gages  that  he  will  upon  no  pretence  whatever,  grant  a  mono- 
poly of  any  articles  of  Trade  or  Commodities,  the  produce  o( 
his  Territories  to  any  Person  or  Persons,  European,  Americai! 
or  Natives  of  any  other  Country,  but  that  he  will  allow  British 
Subjects  to  come  and  buy  all  sorts  of  Merchandize,  the  saiiHi 
as  other  people.  ^.  =    t-:*        i  ,  -j-m 

Article  6th,  The  Honorable  East  India  Company  cngag* 
-#'^at  they  will  not  form  any*Trrcatie8  or  Engagements  whicli 
may  exclude  or  obstruct  the  Merchandize  of  the  subjects  o 
the  Rajah  of  Perak,  who  come  to  trade  at  Pinang,  nor  will  the; 
graatamoaopolj  of  auj  sort  of  Mercbaadize  to  any  descrip 


XX  A>9FENDIX« 


i 


ilon  of  Persons,  onlya*  is  spieelfied  mtLe  5tb  article,  bi^t  wil? 
allow  the  natives  of  Perak  to  come  aud  buj  all  sorts  of  Mec^ 
cbandize  the  same  as  other  people..  ,;  n- 

Article  7ih.  His  Majesty  Hie  RajaB  of  Peralc  cngcages  tBat 
if  sMy  Persons  bring  Subjects  af  th&  Company  from  Pinang  and 
its  DepcHdencies  for  Sale,  he  will  not  allow  of  their  Sale  in  the 
Country  of  Perak,.  and  the  Honorable  Company  will  be  bound 
by  a  similar  agreement  with  respect  to  the  subjects  of  Perak^ 
for  the  Laws  of  England  on  no  account  allaw  of  such  Proceed- 
ings in  any  of  the  Countries  subject  to  the  Biitisb'.  Authoiities* 

Article  8(h.  This  Treaty  according  to  the  foregoing  articles 
is  made  for  the  purpose  of  promoting  tlie-  Peace  and  Friendship 
of  the  two  States,  and  securing  the  Uberty  of  Commerce  and 
Navigation  between  their  respective  subjects  to  the  mutual 
advantage  of  both,  and  of  it  one  Draft  is  retained  by  His  Ma* 
jpstv  the  Rajah  af  Perak,  and  one  by  Mr.  Walter  Sewell  Cra- 
croft,  affcnt  of  the  Honorable  the  Go^erno^  of  Pinang.  To  this- 
is  aflSxed  the  Seal  of  His  Majesty  the  Rajah  of  Perak  to  ratify 
ittoihe  Honorable  English  East  India  Company,  so  that  no 
disputes  may  hereafter  arise  concerning  it,  but  that  it  may  be 
pecmaneut  at.d  last  for  ever,. 


fStgned)  ;<?  c^>-t-lii^  i. 

W.  S.  CRACROFT^  -.,.-;! 


/•»k.i» 


iti 


r 

C0MMI8SI0H£B«. 

(A  frirc  CopyJ 
JOHM  ANDERSOI>f, 
I         ijx*     .  *   .  Malat  Ttanslatob  to  Govt. 


TPRtATt  OF  CoMSLERCTAL  Alltavce  helxieen  the  Ho*  CHOP  !? 
'-  norable  English  East  India  Company^  and  His  Jl/a-  ^^^ ,  j  "  ^| 
'  Jesli/^  the  Rajah  of  Salengore^  settled  h\f  Mr.  Walter    of  Salengor|; 

-  Sewell  Cracrofty  in  virtue  of  Powers  delegated  to  him  by 
the  Honorable  John  Alexander  Bannerman^  Governor 

•'  of  Prince  of  Wales  Island  and  Us  Depeniencie^*'-^ 

-  Done  on  the  20th  of  Shawal^  Saturdaj/^   1233,  or  23rd 

'AugUSty     A.   D.IS18.  .       V;        ;:> 

Article  ?st.  The  Peace  and  Friendsliip  now  snbsislin^^  be 
fween  the  Honorable  English  East  India  Com  pan  j,  and  Hif 
Majesty  the  Rajah  of  Salengore  shall  be  perpetuaf. 

Article  2iid.  The  Vessels  and  Merchandize  befongingf^  to 
British  Subjects,  or  Pcrsons^  being  under  the  protection  of  lh« 
Honorable  East  India  Company  shall  always  enjoy  in  the 
Ports  and  Dominions  subject  to  His  Majesty  the  Rajali 
of  Salengore,  all  the  Privileges  and  Advantages  which  artt 
now,  or  may  at  any  time  hereafter  be  granted  to  the  Subject! 
of  the  most  favored  Nations,  . 

^^--  '  '  "•    ■  .  '       '• 

Article  Sfd.    The  Vessels  and   Merchandize  belongmg  fo 

the  Subjects  of  His  Majesty  the  Rajah  of  Salengore  8hal^ 
always  receive  similar  Adrantages  and  Privileges  wi(h  those 
in  the  preceeding  Article,  as  long  as  they  are  iu  the  harbour 
of  Fort  ComwaUis,  and  tn  all  other  Places  dependent  oa  th« 
British  Gorernuient  of  Prince  of  Wales  Island* 

Article  4th.  His  Majesty  of  Salengore  agrees  that  he  wilt 
not  renew   any  obsolete  and   interrupted  Treaties  with  other  » 

Nations,   Public   Bodies   or  Individuals^   the  ProTisions  of 


wbicb  mAy  in  any  degree  tend  to  exclude  ©r  oBstrirct  t& 
Trade  of  British  Subjects,  wha  further  shall  not  be  buf 
tbened  with  any  impositions  or  duties  not  levied  oa^tbe  Subr 
jccts  of  other  States^  ^r:^- 

Article  5tb.  His  Majesty  the  Rajah  of  Salcngorcr  fiirtbcf 
engages  that  he  will  upon  no  pretence  vrhatsoeTer,  grant  a 
Monopoly  of  any  Articles  of  Trade  or  Commodities,  ther  pro- 
duce of  his  Territories  to  any  Person  or  Persons,  European 
American  or  the  Natives  of  any  other  Country,  but  that  he 
i/rill  allow  British  Subjects  to  come  and  bny  all  sorts  of  MeTf 
chandize,  the  same  as  other  people. 

Article  6th.  The  Honorable  East  India  Company  engage 
that  they  will  not  form  any  Treaties  or  Engagements  wliicb 
may  exclude  or  obstruct  the  Merchandize  of  the  Subjects  of 
tbe  Rajah  ofSalengore,  who  come  to  Trade  at  Pinang,  nor 
will  they  grant  a  Monopoly  of  any  sort  of  Merchandize  to 
one  description  of  Persons  only,  as  is  specified  in  the  5th  Ar- 
tide,  but  will  allow  the  Natives  of  Salengore  to  come  and  buy 
all  sorts  of  Merchandize  the  same  as  other  People. 

Article  7th,  His  Majesty  the  Rajah  of  Salengore  engages 
that  if  any  Persons  bring  Subjects  of  the  Company  from 
Pinang  and  its  Dependencies  for  Sale,  he  will  not  allow  of 
their  Sale  in  the  Country  of  Salengore,  and  the  Honorable 
Company  will  be  bound  by  a  similar  agreement  with  respect 
to  the  Subjects  ofSalengore;  for  the  Laws  of  England  on  no 
account  allow  of  such  Proceedings  in  any  of  the  Countries 
Subject  to  the  British  Authority, 


Appbndi^ 


XXIU 


Article  8th;   'th\9  Treaty  according  to  the  foregoing  ^f. 

fic1e9  is  made  for'  the  purpose  of  promoting  tlie  Peace  and 
Friendship  of  the  two   States,   and  securing  the  libertj  of 
Commerce  and  Navigation  between  their  respective  S'ubjecis 
fo  the  mutual  advantage  of  bbtfi,  and  of  it,  one  Draft  is  re« 
tained  by  Hi»  Majestjr  the  Rajah  of  Salengore,  and  one  by 
Mr.  Walter  Sewell  CracoO^  Agent  of  the  Honorable  the  Go« 
ternor  of  Pinang. — To  this  is  affixed  the  Seal  of  His  Majesty 
the  Rajah  of  Salengore  to  ratify  it  to  the   Honorable  English 
East  India   Company,    so  that  no    Disputes    may  hereafter 
arise  concerning  it,  but  that  it  may  be  permanent  and  last 
for  ever. 

-.'■-.  f^  • .  "  .'   *  ■      .  •' '      .  . 
(Signed)  " 

W.  S.  CRACROFT, 

CoMMlSSlOSfiR. 

(A  true  Copy) 
JOHN  ANDERSON, 
Malay  Translator  to  Govt* 


;  ri'. 


r,:f; 


THR^rr  OF  CoMnnnciAL  J llt^ncb  between  the  Jffo^ 
norable  the  English  East  India  Company  and  His-  Moi* 
jesly  Sri  Sultan  Abdul  Rachman  Shaw^  King  (^  Johore^ 
Pahang  and  Dependencies^  settled  on  the  part  of  t/us 
Honorable  the  East  India  Company^  by  Major  William 
Farquhar^  Resident  of  Malacca^  by  virtue  of  Powers 
delegated  to  him  by  the  Honorable  John  Alexander 
Bannerman^  Governor  of  Prince  of  Wales  Island  and 
its  Dependencies^  and  on  the  part  of  His  Majesty  the 
Sultan  of  Johore^  Pahang^  &;c.  by  His  Highness  Jaffir 
Rajah  Mudah  of  Rhio^  in  virtue  of  similar  Powers 
granted  to  him  by  his  said  Majesty  Sri  Sultan  Abdul 
Rachman  Shdw. 

Article  1st 
The  Peace   and  Friendship  now  happily  subsisting  between 

the  Honorable  English    East   India  Companj,  and  His  Majest/ 

Sri  Suhau  Abdul  KachmanShaw,  Kingof  Johore,  Pahangj  &e. 

shall  be  perpetual.  -:...,. 

Article  2nd. 

The  Vessels  and  Merchandize  belonging  to  British  Sufc. 
jects,  or  Persons  being  under  the  protection  of  the  Honorable 
East  India  Company,  shall  always  enjoy  in  the  Ports  and  Do- 
minions of  Johore,  Pahang,  Lingin,  Rhio,  and  others^  subject 
to  His  said  Majesty  Sri  Sultan  Abdul  Rachman  Shaw^all  the 
privileges  and  advantages,  which  are  now,  or  may  at  any  time 
hereafter  be  granted  to  the  subjects  of  the  most  fuyored  Nationt. 

Article  3id. 

The  Vessels  and  Merchandize  belonging  to  the  Subjects  of 
His  said  Majesty  Sri  Sultaa  Abdul  Rachman  Shaw.    Shall 


^^ 


AfFBNDisr^  "iii 

always  reed  ve  ftimilar  ad  vantages  aud  pri  vfle^eli  In  (W  flai^di^/ 
pf  Fort  Cornwallis,  and  ia^ll  oth'et  t^lacei  dcfp^deol  6fi  tli^ 
^fitish  Govismmeni  of  Prince  of  Wales  Island* 

Artitle  illi*  J        : 

tlis  said  Majesty  Sri  Sultan  Abdul  Raclimail  Slra%  ^tlall 
iiot  renew  any  obsolete  ami  interrupted  Treaties  with  othef  N'a- 
tionS|  i^ublic  Bodids  or  Individuats;  the'^prdvlsibns  of  wbieh 
may  in  any  degree  tend  to  et dude  or  obstruct  the  Trade  of 
British  Subjects^  who  farther  shall  not  be  burthened  wifli 
iany  Impositions  or  Duties  not  levied  on  the' subjects  of  other 
6tate§i. 

'       Article  hib^ 

tifi^  said  Majesty  Sri  Sultan  Ahdii]  Rachman  Shaw>  ifarther 
(Engages  that  he  will  upon  no  pretence  whatever  grant  a  lVl<mo* 
poly  of  any  Articles  of  Trade  or  Commodities^  the  produce 
of  his  TerTitoriet,  to  any  Person  or  Persons,  European^  Ameri* 
tan  or  Nativei. 

Article  dtb* 

it  IS  finally  declared  that  this  Treaty  which  ac60rd{rtg  to 
the  foregoing  articles^  is  meant  for  promoting  the  Peace  and 
t'riendshtp  of  the  two  States^  knd  securing  ih6  liberty  of  Ooai« 
tnerce  and  Navigation  between  their  respective  Subjects  to  the 
mutual  advantage  of  both|  shall  last  for  ever* 

in  token  of  truth  and  for  the  satisfaction  of  both  parties^  W0 
have  hereudlo  affixed  Our  Signatures  and  Seals  in  ilbto  this 


XXTI 


Appendix. 


Nineteenth  day  of  August,  A.  D.  1818:  answering  to  tbe 
Sij^leeuth  da/  of  the  Mouth  Sawal  ia  the  year  of  the  Hi* 
giia  1233.  ^    a 


of  Major  . 

■  '■  -  .    .V^  Lk.;M< 

i 

Farquhar. 

THE  CHOP   ^;' 

r  ii 

(Signed)     Wm.  Parqubar; 

of  the  Rajah      0    ' 

C.^:l 

ResMent  of  Malacca 

Mooda  or  Heif    '  * ' 

•■;..; 

and  Commissioner  on  the 

Apparent  of       '    ^  ' 

■..-^ 

part  of  tbe  British  Government 

Rhio.--^-^^''!'-^^ 

:nta 

(A  true  Top?) 

JOHN   ANDERSO?^, 
JVIalav  Translatob  to  Gott« 


♦  vi->  ':i    ^'^ 


«s-^ 


-.1 

■ '  I 
I 

APPENDIX.  I 


J 


Of  tbb  Aboriginal  Isb^bitam'ts  of  the  Malayan 
Peninsula^  and  particularly  of  the  Negroes^  called 
Semangi 


T, 


His  lubject  has  afforded  matter  of  curious  and  interesting 
speculation  to  several  writers  of  modern  date.  Marsden,  Lejdeo*  ) 
Raffles  and  Crawfurd  have  alternately  bestowed  a  slight  kttea-  i 
lion  upon  it;  but  it  is  one  which  requires  more  minute  inves*  I 
tigation,  and  would  amply  repay  the  labours  of  the  Philoso.  | 
pher.  Of  the  interior  parts  of  the  Malayan  Peninsula  which  | 
is  the  Suvarna,  or  Gold  Island,  one  of  the  three  sacred  Isles  qf  I 
the  Hindus  (a)  and  the  Grand  Depot  for  souls  after  death  ;  (b)  I 
there  is  little  known  even  at  the  present  day  and  the  research^  | 
vihich  have  hitherto  been  made^  regarding  the  Aborigines  of  j 
that  portion  of  the  East,  ba%e  as  yet  been  exceedingly  defective^  | 
and  unattended  with  any  satisfactory  result.     *'  In  our  present  j 

{a)  Sir  Stanford  Rafflet  reoiarki  **  Fit'her  iAVOtigation  oia/  prih»p«  eiCablith  | 
Java  and  Sonaatra,  or  rather  the  M-byao  ports  (io  which  general  term  we  Biif  > 
jtclode  all  the  Islands  containing  (he  Malayaa  pom)  ainoc  onlj  the  Taprobaaf  ^ 
or  TaprOvana  of  ihe  ancients,  hot  alio  ihc  Sacrcd  Itltl  of  the  Hindna/*  (Hit-  | 
toty  of  Ja? *y  ToU  in  page  5.)  4 


xxTiii*  Appbndix*^ 

itate  of  koowledgc,"  a»-a  lateJ^uilior  observes*  "  I  fear  we 
must  pronounce  that  ttie  origin  of  the  Nations  which  inhabit 
the  Indian  Islands  seems  buried  in  unfathomable  obscurity,  and 
hardly  appears  less  mysterious  than  that  of  the  indigenput 
plants  and  animals  oftfic  Country  they  inhabit."  (cj  Mr. 
Marsden,  iu  the  introduction  to  his  Malayan  Grammar,  hat 
quoted  the  opinion  of  Sir  S.  Raffles  (then  Mr.  Raffles,  Seereta- 

'*  (b)  As  PtoIeiDjr  places  Ma.Lioca.purr  to  the  same  longitode  with  the' 
Paoranict,  he  must  hvve  used  the  same  data,  and  which  he  had  probably  receifcd 
from  the  Hindos  whom  he  conversed  with  at  Alcxandfia,  Mi^.L-tnea,  beings 
•ccording  to  the  Piuranics,  ia  the  centre  of  the  Peniniora,  it  most  be  of  coarse 
la  about  five  degrees  of  Lititode  North,  and  there  it  is  placed  by  Aboi  Fazil^ 
and  rn  4^  20'  by  Ptolemy.  Ma.Lanca  is  called  io  the  Puranas  Yamala  and  Malay«» 
which  last  denomination  it  still  retains*  It  is  styled  also  Chanchana.pada  or 
with  the  Golden  skirts.  It  may  be  trrrslated  the  Country  of  the  Golden  Feet* 
a  title  assomed  by  the  Emperors  of  Avs,  and  other  Kings  of  that  part  of  t5e 
world  ;  and  the  Malayan  breeze  is  as  famous  in  the  Eat,  as  the  Sab^an  in  the 
West  J  and  its  capital  was  alio  called  Saba  or  Zaba,  In  the  beginning  of  tfie 
Brahmanda-purana,  it  is  declared,  that  the  strong  hold  of  T^tma  in  Tri.Cata^ 
that  is  to  say  the  Peninsola  of  Malacca  is  too  Yoj anas  long  and  30  broad^  whidi 
is  sufficiently  accurate.  Ptolemy  mentiona  there  a  place  called  Malaioocolott 
probably  from  the  Sanscrit  Mjlaya.CD^aro».  which  implies  a  place  or  the  borderi 
or  shores  of  M-ilaya,  the  same  is  called  Maletar  by  Marco  Pulo,  Malayatir  and 
M^lays.culam  are  synonymoos."*  It  is  singular  that  the  City  of  Canca  Nagara  or 
Wj-Linc;»puri,  is  placed  by  Ptolemy  in  the  exact  Latitude  of  the  River  Diodirg, 
in  the  Pcrak  Teuijory,  (which  is  known  as  the  Tcmala  or  Land  of  Tin  of  the 
aarae  author,)  and  which  is  no  doubt  the  aaine  City  aliased  to  ia  the  Sejara  Ma. 
]aya  or  Malayan  Annals,  written  in  the  year  of  the  Hejeirat  f02 1  or  a  little 
more  than  two  Centuries  ago.  It  is  therein  mentioned  ih«t  Rajib  Soran  Pad. 
ahah,  (said  to  be  a  descendant  of  Alexander  the  Great,)  "  formed  the  desig« 
of  subjugating  China  and  for  this  purpose  his  Men  at  Arms  and  the  Rajahs  de- 
pendent on  him,  ai>aembled  from  every  quarter  with  their  hosts,  to  the  number  of 
„  ^  • 

(c)  Crawford's  Archipelago,    vol.1  page  36. 
*  Mjoi  Milfoid'a  Esia/f  As.  Res.  ?oU  lo>  pages  144,]  45,   146  147,*  ; 


*^»i^-^ 


ry  to  the  GoTernmctit  ofPrincc  of  Wale*  Fslaod^ )  who  puSli^hv. 
ed  a  paper  on  the  Mulaj  Nation,  in  the  12th  vol.  of  the  Asiatic 
Researches,  relative  to  the  Aborigines  of  tlicrPetifhsula,  "  The 
Malays,"  observes  this  author,  '*  seem  fo  have  occupied  a 
Country  prcviouslj  unappropriated,  for,  if  we  except  an  incoa- 
liderable  race  of  Caflfries  who  are  occasionally  found  near  the 
mountains  and  a  few  tribes  of  the  Or ang  BenuB/ there  does  not 
exist  a  restrge  of  a*  nation  anlerior  to  the  Malays  in  the  whole  of 
the  Peninsula;  As  the  population  of  the  Peninsula  ha»  excited 
©oe  thoosaod  und  two  lacs.  Wiih  this  prodigioos  hoif,  he  advanced  sgainsi  Cbio^, 
and*  in  his  course  Forc»ts  were  converted  into  open  plains  j  the  earih  thooW  and 
the  thickets  moved,  the  lofty  grodndi  became  level  and  the  Rock*  l!c<r  off 
in  shivers;  and  the  large  Riven  were  dried  ap  to  the  mad.  Two  monthi  be 
muched  on  withoat  delaf,  9nd  the  darkest  night  was  illominated  by  the  light 
of  their  armour,  like  the  lustre  of  the  full  m  on,  and  the  noise  of  the  Thandee 
could  not  be  he^rd  for  the  load  noise  of  the  Ch«mpioat  and  warriors,  mixed 
with  the  cries  of  the  Horaet  and  Elephants.  Every  Country  which  Rjih  Sar^ia 
approached,  he  subdued  and  reduced  under  his  subj;£lion,  till  at  last  he  ap. 
preached  (he  Country  of  Gangga  Nigara,  the  Rajah  of  wh;ch  was  n.imed  Ginggi 
Shih  Juana,  which  City  is  siioated  on  a  Hill  of  very  steep  approach  io  froo% 
but  of  easy  access  in  the  rear;  *  Its  fort  was  situjted  on  the  banks  of  (he  River 
Dinding,  in  the- vicinity  of  Perak."  It  is  also  worthy  of  notice  that  thece 
are  two  Rivets  under  this  mountain,  which  bear  the  name  of  Sang^h  Kechil  and 
Sangah  Besar  or  (he  great  and  small  Sangah.  It  will  also  be  observed  by  a  re* 
ference  to  any  of  the  Charts  of  the  Straits  of  Malacca,  that  there  is  an  Island 
called  Calluin  or  Callor.g  which  forois  the  Straits  of  the  same  name  and  which 
are  al>ootadHy's  sail  from  the  DIndings.  There  is  a  River  of  the  same  n;tm?  on 
the  main,  from  which  much  Tin  ii  exported  and  which  is  perhipt  the  Milaioa* 
colon  of  Ptolimt  and  Malaya.Culam  of  the  Sanscrit,  notwithstanding  tlie 
powetful  arguments  against  such  a  supposition.  It  mast  not  be  (;mii(ed  19 
notice  besides  that  there  is  another  Rjver  to  the  Souihwaid  of  Culong  called 
Langat,  which  bears  such  a  striking  affinity    to  Laoca* 

•  Forrest  allulds  to  a  remarkable  mountain  in  this  quarter  »» Guooog  gaotoojg 
hanging  Hiil  ii  lemaikable  aeat  Laroot  Rifcr^*.  / 


jDuch  interest,  my  attenttoo  has  been  partlciiTarT/  directed ip 
Ihe  various  tribes  stated  to  be  scattered  over  the  Countrj* 
.•Those  on  the  Hills  are  usuallj  called  Semang  and  ar«  woollj 
headed  ;  those  on  the  plains^  Orang  Renua  or  people  belong- 
ing to  the  Country^  the  word  Bcnua  being  applied  bj  the  M^- 
Jajs  to  an  J  extensive  Country,  as  Beuua  China,  Beoua  Kling^ 
but  it  appears  to  be  only  a  sort  of  Malay  plural  to  the  Arabic 
'word  Ben  or  Beni,  signifying  a  tribe."  (d).  This  hypothesis 
bowever  is  satisfactorily  coufuied  by  Marsden,  \?ho  asserts  that 
Ao  inieliigeot  author,  (Mr.  Criwfurd)  aiieru  that  *<  The  word  Kolo*  it 
wifhoot  aojr  alteration  Javaneic  and  means  the  Weit  and  the  compoand  word 
'MalajD.koloo  eiaAly  in  the  order  in  which  it  itands  Maiayi  of  the  Wen/' 
.and  after waidi  *<  Thcie  ii  an  uoanawerable  objedion  ag:iinit  tapposing  Malajra 
Koloo  to  be  on  the  Malayan  PeninsQla,  or  loppoiing  thii  lait  lo  be  the  GoM^a 
•Cbeisoneiaa  or  Kroie  at  all}  which  will  occur  at  once  to  cverjr  one  familiaf 
^wit4i  the  well  known  hittory  of  the  Malayi*     It  ii  ibti;  in  the  ageof  pTOLiurt 

•  tnd  for  many  agei  after  ic  the  Malayan  Peninsula  was  oninh^biicd,  or  inb^bit^d 
only  by  a  few  negro  satagrt,  resemhl'ng  the  cannibals  of  Andaman,  wretched 
beings  with  whoia  there  cunld  have  been  no  intercourse^  or  at  least  bo  com. 

•  merer.  The  Mjtlays  did  not  emigrate  from  Sumatra,  their  parent  coantrf ,  and 
'Settle  in  the  Malayan  Peninsola,    ontil  the  comparatively  modern  period  of  i  i6o« 

■  thousand  years  after   the  time  of  PTuLiur»  while  Malacca   was  not  founded 
until  1252,   and  efety  other  M^lay  state  on  the  Peninsala  is  of  still  more  receoC 

■foundaiior/*    (Hy.  of  the  Archipelago,  vo'.  3,  page  I90*i^l« 

{•1)  We  are  informed  by  Marsden  that  the  Sumatrans  are  firmly  periaaded 
that  vafioua  particolar  persons  are  what  they  term  "  betoah"  (sacred,  inval. 
■erable,  not  liable  to  accideni").  The  belief  which  pre»ails  in  that  Island 
bowever  amongst  the  Malays,  of  the  transmigration  of  lonls,  does  not  extend 
to  the  Malays  of  ihe  PrninsnU,   who  hare  spirits  ard  imaginary   beings  of  their 

,Own,  amongu  which  we  may  safely  reckon  the  M^WiS  and  Bilian.     Mr.  Mars. 

den  says  of  the  Somatrans  **  They  have  an  imperfeA  aotioo  of  •  mrtemftjchosii^ 

>  bat  rot  in  any  dfgrre  systematic,  nor  considered  as  an  article  of  religions  faicb* 

''Popular  stories  prevail  ^morgst  them,  of  soch  a  part  tenia  r  roan  being  ch-«nged 
into  a  tigei  or  other  bca«t«     Tfkj  sccai  to.  tl)it.k,  itdcedj  that  tigers  io  gtccul 


'^.Sh^ 


ApFENmx*  ^xxi* 

Benua  is  a  genuine  Malay  word  signifying  conntrj,  regioD| 
land,  and  (bat  a  slight  variation  of  (he  word,  arWhennua  or 
Fennua  is  found  in  (he  Bisayan  dialects  of  the  Phillip  pines  and 
ihe  languages  of  the  South  Sea  Islaiidsy  bearing  a  precisely  si- 
BiilaF  signification.  In  my  inquiries  amongst  the  Malaj's  I 
have  not  been  able,  however,  to  discover,  (bat  the  term  Orang 
Benua,  (which  is  literally  Aborigines  or  people  of  the  land,) 
is  ever  applied  to  any  particnlar  raee  of  the  Malayan  Peninsula, 
the  supposed  aboriginal  tribes  being  styled  Sakei  or  Orang 
Bukit,  Qrang  Laut  and  Scmang.  According  to  the  Malayaa 
Legends,  indeed,  there  is  a  race  of  wild  people  said  to  be  found 
in  the  interior  of  Burnam,  the  boundary  between  the  States  of 
Perak  and  Salengore,  designated  Tuah  Benua,  (e)  by  the  Sa<- 
langorians  and  known  at  Quedah  by  the  name  of  Mawas. 
They  are  represented  as  bearing  a  strong  resemblance  to  the 
Mawa  or  long  armed  Gibbon,  and  instead  of  having  a  bone  in 

are  aAaated  with  the  spirits  of  departed  men,  and  no  consideration  trill  prevail 
on  a  coontryman  to  catch  or  to  wound  one,  bat  in  self  derence,  or  immediaieljr 
afrer  the  aA  of  destroying  a  friend  or  relation.  They  speak  of  them  with  a 
degree  of  awe  and  hesitate  to  call  them  by  their  common  name  (liman  or  ini. 
chang)  terming  ihem  respedfuliy  Siwa,  the  wild  animals  or  e?en  Nenek,  (  an. 
cestorsj  as  really  believing  them  soch,  or  by  way  of  soothing  them,  ai  oar 
Ignorant  country  folks  cill  the  fairies  "  ihe  good  people/* 

(e)  In  the  history  of  Somatra  there  is  a  description  of  two  races  of  wild 
people  on  that  Island  called  Orang  Kuba  and  Orang  Goga,  the  latter  of  whom 
icems  to  correspond  with  the  description  of  the  Bilian  of  the  Peninsula.  <*  la 
the  course  of  my  enquiries  amongst  the  Nativck"  observes  Mr.  Matsdeo^ 
**  concerning  the  aborigines  of  the  Island,  I  have  been  informed  of  two  dif* 
fereni  species  of  people  dispersed  in  the  woods,  and  avoiding  all  communicatioa 
irith  other  inhabitants.  These  they  call  Orang  Kubu  and  Orang  Gugo*  The 
former  are  said  to  be  pretty  numerous,  especially  in  that  pare  of  the  coatiirjf 
which  lici  betircca  Palcmbaog  and  Jaobij  lome  hare  at  timet  been  canght 


tbe  lower  pari  of  (lie  arm,  ihey  have  a  piece  of  sFiarp  iron  wliic!!' 
servps  the  double  purpose  of  an  arm  and  a  cleaTer  for  cutting; 
trood.  There  is  another  savage  race,  according  to  the  Ma^. 
lajs,  called  Bilian,  who  are  covered  with  hair  and  have  nail» 
of  extraordinary  length.  Their  principal  occupation  it  said 
to  be  tending  the  Tigers,  which  are  their  peculiar  flock,  as  tho 
Buffaloes  are  of  the  Malajs.  To  rainj  nights  they  are  re  pre-, 
sented  by  the  Malays  as  sometimes  coming  to  their  residence 
and  demanding  fire,  which  those  who  are  acquainted  with  theip 
savage  disposition  hand  them  upon  the  point  of  a  Sumpit  ot 
Arrow  Tube,  or  at  the  extremity  of  a  sword,  as  were  the  per- 
son to  present  it  with^  his  hand,  he  would  inevitably  be  seized* 
and  devoured  by  the  savage  monster,  a  fate,  which  tbe  credulous 
Malay  firmly  believes,  has  befallen  many. 

It  IS  admirable  how  the  Mahometans  of  the  present  day  even« 
assign  to  these  regions  Inhabitants  so  aptly  coinciding  with  the 

and  kfpt  at  ilavet  in  Lsboo,  and  a  man  of  that  p1i»c«  ii  now  married  to  a  to*i 
lerably  handsome  Kubo  giil,  who  waj  carried  off  by  a  p^rtjr  that  diacorered' 
their  hots.  They  hate  a  language  qoiie  pecoliar  to  thcmselfet  and  chey  eaf 
promiicooBsly  whatever  the  wooda  affird,  at  deer,  elephanta,  rhinocerot,  wild' 
bogs  snakes,  or  monkeys.  The  Gugo  are  much  scarcer  than  these,  differing 
in  little  but  the  ose  of  speech,  from  the  Orang  Utan,  of  Borneo,  their  bodiei' 
being  covered  with  long  hair.  There  have  not  been  above  two  or  three  ir J 
itarcfs  of  their  being  met  with  by  people  of  Lahon  (from  whom  any  informt. 
t'lon  is  derived),  and  one  of  thcje  waa  entrapped  many  years  ago,  in  roach  the' 
•aroemannerai  the  carpenter  in  Pilpay's  fables  caught  the  roorkey.  He  had 
children  by  a  L.bun  woman  which  also  were  more  hairy  than  the  common 
race,  but  the  third  generation  are  not  to  be  distinguished  from  oihern.  The' 
leader .  will  bestow  what  meaiare  of  faith  be  thirks  doe  to  this  relation, 
Ibe  veracity  of  which  I  do  not  pretend  to  vouch  for.  It  has  probably  some 
faondation  in  troth,  bat  is  exaggerated  io  the  cifcomiUocei."     Uiiiorj  of^ 


A*i»PENDix#'  xxxiiu 

mjtliologicar  snpcrslltions^  of  the  Hindoos.-     Filler  subjects 
could    not  indeed  be  attributed  to  the  Sovereign  of  Darkness^ 
i^vhose  abode  is  said  to   be  in  the  Peninsula  of  Malacca,  thaa 
the  Mawas  and  Bilian  races  above  described  ;  whose  appearance 
is  quite  consistent  with  what  some  intelligent  Christians  eveni 
consider  as  the  Imps  of  the  infernal  regions,  and  it  is  still  more 
remarkable  that  the  supposed  residence  of  the  Mawas  Species, 
is,  according  to  the  Malays,  in  the  very  neighbourhood  of  the 
Scite  of  the  City  of  the  Hindus,   Yama-puri,  or  the   grand 
Depot  for  souls  after  death.     Another  circumstance  deserving 
of  notice  is,  that  the   Menangkabaus  of  Sumatra,  supposed  to* 
be  the  primitive  Malays,  '^  deduce  their  origin  from  two  bro- 
thers named  Pcrapati  Si  Batang  and  Kei  Tumunggungan  who 
are  described  as  being  among  the  forty  companions  of  Noah  itt 
the  ark  and  whose  landing  at  Palembang  or  at  a  small  islet  near 
it  named  Lanka  Pura"  (probably  the  small  Island  of  Lucepura,) 
is    attended   with    the  circumstance  of  the  dryland  beind  first, 
discovered  by  the  resting  upon    it  of  a  bird,  *'  (Perapati  it 
literally  a   Pigeon,)  *  that  flew  from  the  vessel.     From  thence 
they   proceeded  to  the  mountain  named  Siguntang-Guntang  and 
afterwards  to  Priangan  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  great  Vol- 
cano,  which  at  this  day  is  spoken  of  as  the  Capital  of  Menang- 
kabau,"  (f)   Now  we  have  before  seen  that  there  is  a  mountain 
called  Gunong  Gantang   in  the  Perak   Country,   the  supposed 
Yama-puri^  and  what  is  still  more  extraordinary  the  King  o^ 
Perak  in  opposing  the  claims  of  the  Siamese  to  a  Boonga  Ma| 
or   Golden  Flower,   in  a  letter  to   a  friend,  says,     **   1  am  he 
i^ho  holds  the  Royal   Sword  and  the  Dragon  Betel  Stand,  and 
the  Shell  Fish    which  came  out  of  the  Sea,   which  came  from 
(f)  History  of  Sumatra^  pagea  5^32^  ^^^, 


the  Hill  of  Segangfarig."  I  dbr  not  pref&srmjselTstjflScienffy 
conversant  uith  (lie  subject  to  reason  farther  on  (bis  singular 
coincidence^  but  it  appears  to  me  that  maoy  curio^is  inferenees 
might  be  dra>»n  from  it  and  I  shall  leave  (he  matter  for  theio- 
vestigatioi>of  a  more  scientific  pen^ 

At  Perak^  the  principal  Till  Country  of  the  Fenrnsulai  there 
are  twodistiiict  races  of  Wild  people  in  tbe  interior,  the  otio 
called  Semang,.  rescmhh'ng  those  of  Quedah  in  personal  appear^ 
ancp^  but  speaking  a  different  dialect,  somewhat  more  civilize 
ed  and  fond  of  collecting  Silver  and  Gold,  with  which  they 
ornament  tbeir  Spears  and  Knives,  which  they  obtain  i& ex- 
change for  the  prodijcts  of  the  Woods;  the  other  race  are  called 
Orang  Sakei  by  some  and  Orang  Bukit  or  Hill  people,  by 
others,     (g)  Tliey  are  much  darker    complexioued  thaa  the 

(g  )  This  race  of  people  teem  to  cof respond  io  tlieir  appearance  and  habits 
with  a  tribe  called  Jolcong  which  Sir  S,  Raffles  describes  at  being  found  neac 
I^al'<cc<*.*  *'  1  had  an  opporionity  ^  rcni'irks  this  Author,,  in  hit  paper  on  ih« 
fA*\»Y  nation,  '^  of  i^eing  tiro  of  these  people  frocn- a  tribe*  in  the  ncigbboar. 
bo:  d  of  Malacca,  it  consiiied  of  a{>ont  So  people^  and  the  tribe  was  callcit 
Jokong.  These  people,  froni  their  occasional  infescoorte  trfth  the  Malayan 
Villaget  dependant  on  Mdacca,  apeak  the  language  st)fficiently  well  to  be 
generally  understood.  They  relate  that  there  are  two  other  tribe*,  the  Orang 
Benua  atd  the  Orang  Udai.  The  former  appear  to  be  the  tnost  interesting  at 
composing  the  n)i«}oriiy,  the  latter  is  only  another  naoie  for  the  Semang  or 
CafTries.  They  are  not  circumcised  and  they  appear  to  have  received  some 
Inttro6)ion  regarding  Nabi  Ito  or  as  they  pronoonce  ii  Nabi  Isher.  They  how. 
ever  have  no  books  nor  any  word  for  God  whom  they  designate  by  the  For* 
togurse  Deos.  They  men  are  well  formed,  rather  short,  resembling  the  Malajr 
in  Countenance,  bot  having  a  sharper  and  smaller  nose.  They  marry  bat  one 
irife  whether  rich  or  poor,  and  appear  to  observe  no  particular  Ceremony  at 
I  heir  nuptials.  The  Consent  of  the  Girl  and  tbe  parcati  being  obtained  th« 
couple  ate  considered  as  man  and  taife* 

*  At*  Ri«  foU  12,  pj^e  10^        / 


Ma1aj8  but  fairer  tbaUr  the  Semangs,  and  liieir  bair  is  stright 
]ike  the  Malay.  These  people  lead  a  similar  wandering  and 
unsettled  life  with  the  Semangs  and  speak  a  distinet  language 
of  their  own.  They  are  not  so  timid  as  the  Semangs  and  some- 
times come  down  to  the  Malayan  Villages  to  amuse  the  Inha- 
bitants by  their  peculiar  Dances  and  Music.  Their  ordinary 
dress  consists^of  a  piece  of  bark  beat  out,  tied  round  their  mid* 
die,  but  in  the  Woods  they  are  frequently  met  quite  caked. 
Both  tribes  are  reported  to  be  pretty  numerous  on  the  Hills 
which  divide  the  Pcrak  from  the  Patani  States,  and  they  are 
often  engaged  in  hostilities  with  each  other.  They  arc  not  so 
imtractable  as  the  Semangs,  and  some  oftbeir  children  are  traia« 
ed  up  as  domestics  in  the  Malayan  families. 

The  Orang  Laut  is  a  race  of  people  resembling  the  Malays 

in  appearance,   who  live  almost  entirely  on  the  water.     They 

are   certainly  the  Ichthyophagi  of  the  East,  as  they  subsist 

wholly  upon  fish.    Dr.  Leydeu  supposes  the  Battas  of  Sumatra 

to  be  the  Ichthyophagi  described  by  Herodotus ;  but  there  are 

several   circumstances   in    his  description  which  would,   seem 

to   contradict  such  a  supposition.     The  same  author  also,  in 

alluding  to  the  Batta  Anthropophagi  or  Cannibals  of  Sumatra 

says,  (h)  *'  This   inhuman  custom  is  not  however  without  a 

precedent  in  history,  for  Herodotus   positively  asserts  that  the 

Paday  or   Padaoi,  about  500   years  before  our  aera,   were  not 

only   addicted  to  the  eating  of  raw   Flesh,  but  accustomed   to 

kill    and  eat    their  relations  when  they  grew    old.     Now  it  it 

curious  that  Batta  or  Battay,  for  the  name  is  written  both  ways, 

feemsto  be  the  very  word  which,  in  Greek,  is  rendered   Padaoi, 

(h  )  Or)  the  bngoage  and  liteiatareof  the  Indu  Cbine«e  Nitioa*.     At.  ReU 

vol.  lo^  paget  202,  lojt. .     ^.    -     ,    i        .'■'■.   i 


i 


xxxvi.  Appendix; 

ilie  letter  p  being  almost  always  pronounced  b  anaong  several  oF 
the  Indo  Chinese  nations,  as  in  the  word  Pali  which  is  almost 
always  pronounced  Bali.  The  following  is  (he  account  whicb 
Ilerodutns  gives  us  of  the  Paday  or  Padaor,  ^^  another  Indian- 
nation,  who  dwell  to  the  Eastward  of  these,  (the  Indian  ]cb<* 
thyophagi)  are  of  noniidic  habits  and  eat  raw  Flesh ;  They  are 
called  Paday  and  are  said  to  practise  such  customs  as  the  ful- 
Idwing;  whoever  oftbe  community,  be  he  man  or  woman, 
happens  to  fall  sick,  his  most  familiar  friends,  if  it  is  a  man 
kill  him,  saying,  that  by  his  pining  in  sickness,  his  Flesh  will  be 
spoiled  for  them,  and  though  he  deny  that  he  rs  sick,  they  do 
not  attend  to  him,  but  put  him  to  death  and  feast  on  him. 
When  a  woman  fall  sick,  she  is  treated  in  like  manner  by  her 
most  intimate  female  associates.  Tbcy  also  sacrifice  and  feast 
on  him  who  arrives  at  old  age  and  this  is  the  reason  that  so  fevr 
ever  attain  it,  fpr  Ihey  kill  every  one  who  fall  sick,  before  that 
period."  (i)  Although  this  account  corresponds  in  some  par* 
liculars  with  tbeliabiisof  the  Rattas,  yet  it  differs  materially  in 
others.  The  Battas,  it  is  well  known,  inhabit  the  central  parti 
of  Sumatra  and  but  rarely  approach  the  Sea  Sbore.  Thej 
could  not  therefore  be  termed  Ichthyophagi,  as  they  scarcely 
see  Fish.  The  Oraog  Lautof  the  present  daj' are  not  known 
to  be  addicted  to  Cannabalism,  tho'  it  is  extremely  probable 
they  were  in  former  times,  as  they  yet  retain  all  the  charac* , 
teristics  of  the  most  savage  life.  They  rove  about  from  one 
Island  io  another,  and  are  found  in  greatest  numbers  about  the 
Lancavy  Group  of  Islands  opposite  Quedah  and  in  the  Straits 
of  Sincupore  and  Dryon.  They  subsist  wholly  by  Fishing  and 
are  Tery  expert  at  striking  the  Fish  with  the  Spear.  The/ 
( i )  HcrodotBi  Lib.  Jf  S.  99. 


ApPENDIItr'  XXXVilt 

-  -It 
Jive  principally  in  small  Canoes.  Sometimes,  \yTicn  the  weatbpt 
is  boisterous  or  their  little  barki  require  repair,  they  erect  tem- 
porary huts  on  the  seashore.  They  are  almost  all  covered  with 
ringworms  and  scorbutic  eruptions  and  have  altogether  a  most 
•qualid,  wretched  look.  They  are  sometimes,  when  chance 
throws  them  in  the  way  and  they  have  become  a  little  civjiized; 
employed  by  the  Malays  to  pull  an  Oar,  at  which,  from  their 
continual  practice,  they  are  very  expert.  Their  Religion  is, 
as  Symes  says  of  the  Andamaners,  "  tlie  genuine  homage  of 
nature,"  offering  up  a  hasty  petition  to  the  Sun  or  the  Moon« 

Of  the  origin  of  that  most  singular  and  curious  race,  called 
Semang,  (k)  the  Malays  possess  no  tradition.  Certain  it  it 
however,  ihatthe  tribes  of  them  which  inhabited  various  partf 
(k)  In  his  disquisition  on  ihc  langaige  and  literature  of  ibe  Eigf,  Dr.  Lcf, 
den  roskss  mention  of  the  Negro  Tribct  ai  follovri,  ♦*  The  P-ipeas,  ieroipd  bf . 
themieives  lugloU,  but  by  the  Spaniards  of  the  Phillippin^t,  aigrittt  del  montf, 
from  their  cuiour  and  woolly  hair,  are  the  lecund  race  of  aborigirtci  in  the 
£  stern  I&.IeSi  in  several  of  vrhich  they  are  atili  to  be  (bund,  and  in  4II  of  which 
they  seem  to  have  originally  existed.  Some  of  theie  diviiiont  have  formed 
small  savage  states,  and  made  snme  advances  towards  civilizitlon,  but  the  greater 
part  of  (hem,  even  with  the  example  of  more  civilized  rac^s  before  their  eyeny 
hjve  betrayed  no  sympoms,  either  of  a  taste  or  capacity  for  improvement ;  and 
continue  in  their  primary  state  of  nakedness,  sleeping  on  tree<i,  devoid  of  hoosej 
or  clothing  and  subsisting  on  the  spontaneous  produ^s  of  the  forest,  or  tht 
precjrioiis  success  of  their  hunting  and  fishing.  The  Papuas  or  Oiiental  Nsgroi^ 
aeem  to  be  all  divided  into  very  small  states  or  rather  societies,  very  little 
connected  with  each  other.  Hence  their  language  is  broken  into  a  maltitadjB 
of  diale£)s,  which,  in  process  qf  tifDe,.  by  separati  n,  accident  aiid  pral  cor« 
roption  have  nearly  loit  all  resemblance.  The  Milays  of  the  Pepinsula  coti«i 
aider  the  language  of  the  blacks  of  the  Hills  as  a  mere  jargon,  which  can  only 
be  compared  to  the  chatierir<g  cf  large  birds  and  the  Papua  dialers  in  manjr 
of  the  Eastern  Isles,  are  generally  viewed  ia  che  saiM  light**'  At*  Reu 
^ol.  10,  pge.2i|«  ^^         :         ii      : 


XXXTlii.  '  APPfiNDIX* 

on  both  sides  of  the  Peninsula  were  mucb  raorernamerouiBe'- 
fore  many  of  the  present  Malayan*  Colonies  were  founded  by^ 
emigrants  from  Sumatra.  The  Semangs  are  designated  by  the 
Malays  Semang  Paya,  Bukit,  Rakow  and  Bila«  TheSeman^ 
Pay  a  are  those  who  reside  on  the  plains  and  borders  of  Mo- 
rasses; the  Semang  Bukit,  whose  abode  is  on  the  Hills^  and  the 
Semang  Bakow  are  so  called  from  their  frequenting  the  Sea- 
shore and  occasionally  taking  up  their  quarters  in  the  Man* 
grove  Jungles.  The  Semang  Bila  are  those  who  have  been 
somewhat  reclaimed  from  their  savage  habits  and  have  had  in* 
tercourse  with  the  Malays.  A  similar  race  of  people  are  said 
to  have  formerly  inhabited  all  the  Islands  of  the  Archipelago 
and  small  parties  are  still  to  be  found  on  many  of  them.  To 
ilie  Eastward  they  are  called  Dyak  and  on  the  East  Coast  of 
tb^  Peninsula  Pangan.  They  are  at  present  most  numerous  if» 
the  interior  of  Ian,  a  small  River  to  tbe  Northward  of  the 
Mirbow,  near  the  lofty  mountain  Jerei,  in  the  Qiiedah  territo- 
ry. There  are  small  parties  also  in  the  mountains  inland  of 
Jooroo  and  Krian  opposite  Pinang.  Their  huts  or  temporary 
dwelling!!,  (for  they  bave  no  filed  habitations  and  rove  about 
like  the  Beasts  of  the  Forest^)  consist  of  two  Posts  stuck  into 
the  Ground,  with  a  small  cross  piece,  and  a  few  leaves  or 
branches  of  Trees  laid  over  to  secure  them  from  the  weather. 
Same  of  them,  indeed,  in  the  thicker  parts  of  the  Forest,  where 
the  Elephants,  Tigers  and  other  wild  Animals  are  roost  abund- 
ant,  make  their  temporary  dwellings  upon  the  cliffs  and 
branches  of  large  Trees.  Their  clothing  consists  chiefly  of  the 
inner  bark  of  Trees,  having  no  manufactures  of  their  own.  A 
few  who  have  ventured  to  approach  the  Malayan  Villages, 
however,  obtain  a  little  Cloth  ia  Exchange  forElephaofi  Teetb, 


jGaluyi^  paifltnai' ^nd?  Cpes,  yvKith  (li^/ppcur,c  jfi^tfjc-Forctf, 
but  of  the  jhtrinsici  value  of^vrhicH  they  possess  little  knoyrledgi^ 
and  are  genefally  inippsed  wpoii  bj  the  crafty  Malay.  Fr^oHl 
the  Malays  also^  they  procnte  ih?ir  Arms  and  Kni  Wand  To* 
bacco,  of  whijch  l"a$t  they  rrtalte  gre,kt  use.  Tfiey  in^urn  'ffc» 
.guently  impose  upon  the  .superstitious  Malays,  5vheQ  tVey  ha vjS 
no  products  to  l^arter  and  wish  to  pr^ocure  a  sup pl^y  of  Tobac- 
co, by  preseuting  them  with  the  Medicines  derived  from  par- 
ticular  Shrubs  and  Trees  in  (he  Wood^,  and  vvhfch  they  repre- 
:sent  as  efficacious  for  the  c^re  ef  bead -aches  and 'dttier' com* 

piaintf.-.  .    -^  .  .■   .  '  ^         . 

^.h    .,!?r--.    •  /:■■  :  ^  ■     ^  1-i'vv'-;-     \  — .     :.U.,j  ^ .,  < 

The  Semangs  subsist  upon  the  Birds  and  Beasts  of  the  Forest 

.....    ..     ..  ,   o  .      •  ,       ^       ,.  ■.  .V-     .  .    .  .  _  ^^     "i-.,:..  •/v'* 

;  and  Roots.     They  eat    Eleph^tSy  Rliinocerps,  ^tonkeys  anj 

.  Rats,  and  with  the  exception  of  the  partial  and   scanty  s^ippltes 

which  they  obtain  from  the  Mtflkys/they  have  no  fticeor  Sa|t. 

They  are' very   expert  with  the  Som pit  and 'poison  the  dartf 

with   IpOh,  procured  from  thejuice  of  yarjpu^  Tr^es,  w]iicb>^ 

^^  deadly   poisoji.     They.  hai;idle,the  Boir   andibe  5pesr  w4(|i 

rwonderful  dexterity  and  destroy  the  largest  and  most    powerful 

Animals  by  ingenious  contrivances.     They  "seldom 'sulffer  bf 

^Beasts  of  prey,"  as  they  are^extrcmery  ^larp^sYgjbiedy^i^h^^^ 

'agile  in  ascending  the  Trees  as  ttie  Monkeys.     Th^ir^fl^^^ 

desfjroying    Elephants,  in  ,or(Jer  to    prox:uce.the  fvory,rpr,thw 

Flcdh,   is  most  extraordinary  andiiogenious.     They  lay  in  wait 

in  small  parties  o.f  twn   or  three  when  they  have  perceived'any 

Klephants  ascend  a  h»ll,  and  as  they  descend  ag.iin,whichiliey 

visually  ^xi^at  a  slow  pace,  plucking  thie  brahclies  as  Ihcjy  mowi 

along,   while  til e  hind  legs  arejifted  up,  the.^cm^ng  c^M^f^'W)/ 

^P|proach.ing  hehind,,drives  a  sharp,  poinded.  Qambpo  .pr.pjec^ 

of  Ncebong  which   has  been   previously  weU  ;^ba£deQcd.ii^4h# 


fire,  and  touched  wllr  poison,  inio  iBe  sole  of  tKc  El^ptiantV 
foot,  (1)  with  all  bis  force,  whicb  effectually  lames  the  An^^ 
inal  and  most  commonlj  causes  him  to  fall;  when  ttic  whole 
part^  rushes  upon  him  with*  spears  and  sharp  pointed  sticlcf 
and  soon  dispatch  him.  The  Rhinocew)S  thej  obtain  with  evenr 
less  difficulty.  Thir  Animal,  whi<:h  is  of  solitary  bahits,-  i» 
found  frequently  in  marshy  place8>.witb  its  whole  bod^  immers* 
ed  in  tbc  Mud  and'  part  of  the  head  only  projec^ng;  j  T^^ 
Malays  call  them  Badak  Tapa,  or  the  recluse  Rhinoceros* 
Towarda  the  close  of  the  rainy  season^,  they  are  &aid  to  burj 
themselves  in  this  manner  in  different  place's,  and  upon  the  drj 
ifreather  scttin/j  in,  and  from  the  powerful  effects  of  a  vertical 
Sun,  the  Mud  becomes  hard  and  crusted,  and  the  Rhinocerri;' 
cannot  effect  its  escape  without  considerabFc  difficulty  aiid  ex* 

(1  )  If  it  singular  thai  the  mode  of  deitrojing  Elephantt  io  Abf iiioia  at  d^f* 
eribed  hy  B'uce  ii  not.  moctr  different  from  that  practised' by  the  Sen^angt* 
Ttro  Men  on  Horseback  dart  in  amongst  the  Elephants  or  gallop  op  close  to 
a  single  ope,  <*  After  having  niide  hios  torn  once  or  torine  in  porsoit'ot  tne  . 
Hone,  the  Horseman  rides  close  op  alorgsidir  of  hrm  and  drops  his  compsninii 
jost  behiaid  on  the  off^  side  and  while  he  engages  the  E'ephani'ii  attention  opno 
lh^  Horsfj  the  footman  behind ^^ives  him  a  drawn  ytrnlce  jost  above  the  h^sl 
or  what  in  man  is  called  the  tendon  of  Achilles.  This  is  the  critical  moment^ 
fhe  Horieman  immediately  wheels  round'  and  t.kes  his  companion  op  behind  hfot 
ami  rides  of  fufl  speed  after  the  mt  of  the  herd,  if  ihey  have  starred  mor« 
"ihan  one,  and  aometimes  an  expert  Agageer  will  kill  three  oat  of  one  heri!» 
If  ^the  sword  is  good  and  the.  man  not  afraid  the  tendon  is  commonly  »eparat^4 
and  if, it,  is  not  cut  throiigh  so  far  divided,  that  tbe  aniiaal,  with  the  stress 
be  pots  opon  it,  bieaks  the  remaining  parr  asunder. ,  In  either  case  he  remains 
incapable  of  advaicing  a  step,  till  the  burseroan  retpmio)^,  ot  his  companions 
coming  bp  pierce  him  through  with  j^velines  and  lanceii,  he  then  fails  4o  th« 
gtoQod  and  expires  with  the  lost  of  blood.— >firacc's  Trarels,  Vol*  Book-  tf 
Chap,  and; i)»g«i9^9>/./t**' ^*'^''*-^^^* ^'*'^  **'^    ilaiil^  ^mthrA  W 


crlioft/  '  T^h^  Scmihga^prepure  themsel vas'  vriih  'largfe'  tpianfi* 
lies  oTcorrtbustibre  rndterialk  With  whkb  ihey^  quietlj  approach 
the  Aiiimaf,  Who  is  atoosed  from  hfsYeverie  bj  an  imtxietWe  fire 
bverliito,  tvlirclrbeiiig^k^pt  well  sup p5 red  by  the  Semang^  with 
fresh  fuelt  soon  completes  his  destruction  aud  render?  him  lit . 
a  fit  state' to- mako  a  Meal  of.  The  projecting' horn  odth« 
Snout  is  carefully  preserved,  being  supposed  to  be  possessed 
of  medicinal  properties  and  highly  prized  by  the  Makers,  to 
whom  they  barter  it  for  their  Tobacco,  &c/' :  •  :-:   <  ?i  ^"? 

;i  A  .more  simple  and  natufal  mode  of  bestowing  names  cannot 
veil  be  Luagined,  than  that  adopted  by  the  Semangs.  They 
are  called  after  particular  Trees,  that  is,  if  a  Child  is  bom 
under,  or  near  a  Gocoanut  or  Dorian,  or  any  particular  Tree 
in  the  Forest,  it  is  named  accordingly/  Tliey  have  Chiefs 
amongst  them,  but  all  property  is  in  common.  They  worship 
the  Sun,  Sonje  years  ago,  the  Bindahara,  or  General  of  Que^ 
dab,  sent  two  of  these  people  for  the  inspection  of  some  of  hit 
English  Friends  at  Pinang;  but  shortly  after  leaving  Quedah^ 
one  of  them,  whose  fears  could  not  be  appeased,  became  very 
obstrep'erbus,  and  endeavored  to  upset  the  small  Boat^  iii 
which  they  were  embarked;  the  Malays,  therefore,  with, their 
usual  apathy  and  iiidiSerence  about  human  life«  put  the  poor 
Creature  to  death/ and  threw  him  over'  board;  the  other  ari 
•rived  in  saftey,  was  kindly  treated,  and  received  nriany  presents 
of  Spades,  Hatchers'  and  other  Iron  Implements,  which  be  ap- 
peared to  prize  above  every  tiling  else.  On  his  return  to  Ian, 
lie  built  himself  a  small  Hut,  and  began  to  cultivate  Maize, 
J?JiSar.Cane  and. Yams.  He  is  still  there,  and  is  said  to  be  a 
quiet  inoffensive  man.  .  This  man  was  at  the  time  of  his  visit 
to  Pinang,  whea  I  saw  him,   about  2>^  ycdirs  o(  age,  four  feet. 


aiineiipcbe*  ,iti,:bctghu  Hisfliair  war  woolFjr  ^nd'i:iafled*ii:Ri> 
colour  a  gloossj  jel  bfac.k,  (m)  his  lips-were  tbicVhUrjos^fl^^ 
und  belly  very  protMberanl,  rpsembliag  eiact)y  two.  paltye^^i^^ 
|Iie  AndaiBao  Islands  who. were  brpught  to,  Pi^iiico  of;^]fcX^l^ 
Jsfand  in  tb«^jeax  i8l94-,;,«>2^b  >niT!U:.UJ^f;^:i  i/^i/^- ;!via  yli^^ 
.:  Tb«  Seiiiangs  are  found  also  at  Triiigano-  oir  Hie  Eastern 
itdeof  the  PiBnrnisula,  and  a  GenHcman  of  tbts  Island  ims  bad 
one,  who  was  sent  lo  bim  by  the  King  of  that '.Gotintry,  in  hui  . 
Sefviep^  n>any  yearsi..  He  was  procarcd  wbenr  a  ChHdVand  b*« 
no  recollectron  of  his  own  Tanguage.  I  am  informed  bowei^r 
by  theiVIalays^  that  the  dialect  of  that  tribe  is  djfiis rent  troTtt 

..,     .  ';.  .t^...     *.. 

(  m  )  •*  The  Eait  Insofar  Negto,"  $»)r«  Crii^furd,    •«  it  a  distinA  Variety  of 

the  humiti>  ipecies^  fn<)  cf  id^otty^r  *  ^^'t  tnferloronc^     Their  puhf  MMore  atut 

feeble  frames  cannot  for  aioribed  to  thefigverty  of  jheir  fpod;  «r  thf  Jiar/|«hff^ 

of  their  condition,    for   the  lank  haired   r  ce«  living  Q^d^r  circv^^tpn^er  rqn.alljr 

precarioosy,  hiwe  ri^oroai  conititoiioni.     Some   Islands   tber  eojajr  almo^rl  e,K^ 

ciu^ively  to  tbemseUei^yet  they  have  In  no  instance  ever  risen  above  the  mo^t 

ibjeA  itate  of  bflibarism.     Whefever  they  ate. encoonteVed*  fcy   itie^fair  races 

tjiey  are  httotec^  tdownlik^  , the.  wild  :anij>a4»>«r  the  forest   arMf'd'riVe^'^b  i^ 

jnouptaios  tBd  fasjenes&et  incapable  pf  resistance;;*     Sir   £»erard  Hotp^  Wf^ 

the   foIlo«.ing^  description   of  a    pjpaa  K<gro  carried  to  England  br,^,.^S,,.-flaf- 

UtiJ'i'     The  Papoao   d  ffcrs   from   the    African  N;gro   in  ihc   foUo«rrng^  P*f>i* 

.e«1ars.  ^  Hit  ckin   it  of  a  lighter  criloor,    the  woolly  hair  grows  in  tmall  tofirt^ 

vnd  e;>eh  hair   hat  a    sprrat  twrsf,     TKe  forehead   it   highei*  and  the  hind  lieati 

js  4iot  to  .much  cat  cff.     The  nose  proje^s  more  ft otn.  ihe  faeei     The  i>ppeff 

lip  ii  longer  and   more   jxr^op^ineof^     The  Jower   Up: ^r<r|eOt  forward  torm^ 

lower  jjw  to  such  ao  extent  that  the  cUin  forqw  lOO  ,paft   of^t)M  f«ce,   the  U«^ 

part  of  wliich  it  forraed  by  the  rooath.     The  battcks  are  ao  mach  lovfcr   iba» 

in  theN.'gro  at"<o  form  a  striking  mark  of  distinaion^  bot   the  calf  of  the  let 

iaashighasio  iheN-gro/*.      '    '-  '    .  h:  I     [^:l-     i;    'll' :  ;'      .  jli'id     0  * 


ji  .y  Ui^i.  id  IT.  *  Crawford**  Archinetago,  vol.  J,.  p»je;a5^a|a  MiJ^   J'jjnp 


Appendix.'  xliiju 

those  of  Qiiedah.  He  is  not  of  such  a  jet  black  gTossy  apt* 
pearance  as  theSemang  from  Qaedah  whom  l  saw,  nor  tite  two 
Andamans  who  were  at  this. Settlement  soin?  time  ago.  A  fevr 
oaontbs  sitice«  a  party  of  fifteen  of  the  Semangs,  who  reside  On 
the  mountains  of  Jooruu,  came  down  to  one  of  the  Villages  in 
the  Honorable  Company's  Territory,  and  having  eiperienced 
kiud  treatment,  and  received  presents  from  some  ofthelnha* 
bitants,  they  have  continued  in  that  neighbourhood  ever  siace^ 
and   frequently  visit  the  Villages.. 

There,  is  little  doubt  that  the  degenerate  Inhabitants  of  the 
Andaman  Islands,  in  the  Bay  of  Bengal,  are  descended  frooi 
the  same  parent  stock  as  the  Semangs,  and  it  is  extraordinar/ 
that  they  have  preserved  the  same  uniformity,  of  manners  and 
habits  through  such  a  series  of  ages;  It  will  be  seen,  by  a  re- 
ference to  the  following  specimen  of  the  Semang  language, 
that  there  is  a  very  material  difference  in  many  of  tlie  words 
as  collected  by  Colonel  Mclnnes,  (late  Malay  Translator  at 
Pttiaug,)  from  a  Semang  of  Ian,  and  published  by  IMr.  Cravr« 
furd,  and  those  collected  by  Mr.  Maingy,  the  Resident  of  Pre* 
vince  VVellesly^  from  the  Semang  of  Jooroo,  inland  of  the  Ho« 
Dorable  Company's  Territory,  a  distance  of  nut  more  than  40 
miles,  and  that  the  Andaman  language  bears  no  resemblance  io 
either  ... 


xlif. 


Appendix* 


Specimen  of  the    Semang- language  fn  izsco  dialecis^  and  q/^ 
the  dndamart* 


English. 

Semang 
Jooroo, 

Semang 
Ian  or  Quedah 

Andaman.. 

Earthquake  ^  , 
Land     .       .     . 
MDuntain     .    . 
Plain     .     .      . 

Talilu     .     .    . 

Teh  Karmow  . 
Maidap 

Teh  Haita  .     . 
Pasaiii     »     «    • 

Teh     .... 

TabingChnbak 

Tatonguangu  - 
^     .     .     •     - 

••    •     ♦  ■   •    ■• 

Island     ... 
Road     .     . 
Water    .     .    . 
Sea     .... 
River     •     •     • 

Palao     .     .      , 
Ha     ...     . 
Hoh      ,      .    . 
Lawat     •     •    . 

Sunget     •     .    . 
Paging     .     .    . 

Batcao     .     «    . 
Laut     •      • 
Sungai     .     .    . 

•  .     »     .     * 

*  •       •       .       w 

Migwajr     .      - 

.  .  .  .  . 

Flood     .     .     . 

Ebb     -     -.     - 

Siut      .      .      . 

Sun     .     .     •   . 

Moon    .    •     . 
Star     .     .     .   . 
Rain     •      . 
Fire     .     .     .  . 
Snioke     •     .    . 

iVIiJkatok     .    . 
Bulan     .     •     . 
Biuling      ,      . 

Ujan     .     . 
Us     .     .     .     . 
E'el      .      .      . 
Kilat     .     .      . 

Milkatok     .     . 
Kachit     .     .    . 

Rinfingp 

Allay     .     .      . 
Tabci     .     .     - 

Ut    .*    .*    '.    \ 
Eel    .     .     .  . 

Oyc      .      .     . 
Mona    •     .     « 

Lightning     .    . 
Thunder     •     . 

Kai       .      •     • 

Ridh 

Cloud      .     .      . 

Miffa     .     .     . 

...                   . 

Daik     .      . 

Tin,  Amea      . 
Chahai      ,      . 

Light    •    •     • 

,    .    .   ■,'''V^- 

ArrKHDiXf 


Ik. 


i 

English. 

Semang 
Jboroo. 

Semang 
lau  or  Quedah. 

'    Andaman. 

- 

Cold    .     .      . 

Gun,  Amad     . 

Choma      .     '. 

Hot      .      .      . 

Pedee     •     •     . 

Mooloo      • 

Blatk     .     .     . 

Belteng      .      . 

Belting      .       . 

Cheegheoga     - 

Charcoal     •     . 

Auggu     •     .   . 

Manny  log     .  . 

.         .           cc         - 

Ashes      .     .     . 

Tebut     .     .     . 

Tapil|>       .       . 

•       '  •        • 

Clolb      .      .      . 

Budbiid     .      . 

Panjafc       .       . 

»        •         •         "^ 

Tree     .      .      . 

Kiiiug     •     •    . 

Chuck     .     .    . 

►          »          ,        • 

Leaf     .      ,      . 

Klee     .      .      . 

»        •        •       • 

Kattan       .       . 

Latei     .     •      . 

•      •       •       • 

•         •          •        ■ 

Bough       • 

IVboa     .     .    . 

».       •   ^       ••           •           > 

Flower 

Btingei     .     .  . 

•  .     •          •         • 

Rice      •      .     . 

Bei     .       .       . 

Bajas  ^     .     . 

*.              *     '  ' * 

Salt      .       .       . 

Geam     •     •     . 

Sijah     .     .      . 

-        .     . 

Milk    .    .      . 

Boo     .      . 

.     .   .    1 

Death     .     .     . 

Kabis     .     •     • 

Kabis     .     .     . 

Life     .       .      . 

Gamas     •     •    * 

■  _  •        .  •'      • 

, 

Sick     .      .       . 

Miji     .      .      . 

•         •       • 

."                                •                    " 

Fever     .     .     . 

Maa      .     .      . 

«         •     -  • 

-  1 

Small  Pox 

Cham  pang 

•         •       • 

*                  •            •             : 

IVIan       •      •     • 

Tiimbal       •     . 

Teunkal      • 

Camoloa     -     • 

WomaQ 

Mabei     .     .    • 

Badoa     •     •     . 

'          •           I 

Virgin     .     .    . 

Kedah     .     .    . 

•         *,    '  * 

m               .          a           i 

Father     . 

Kau     .      .      . 

4i     .         .      . 

.     • 

,]Vlt)tlier 

Boh      .     .      . 

Mak         .        . 

"               •         «•' 

Brother      .      . 

Tobai     .     .     . 

Inak         ...      . 

*                 * 

Sister     .     .      . 

VVankii-man   . 

•                 •      '       • 

lufaat     •    •     . 

Wang     .     .     , 

Waoganeg 

.    3 

xiri. 


Appbndix. 


^ 


English. 

Scraang 
Jooroo. 

Semang 
Ian  or  Quedah. 

Andamat^.. 

Husband     •     . 

Tee     .       ..    . 

•  ■       •     '  • 

.  •         «»  •,  • 

IVlarriage     .     . 

Goon    ...      . 

•  •        •       • 

•    .     •'     « 

Body     •      •     . 

Pee     .     .      . 

-  •         • 

•.      ,  •      • 

Mine     •    • 

Eng    .      •       . 

•         •       • 

.  •.       .      . 

Fle»b     .     ..    . 

dee      •      •       • 

.     •                  •  •           r 

m  •                   •               • 

Bone     •'    • 

Gchec     .     .     . 

Aieng         .      . 

Gectongaj 

Blood     •     •    . 

Miihiim      •      . 

»•        • 

Cocbengobee   - 

Head     .     .      . 

Kala    Ku>i      . 

Kai         . 

Tabay         .     . 

Face     •      .    • 

Mid     .      .       . 

•         •       • 

•                »          m 

Ear     .       ..    . 

PaJ      

Auliug 

Quaka        •  '*♦ 

Moutb       •      . 

Tenut    .     -    . 

Ban         . 

•                    •             a 

Tooth     .-    .     . 

Lcuiuui      • 

Yuf 

Mabojr        •   - 

Tongue      . 

Litig    •     •      . 

• '       •       • 

•    '     «•  -    «> 

Bell/     .      .     • 

Koad     .     *  •    . 

Cheong 

N'apo/'        •    • 

Nipple      . 

Bow     .    , 

•         •       • 

•'        •      • 

Hand     •     • 

Tong     .     .      . 

Chat        •        . 

*  •    *    •      • 

Fingers      . 

Waiitung^    .     . 

•         •      • 

Modiay     •     - 

Thumb.      .      . 

Ri»alirg 

•         •      • 

*  .      •      «• 

Hair 

Saa     .      .       . 

•         •       ■ 

NailoftheHand 

Tika  Tong       . 

•         •      • 

•               •          • 

Arm     •      • 

Belaog     .     .   . 

•         • 

Pilei        •       • 

,Foot     .       .     . 

Chau     .     .      . 
Tiku  Chan      . 

•    .     •      • 

•        •     * 

NaiioftheFoot 

*        • .     • 

•        •     • 

'loe      .      .      . 

Wang  Chau     . 

•         •      • 

•        •     ^ 

E>c     .      .      . 

Med     .      .      . 

Med         .        . 

Taba/       .       . 

^N«»8e    .    , 

Muck    •     .     . 

Meak         .       . 

Mtlled       .      • 

Tiger    ,    .     . 

Cbiai    •    .     4 

faija        .      , 

«>         <»      « 

Appendix. 


xWA. 


Englisb. 

Semang 
Jooruo. 

Semang 
Ian  or  Quedah. 

Andaman. 

Hog     ..    ,     . 

Tubaw,   Badai 

•         •    ,   • 

^ 

".     • 

Dog      .      .     . 

VYau     .     .       . 

Ek         .          . 

•    ''. 

Deer     ^      .      . 

Sau      .      r    . 

- 

Kusak         #     . 

-■■ 

.    '  . 

Elephant     .     . 

Ta-moen-da 

Gajah         .      ^ 

.- 

Crow     .     . 

Eghaii 

•         •       « 

- 

.     ■- 

Peacock     . 

iMah     .      .      . 

•         •       • 

-  '  • 

•      « 

Monkey      .      . 

Ja)0     .      . 

Jayo         • 

» 

.  '"". 

Buffalo      .        . 

Kebao 

Kebao         .     . 

. 

•    ;       . 

Rat     .       .       . 

Tikiis     .     .     . 

.-  "   - 

» 

•        ■• 

Cow     • 

Lembiih 

Lembok     -      - 

-. 

m              « 

Fowl      .      .        . 

Kawao      •    .  . 

Kawao     - 

• 

• 

Duck    .    .     . 

Ifck     .  •    .       . 

Itek 

• 

-              - 

Fish     .      .      . 

Ikan     • 

Ikan 

Nabokee 

Soake     .     .     . 

Ekob     .     .      . 

Ekob         -      - 

. 

*        ^  m 

Bee     ,     .     0  . 

Galu     . 

Gala         .       . 

• 

.    -        .    - 

Crab      .      .   ... 

Kandiin     . 

-       - 

• 

•             m 

Ant 
I  gg 

Nest 


Kesub 
Vlaku 
Sam 


Les 


•o*^>^'Saoj 


■f  :    i    r\    i 


xlfiii*  .  Appendix. 

Description  of  the  Island  of  Junk  Ceylbif  by  Capfain 
Francis  Ught*^ 


J 


UNK  CEYLON  or  SALANG,  ai  called  by  tbenativei, 
is  situated  in  the  8th  Degree  of  X'orth  Latitude,  and  extendi 
N»JV.  E.  and  S.  S.  W.  about  40  miles,  iiv  bread tb  only  15 
m'\\99.  It  forms  tb«  Norlb  point  of  the  Straits  called  Malacca, 
as  Acheen  bead  does  the  South,  and  is  Ml  Degrees  East  of 
Madras;  4  Degrees  East  of  the  Nicobars ;  80  Leagues  N.  E. 
of  Acheen ;  and  50  Leagues  N.  W.  of  Quedab.  The  land 
is  oi  )untainou8,  the  Villages  well  watered,  pleasant  and  fruit- 
fill.  The  bills  are  covered  with  Forests  of  large  and  useful 
Timber.  The  soil  various,  but  chit-fly  Sand  and  Clay.  It 
produces  several  kinds  of  Rice,  Ist  the  common  Rice,  2nd  the 
Bcented  Rice,  3rd  the  red  and  purple  colored  Rice,  4th  the 
Pnloo,  a  glutinous  Rice,  both  ^rhite  and  red.  This  last  it 
much  estenned  for  Convalescents.  They  have  tvro  harvests, 
the  one  from  the  high  Grounds  and  Hills  in  September,  and 
the  other  from  the  Plains  in  January,  that  on  the  Hills,  although 
altended  with  much  labour  and  little  profit,  is  greatly  preferred 
by  the  inhabitants.  They  first  cut  down  the  underwood;  thea 
fell  the  Trees,  leaving  only  the  very  large  onrs ;  after  topping 
all  the  branches,  it  is  left  for  two  or  three  months  to  dry.  In 
April  they  set  it  on  fire,  and  the  whole  is  consumed,  leaving 
only  the  stumps  and  large  trunks  :  they  then  clear  the  Ground  ; 
in  Ma}  they  put  in  the  Seed.  Men  with  two  Sticks  make 
boles  as  they  walk  on  the  Ground  two  inches  deep,  and  nine 
or  teu  inches  asunder ;  the  Women  follow  with  a  small  Barn* 


App^bit;^  XliXr        j 

boo*,  filled  ^itlv  Paddy,  sfre   drops  tbr^ie  or  fo a r  grains  io  each 
hole,  and  striking  the  edge"  of  the   Bamboo,  covers  <he  Seed.         1 
It  sometimes,  a  fortnight  after  this,  requires  weeding,  and  when         \ 
the   earr  are  formed,  they  must  keep  a  constant  watch  over  the         1 
Birds,  which  are  very  small    and  very  numerous.     The  Ele- 
phants  are  more  destructive  luvadersr     To   keep  these  out, 
they  fell  a  number  of  large  Trees  round  the  borders  with  thg        j 
branches  outwards,  and  within  these,    is  made  a   strong  fence         \ 
of  Pickela  four  or  ^so,  feet  high,  covered  with  thorns.     All 
their  .precaution  is   sometimes  insufficient.     The  Paddy  in  the         \ 
low   Grounds,  is   either  sowo   or   planted,  in  the  same  manner 
as  in  Beugal   and  other    parts  of  India,     These  Grounds  arc 
fenced  in  every   year.     In  gathering  the  Paddy,  they  arc  pecu-       *^ 
liar;  it  is  generally    performed  by  the   Women,  who  with  a        \ 
Knife  cut  off  the  head   of  only  one  or   two  at  a  time,  and  put        \ 
them  into  Baskets.     This,  though  a  tedious  mode,  issupersti*         ; 
tiously  observed.     There  are  now  two  Villages  remaining,  the        1 
principal  Bantakipn,  stands  nearly  in  the  Centre  of  the  Island,         \ 
on    a  pleasant   plain,  a  small  River   running  close  by  it ;    the        ' 
Village  is  surrounded  by  a  hedge   of  Bamboos,  and  contains        | 
400  Inhabitants.     Bandoue  two  miles  S.  W.  of   Bantakion,  it        i 
situated  on  a    Hill,  contains  about  200  Inhabitants,  some  Gcn- 
toos   and  Malabars ;  this   place  is  healthy.     It  is  almost  sur- 
rounded  with   Paddy    Fields  and   a  River  ;    six  or  seven  miles 
West  of  Bandone^  is  Tentally,   contains  300  Inhabitants,  and 
is   situated  near  the  Sea.     Here  the  land  is  low,  and   forms  a 
fine  Bay  with  a  Sandy  Beach,   on  which   is  found   Ambergris        | 
dui  ing  the  N.  E.  Monsoon;  here  is  excpllent  fishing.     Seven  or        \ 
ei^ht    miles    N.  W.   of  Bantakion,   lies  Sago,  on  the  side  of  a        \ 
mounlaui^  containing  150  Inhabitants;  the  Soil  is  here  rich  acid       I 


l;  AtPEKDlX^ 


produc'live  of  the  finest  finifs.  The  mountain  whieli  iii  !!%&{> 
slopes  into  tl>e  Sea,  and  defends  the  valley  from  the  strong 
Sea  Gales.  From  Sago  to  the  Straks  of  Popra,  the  land  it 
low,  and  intersected  v»>ith  maiiy  Lakes;  the  Road  is  ever  a 
heavy  sand  about  niiiie  miles  long.  ■  ^■■'  ■  "!»'  •    -><^   '  i'  •  •    h 

RiMgain  and  Cockraht  are  two.  temporary  Villages  on  the 
S.  E.  side,  inhabited  during  Uie  N,  E.  Monsoon,  when  ihey 
work  the  iVlines.  From  Cockrain  Ihere  is  a  small  River  na- 
vigable  for  Boats  v^hich  empires  itself  into  a  Ray  three  milei 
deep  and  two  broad.  This  Bay  is  very  shallow,  and  when 
the  wind  blows  from  the  E.  N.  E.  has  a  very  large  Sea;.bul 
at  the  South  end,  there  is  a  small  Ifarbour  formed  by  an  Island, 
in  which  Ships  may  ride  in  6  and  7  fathoms  smooib  Water, 
on  (he  S.  W.  end  of  the  Island,  on  the  side  of  a  high  mountain 
fronting  the  Sea,  is  the  Village  of  Gomra,  inhabited  bj  50 
Malay  Families.  Tarma,  which  is  made  the  Seaport  TowOj 
contains  about  400  Houses;  it  is  on  the  East  side  nearly  cen'-; 
Irical  6  or  7  miles  from  Bantakiou,  and  two  mites  from  (he  Sea'; 
the  River,  which  was  formerly  navigable  for  Sloops,  is  now 
choaked.  up,  and  only  Boats  can  go  up  at  high  Water;  the 
Town  is  well  situated;  tliere  aie  Hoads  leading  to  the  princi- 
pal  places  on  the  Island,  and  to  jamboo.  On  the  South  side 
of  the  Town  is  a  piecfeof  high  Ground,  whicTi  commands  tVe 
vhole;  all  strangers  reside  here.  The  Harbour  of  Tarma  fs 
covered  from  the  winds.  Ships  lay  in  the  most  perfect  se- 
cinitv  in  the  greatest  Gales,  defended  from  S.  and  S  E.  windf 
by  <he  Cocnas  and  Sulangs,  fl-om  the  N.  E.  by  Panjang,  from 
th<»  N.  E.  and  S.  E.  bySalaHg.  The  only  impediment  to  (his 
being  (he  hcj^t  Naval  Port  in  India,  is  a  Flat  bink  of  Mu'd 
'>yhich  extends  from  Jamboo  to  Cucoa ;  between  this  bauk  and 


ApPENWiTr  1}, 

rite  Salangr  is  4^,  5,  6,  and  7  fathoms  water,  bot  Fiere  tb« 
,SUi{)s,  though  defended  fiom  aU  weathers,  would  be  exjiosed 
to  an  Enemj^  (he  passage  round  Salang,  and  from  Sal ang  to 
Jamboo,  being  more  than  two  miles  wide,  Jamboo  is  a  higli 
.narrow  point  of  land,  broad  at  tbe  extremifjr ;  has  plenty  of 
Wood  and  Wafer,  and  might  easily  be  defended,  Ihe  Soil,  at 
top  is  light,  but  underneath  a  6  le  Clay,  which  grows  hard 
when  exposed  to  the  Air,  This  Point  extends  to  the  East  near 
one  mile  from  the  Main  Island,  and  in  the  Centre,  is  not  mor^ 
than  200  yards  over.  On  the  North  side  of  this  Point,  the 
water  is  very  shoal,  no  Ship  can  come  within  Gun  Shot.  Oil 
the  side  next  the  Harbour,  there  is  a  small  Channel  of  2  fa* 
4homs.  Were  the  several  Rivers  which  empty  themselves  over 
the  -Mud  bank,  confined  to  run  by  the  side  of  Ja  iiboo,  the  Cur. 
(rent  .would  open  a  Harbour  for  large  Ships;  there  is  plenty  of 
Timber  fit  for  Piles,  Stones,  Earth  &c«  at  Jamboo ;  a  Mole 
might  be  raised  at  a  small  expense,  should  the  present  Harbour 
be  demecd   insufficient.  ^ 

The  Strait  separating  Salang  from  the  Main^  is  5  lengnei 
long  and  affords  a  very  good  Harbour;  the  entrance  from  the 
;Sea  is  blocked  up  by  Sand  navigable  only  for  Boats  in  fair 
weather  ;  the  Tides  run  strong  ;  the  land  forms  two  low  Sandy 
Points  about  600  yards  distant,  and  three  quarters  of  a  mile 
in  length;  depth  of  water  from  Point  to  Point  6,  7,  8,  and  9, 
fathoms  ;  The  Coast  Vessels  frequently  load  Elephants  here, 
laying  a  short  Bridge  of  Planks  from  the  Beach  to  the  Vessel; 
this  part  of  the  Strait  is  called  Popra,  From  these  Points,  it 
widens  into  a  Bay,  deeper  on  (he  Main  than  Salang,  and  ex- 
tends 6  miles  to  Stony  Point,  where  the  land  again  contractg 
the|>as8age  to  about  5  or  600  jards.     The  Points  here  arc  higti 


iii.  Appendix. 

and  bluflT,  at  present  covered  with  Toftj  Trees.  After  passing 
tbis  Point,  the  passage  beconreg  intricate,  a  large  sand  ex tciid« 
from  tbe  Island  allow  water;  there  is  not  more  than  3  or  4 
fathoms  betv^een  the  Sand  and  the  Sliore.  Here  also  tbe  Tides 
from  the  Sea/ and  from  the  Bay  of  Salang  meet  and  cause  great 
eddies;,  the  difficult  part  of  this  passage  is  abooi 2^  miles,  after 
'vvhich  there  is  a  fair  and  clear  Channel  of  9  or  10  fathoms  into 
the  Bajof  Salong.  Ships  of  the  line  must  pas»  over  at  the  last 
quaiter  floods  and  then,  if  they  have  not  a  fair  wind,  they  must 
varp  past  the  red  Sand,  v«  hen  the  ebUTide  will  carry  tbem 
into  the  Bay  to  the  W  est  of  Stony  Point.  Tbis  place  is  capa- 
ble of  being  forlified,  and  would  be  safe  from  the  attacks  of  an 
Enemy;  tbe  disadvantages  attending  this  place,  are,  the  Tides 
are  strong  near  tbe  steep  Shores,  and.  in  the  Harbour,  the 
Shores  are  Flat.  For  a  large  Ship  to  carreen,  it  would  be 
necessary  to  have  floating  Stages.  This  would  render  it  te- 
dious and  expensive  for  a  large  fleet.  For  the  protectioa  of 
IVIerchant  Vessels,  and  two  or  thiee  Ships  of  War,  it  is  prefer* 
able  certainly  to  Pinang. 

The  continent  opposite  Salang  from  Popra  to  Tacorpa,  30 
miles,  is  very  thinly  inhabited  by  Siamese,  has  only  5  or  6 
Villages  situated  3  or  4  miles  from  the  Sea  Shore.  Between 
the  Villages  aiid  the  Sea,  is  tliick  Jungle^  left  to  prevent  tbe 
JVlalay  Pirates  from  making  incursions  to  their  habitations. 
•Baneey  the  first  Village,  is  3  miles  from  Popra,  this  was  for* 
nierly  the  Srat  of  a  Gentoo  Merchant  from  Madras,  who  built 
Vt-s^srU  at  Popra,  and  carried  on  a  considerable  Trade  to  the 
C«>a8l  of  Coromandel.  Soin^e  of  his  family  are  still  remaining, 
but  «he  Village  now  contains  only  30  H<iuses.  Eight  miles  to 
the  Northward  of  Baucey,  is  Natory,,tte  .Seat  of  Governmeut. 


.AppENDiXr-  liii. 

Tl)i8  Villag3  contains  upxvards  of  100  Houses  oh  a  small  rising 
Ground,  surrounded  with  Padd^  Grounds  and  Water;  a  rapid 
River  runs  through  this  place  ta  the  Sea.  A  mile  and  a  half 
from  Natorj,  is  Tacoalanj,  a  Christian  ViHage,  formerly  verjT 
large,  hut  now  so  reduced,  (hat  a  Priest  cannot  procure  a  maia« 
lenance.  Three  or  four  miles  from  Natory  to  the  N.  W.  is 
Patai,  a  small  Village  of  14^  or  IS  Houses  ;  the  whole  of  this 
plain  from  Hancey  to  Tacoatany,  is  no  where  two  miles  broad. 
From  the  Woodar  which  cover  the  Sea  Shore  to  the  foot  of  the 
Hills,  it  is  exceeding  fertile,  and  produces  great  plenty  of 
Jiice  and  Cattle.  One  Village  I  had  forgot  only  1|  mile  from 
Popra,  called  Coocloi,  has  only  8  or  9  Houses;  the  plains  of 
Natory  are  separated  from  Taco pa,  by  a  very  high  mountain, 
\thicli  they  cannot  travel  over  in  one  day.  The  people  of  Siain 
have  no  other  entrance  into  this  Country  by  land,  unless  they 
cross  immediately  from  Ligore  over  many  mountains,  and 
through  thick  Forests.  This  would  be  of  singular  advantage 
to  Salang,  as  no  Artillery  or  Stores  could  be  brought  against 
it  but  by  the  Se9,  Tacopa  produces  Tin;  the  Inhnbifants  of 
the  several  Villages  come  here  to  dig;  the  Tin  is  either  trans- 
ported to  Siam  by  the  way  of  Chia,  or  sent  to  Popra.  The 
River  of  Tacopa  is  pretty  large,  but  not  navigable  for  Ships, 
on  account  of  the  Sand  banks  which  cover  the  entrance.  From 
Tacopa,  you  go  up  the  River  in  Boats  or  Rafts  to  Soik,  a 
Mountain;  here  they  land,  and  walk  round  to  the  opposite 
side,  half  a  day's  journey.  They  then  embark  on  Rafts  and 
proceed  to  C^Tia.  At  Chia  there  are  always  Vessels  going  to 
Siam.  The  Country  to  the  Northward  of  Tacopa,  as  far  as 
IVIergui,  is  uninhabited,  there  are  many  Rivers,  and  the  Coast 
abounds  with  Tin  Ore,  particularly  at  Beaon.     Many  attempts 


llf.  Afpbndfx* 

liave  been  made  to  setfle  tlits  by  the  Siamese  Malajr,  and 
Tannoes,  rr%)m  the  o^reat  fHCilitj  with  which  they  caji  procure 
the  Till ;  but  as  it  lies  between  the  Si  am  and  Burma  To  wof, 
and  is  claimed  by  both,  the  few  people  who  have  gone  there*, 
liHve  been  plundered  aud  carried  away.  All  this  Country  is 
mou'itaiiious^  a  few  Miles  from  the  Sea  sborc^  and  covered  with 
impenetrable  forests^  in  which  there  arc  great  numbers  of  wild 
JElpphants. 

At  the  North  end  of  SaTang  River,  fs  a  very  rapid  and  cold 
River,  which  falls  down  a  steep  preeipifc  called  Cra  Poongba, 
there  arc  a  few  Inhabitants  who  dig  Tin.  The  Country  here 
vea; » a  romantic  appearance  >  sleep  rocks,  caves,  high  Moun* 
.tains,  and  rugged  Islands;  near  Poongha  I  am  told  is  a  Valley  of 
a  circular  form  to  which  thereis  only  one  entrance  under  a  large 
Rock;  at  high  water  the  passage  is  closed,  and  at  low  water 
'the  rapidity  of  the  (  urrent  with  the  Shelves  and  Rocks,  render 
It  impossible  for  the  smallest  Boat  to  pass.  The  only  time  to 
,go  out  is  at  half  Tide;  here  500  people  have  taken  refuge  from 
the  tyranny  of  (he  Siamese  Government.  I  have  receiv^ed  this 
account  from  Chinese  and  Malays  who  have  been  there,  and 
fr(»m  Pio  Pemone,  the  late  Governor  of  the  Island.  From 
poongha  to  Trang,  including  a  Coast  of  16  or  IS  leagues  and 
a  number  of  Islands,  there  are  uo  Inhabitants,  except  the  Oraug 
Lauts,  who  navigate  from  Island   to  Island. 

The  only  produce  from  Salang  at  present  which  makes  >% 
part  of  Commerce,  is  Tin,  found  ia  the  greatest  quantities  ia 
the  S.  I  .  part  of  the  Island.  Pookit,  formerly  the  principal 
Town  of  the  Island,  and  wher^the  Tin  was  melted,  is  now^ 
neglctied;  they  finding  it  easier  to  dig  near  the  Shores.  The 
Ore  is  all   dugiu   wdlsfour  feet  square.     Four  men  joiu  to  • 


Pi<;  ^  of  them  open  the  Pit,  whilier  t^e  oiherr  collect  Bamboo 
leaves  and  frames  for  the  sidej;  4  pieces  of  Wood  about  8  or 
9  inches  rounds  uotchcdand  let  i«to  each  other,  makes  the 
frame,  these  are  placed  within  tlie  Pit  at  the  distance  of  5  or 
6  feet-  at  the  back  of  these  are  thrust  down  small  lonor  Bam 
boos,  and  behind  them  are  put  leaves  to  prevent  the  Earth  and 
"Water  from  enterin^^  the  Pit.  A  Pahola  is  erected  at  one  end 
a  Bucket  hung  by  a  Rattan  sewer  to  draw  up  the  Earth  and 
Ore,  the  other  end  is  balanced  by  a  weight,  a  dam  is  made  by 
the  side  of  the  Pit,  at  «he  bottom  is  placed  a  Mat,  and  then 
filled  with  Water.  One  man  remains  in  the  Pit  to  dig 
up  the  Ore,  and  works  the  Pahola.  The  Ore  is  brought 
up  mixed  with  Stone  and  Clay,  and  thrown  among  the 
women,  who  sit  there  to  receive  it  into  Wooden  Platters, 
by  breaking  the  Clay  with  their  Fingers,  and  twisting  round 
the  Platters,  the  Ore  is  soon  separated  and  laid  aside;  in  the 
evening,  they  wash  the  Ore  in  a  running  Stream  to  carry  off 
the  finer  particles  of  the  Sand  ;  it  is  then  dried  and  carried  to  the 
Smelting  House.  It  is  received  by  measures,  100  lbs.  of  the 
Ore  yields  70  to  75  lbs.  of  the  metal.  The  Miner,  if  a  poor 
man,  receives  a  Ticket  for  40  lbs.  of  Tin;  if  an  Officer  50. 
These  Tickets  are  afterwards  exchanged  by  the  King*8  Over- 
seer, at  the  rate  of  5  TickaU  of  Silver  for  one  Coping,  weighing 
62{  lbs.  English.  The  Surplus  30  or  35  lbs.  goes  to  the  Smel- 
ter, who  is  a  Chinese  that  remits  this  privilege  from  the  Kii»g. 
When  the  Pit  is  finished,  and  they  Insc  sight  of  the  Ore,  tw« 
of  the  men  begin  another.  In  2  or  3  days,  they  get  all  the  Ore 
within  reach;  the  Pit  is  then  left  open  to  fill  up,  as  time  and 
accident  direct.  At  Pookit,  they  dig  from  50  to  70  feet;  at 
Rangain,  and  places  near  the  Sea  from  10  to  30  feet;  but  here 
they  are  sometimes  obliged  to  wait  until  the  Spring  tides  are 


Its.  Appendix. 

over.  Thcj  are  likewise  more  subject  fo  putrid  vaponti 
in  the  low  Grounds  thaw  in  the  high,  whkh  prove  mortati 
After  passing  the  Strata  of  Stunes  and  clay,  to  whkh  the  Orar 
adheres,  is  always  fobnd  a  bed  of  exceeding  while  cla/ 
without  any  mixture;  below  this  bed  the  Ore  never  de- 
scends. The  quantity  of  Ore  found  in  such  Pits,  varies 
from  250  to  1000  lbs.;  the  Ore  is  smelted  in  a  Furnace 
3  feet  deep  and  22  inches  bioad^  hooped  with  Iron;  the 
bellows  is  of  Wood  shaped  like  a  Pnmp  7  feet  long;  the 
diameter  of  the  Cylinder  4  inches;  the  Piston  is  very  small, 
and  covered  at  the  end  with  feathers;  at  each  end  of  the  Cy- 
linder, is  a  valve  which  gives  a  constant  supply  of  Air.  The 
Tube  for  conveying  the  Air  into  the  Furnace,  is  of  bamboo, 
and  fixed  in  the  middle  of  the  outside  of  the  Cylinder  to  a 
small  Channel  about  12  inches  square  on  the  outside,  which 
conveys  the  Air  to  the  Tube  as  the  Piston  goes  up  and  down^ 
The  Furnace  is  first  loaded  wjth  Charcoal;  when  well  fired, 
about  2C0  lbs.  of  Ore  is  placed  on  the  top,  and  coal  over  iU 
To  make  the  Metal  separate  more  easily,  they  put  a  little 
pounded  Scoria  among  the  Ore,  and  moisten  it;  the  first  lime 
it  passes  through  the  Furnace,  it  parts  with  some  of  its  ar- 
aenic  qualities;  but  is  yet  only  blaik  shining  Scoria,  with  a 
.few  while  specks  of  Metal;  the  second  time  they  get  Tin. 
The  Ore  is  five  times  run  through  the  Furnace  before  the 
Tin  is  properly  extracted;  after  this  the  Scoria  is  laid  by, 
ai  d  when  the  Season  for  digging  is  over,  they  smelt  it  once 
pr  tviice  m(tre.  The  Tin  is  cast  in  Slabs  of  30  lbs.  weight 
called  Poke,  in  small  pieces  of  20  to  a  Slab  called  Poot,  40 
to  a  Slab  called  Tuong,  SO^allcd  Pinchay.  With  these  di- 
visions,  they   went  to   the    Maiket^    until   the  present  King; 


of  Siam  engaged  tie  whole,  the  quantify  of  Tin  dtig^  by 
the  present  InhabHanfs  during'  the  Months  of  Februarr, 
March,  and  April,  amounts  to  4000  China  Pi€ul»i  w  valoa 
68,000  Spanish  Dollars. 

The  pasture  of  Salong  h  excellent,  the  Buffaloe  is  very 
large^  meat  more  sweet  and   tender  tlian  in  any  other   parts 
of  India.     Beef,  Sheep  and  Goats    thrive   well   here,  but  the 
Inhabitants  can  possess   no  property;  therefore  nothing  is  ruU 
tivatedj   nor   even   Poultry  reared.     In  the  Woods  arc   Ele. 
phants.  Rhinoceros,  Tigers,   Elk,  Deer,  Bears,  and  Hogs,  and 
a   great  variety  of  the   feathered   specie?,    whose   plumage  it 
highly  valued  by  the  Chinese.     The  Lakes  abound  with  wild 
Fowl,  and  the  Sea  with   Fish,  the  Valleys   are  well  watered 
with   streams,  the  Air  is  healthy,   and  the  Mountains  yield  a 
rich  Ore  with  plenty  Fruit.     The  Shores  abound   with  Shell 
Fish,  Oysters,   Muscles,  Crabs,  Pearl  Oysters,  Hammer  Oys- 
ters, King  Crab,   a  variety  of  painted   Shells,   also  Sea  Slug 
called  Beech  de  Mer,   which  makes  an  Article  of  Commerce 
with  China.     Of  this   Slug,   there  are  three  kinds,    the  white, 
red   and   black,  the   white  sells  for  5   Dollars   per  Picul,  the 
red  from  7  to  16,  and  the  black  from  20  to  30.     Bird's  Nests, 
or  Mera  de  Pastro,   are  found  among  the  Islands  from  Salang 
to  Mergui;  the  first  sort,  of  a  transparent  white  is   worth  24t 
Dollars  per  Catty  in  China,  the  others  from  7  to  16  per  Catty, 
accoiding  to  its  colour,    and  being   free  from   feathers;   the 
coarse  sort  is  almost  all  feathers  and  black ;  this  sells  for  onljr 
30  Dollars  per  Picul.     The  collecting  these  two  Article!  em- 
ploy every  year  near   1000   Prows,  and  4500  people.     The 
King  of  Quedah  claims  the  dominion  of  these  Seas,  and  grauti 
a  license  for  collecting  the  Bird's  Nests  and  Sea  Slug  to  some 


If  ill*  Affkndix* 

of  bis  Officers,  (or  which  Tie  receives  about  12  Co  15«000  Srpa« 
oish  Dollars  per  Annum.  The  most  useful  Trees  ou  Salang^ 
are  the  Oil  Tree^  I>amaiar  Tree,  Voon,  red  and  white  for 
IVlasts,  the  Tokien,  Tong,  and  Tookuiv  for  Ships  and  House 
Bui  Id  lug;  the  Toomasak  for  Piles,  Mjtack  for  Oars,  black 
wood  and  red  wood  for  furniture.  These  Trees  are  all  of  verj 
large  dim^^nsions  and  very  loftv,  the  white  Oak  is  short  and 
"verj  crooked.  The  Sasafras  Tree  verj  plentiful,  Sago  Trees 
very  few.  Bamboos,  Canes,  and  Rattans  in  abundance  besides 
a  great  cumber  of  other  useful  Trees  whose  names  I  have  fur* 
gotten.  Of  Fruit  Trees,  the  Durian,  Jack,  Champada^  Ivfan* 
goosteen«  Mango,  Loomala,  and  wild  Mango,  Orange,  Limof 
Pumplemose,  Marian,  and  several  wild  fruits.  From  the  nature 
of  the  Soil  and  Climate  of  this  Island,  nothing  is  wanted-  to 
make  the  Inhabitants  happj  but  a  rational  Government.  Their 
Religion  and  Laws  are  Siamese,  but  all  other  religions  are 
tolerated;  and  some  of  them  are  both  Mahomedans  and  Sia* 
roese;  they  conform  to  the  Laws  of  Mahomed  in  not  eating^ 
pork,  and  to  the  Siamese,  in  adoring  the  image  of  their  Pro- 
phet. The  Government  has  been  changing  so  often,  it  is  dif- 
ficult to  fi?c  on  any  period  for  a  description.  Before  the  de« 
struction  ofSian  by  the  Burmahs,  the  Island  belonged  to  the 
Ligore  Department,  and  was  governed  by  three  Officers,  the 
Pia  Salang.  Pia.Blaat  and  Jokebat,  appointed  by  the  Kin^of 
Ligore.  After  the  loss  of  Siam,  the  Klalays  got.  possession  of 
the  Island,  and  Ihc  Laxsamana  of  Quedah  maintained  an  ab- 
solute authority,  treating  the  Siamese  as  Slaves,  until  an  ac- 
cident inspired  the  Islanders  with  the  idea  of  liberating  them- 
selves, which  they  pcrforujed  'in  one  night,  at  an  Annual  as. 
sembly  which  the  Siamese  Celebrated  in  hooor  of  their  Prophet. 


^.'' 


n^ 


Appendix.  lit. 

♦  ■ 
One  of  (be  Islanders  unarmed  fought  witb  a  Malaj  armed 
M^itb  bis  Creese  or  Dagger,  tbe  Islander  conquered   in  spite 
of  the  Creese,  and  beat  tbe  Malay  to  a  muiumy.     Tbe  Cbief 
of  tbe  Siamese  represented  to  bis  people  bow  shameful  it  was 
for   them   to  behold  themselves   in  subjection   by   people  so 
uiuch  weaker  than  themselves.     As  it  was  necessary  to  be  se* 
cret,  only  70  chosen  Men  were  assembled  in  tbe  dead  of  night ; 
tbe>   attacked  the  Malayan  Town  with  Fire  and  Sword ;  the 
Laksamana   conceiving  the   whole  Island    was  raised   against 
hiai,  .fled  with  his   people  to  their  Prows.     In  the  morning, 
not  a  Malay  was  to  be  seen;  they  left  their  Guns,  Tin,   Mo- 
neyv  aiid   Merchandize  to  tbe  Islanders,  and  never  dared  to 
return.     '1  be  Laksamana  constantly  regretted  the  loss  of  this 
Island,  and  offered  me  8000  Men,  when  it  was  proposed  bj 
IVIr.   Hastfngs  to  establish  a  Settlement.     The   Island    after* 
vards   suffered    another    Revolution,    when    Pia  Tai   became 
King  of  Siam;  but  this  leads  to  a  long  history.     The  present 
Governor,  styled  Choo  Pia  Salang,  is  one  of  the  greatest  Vil- 
lains,  who  has  raised  himself  by  ingratitude,  deceit,  murder^ 
and    rapine   from   a   low   and  indigent  state.     He  wrote  roe  a 
Letter  expressing  great  esteem  and  friendship,  which  I  did 
not  answer.     A   few  days  ago,  be  sent   me  a  Messenger  to 
assure   me   if  I  would   next  November  send  a  Vessel  with 
some  Troops,    be    would    deliver    tbe    Island    to    the    Eng* 
lish     and    only    require    a    small    allowance     for    himself. 
Could  this  Island  be  obtained  by  treaty,  or  with  the  iinanimoui 
consent  of  the  Inhabitants,   for  tbe  King  of  Siam  is  only  their 
usurper   of  yesterday,  and  may  probably  share  the  fate  of  hii 
master,  I  know  of  no   place  of  so  much  value.     It  is  known 
from  experience  the  soil  is  favorable  for  Pepper,  CottoO|  Sugar| 


'jt 


IX,  APPBNDIxi 

f 

Coffee  and  that  the   natives  of  the  Coromandel  .and  Tanjore    ^ 
Countries,  prefer    it  to  their  own  land.     It  would  ioiaiediateljr' 
paj    Iheexpense   of  Government,  and   would   bean  admirable 
situation  for  a   plaee  of  arms.     This  would  remain,  weree.vca 
Beogal  and  the    Carnaiic  to  be  lost* 

The  S.  W.  and    N.  E.  Monsoons  prevail   at  Salang;  the       ,, 
S.  W.  winds  from  May  to   November;  the  N.   E.  winds  are 
not  so   steady   and   strong   as  the   S.  W.  during  the  S^  W. 
winds,    the  weather  is   eloudj,^    with   frequent  showers;    the 
heavy  rains  are  in  September  and  October.     In  December  the    ^* 
North  and  South   East  winds  blow    fresh  and  dry,     January 
and    February  are   subject  to  calms,  March  aod  April  to  va-y.- ; 
liable  wiuds.  *'  ;*  * 


Extract  of  a  letter  addressed  hy  the  late  Mr.  James 
Scott,  to  the  Governor  Generaly  dated  Jan  Si/tang^ 
2Sth  October^  IS73.  :      V       '^J 

"  All  these  concurring  circumstances  and  more  perhaps 
^ith  which  I  am  unacquainted,  have  induced  the  Governor 
here  io  make  the  following  proposals  and  to  desire  I  would 
forward  them  to  the  Company,  viz.  *^  *.    *   *    * 

That   if  the  English  would  take  on  them   the  sovereignty  of  >^^      • 
the   island  Jau  Sylang  and  iH  dependencies  and  send  a  forc^.to*     '*    >;.  ,. 
resist  any  future  attempts  from    Siam ;  he  will  deliver  them  •    .     .  % 
the    peaceable    possession  of  ^  the  Island,    on    the    following^    "^ !     '^ 
terms,  and  promises   to   coateoi  the   iobabitautSi   to  facilitate 
'Hfhich  he  requests,  -   .     :.  'r  *  \>1-* 


Appendix*  Ixi* 

1st.  That  all  debts  to  tli€  King  of  Siam  bjr  tbe  nati? cs  of 
this   Island  shall  be  cancelled  for  ever. 

2nd.  That  the  Slavery  of  the  people  arising  from  their 
being  considered  as  Slaves  of  the  King  be  abolished,  and  e?crjr 
one   be  entitled  to  the  produce  of  his  labours. 

3rd.  That  private  property  renaain  as  it  now  is,  and  debts 
due    from  Inhabitants   to  individuals  be  recoverable  as  before. 

4th.  That  the  Arrack  and  Gaming  Farms  be  at  least  for  a 
time  abolished. 

5ih.  That  the  Company  will  receive  of  the  Miners  8  mea- 
sures of  Tin  for  one  Capping  62^  lbs.  and'  pay  for  every  8 
measures  4  Spanish  Dollars  iu  place  of  3  Spanish  Dollars  oovr 
paid  by  the  King.  ,    • 

For  himself^  as  Governor'  under  the  Company,  he  asks 
5  Rhars  of  Tin  for  every  100  Exported;  or  in  lieu  thereof 
160  Spanish  Dollars.  N.  B.  One  Bhar  is  500  lbs.   avoirdupois. 

That  whereas  the  King  of  Siam  for  himself  or  in  the  name 
of  the  Governor  for  the  time  being,  stands  at  this  time^  indebted 
to  English  Merchants  a  sum  not  exceeding 700  Bharsof  Tin: 

This  the  Company  coming  in  place  of  the  King  must  dis- 
cbarge to  the  bond  holders,  on  the  second  year  of  possession  ia 
Tin,    from  their  own  proper  Funds. 

All  other  debts  due  by  individual  natives  to  foreigners  of 
any'  nation  to  be  allowed  on  proof  and  recoverable  in  the  Court 
of  Law, 

Every  thing  else  he  trusts  to  the  wisdom  and  consideration 
of  the  Company,  and  he  hopes  they  will  be  speedy  in  sending 
him  an  answer,  as  the  existence  of  himself  and  family  will  de« 
pend  on  the  protection  he  may  receive  from  them,  or  what 
their  answer  may  enable  him  to  procure  elsewherCj  previoui 
to  the  change  of  the  Moosouo*  ' 


IxiL  Appendix. 

•     • '. 

The  proHahle  advantages  of  the  English  Company  a&i 

cepting  the  proposals  of  tfte   Governor  of  the  hland 

Salang,  and  ceding  it  to  the  British  Goveriifnent*    By 

the  late  Captain  James  Scott.  '-  ''^Si'^'^^-^Ui'r'-ii-f}u'^^: 


-V 


As  this  subject  has  already  been  before  your  Board,  and_ 
reasons  appearing  to  justify  our  taking  possession  by  force, 
aud  as  these  reasons  operate   with  more  force  towards  a  peace-  ^  \"  "  .^^ 
able  acquisition  than  open  conquest,   1  shall  suppose  the  io.        >*  ^. 
fiirmation    already  given   on   record   as    full   ai|d   satisfactory      ^  ''<:- 
regarding  its  local   situation  and   advantages^  and   proceed  to       %*  > 
iliew  the  additional   propriety  of  the  measure  from  our  con-   .         / 
sequent  loss   of  the  Rhio  and  Saleogore  trade.     The  Goverd. 
ment   of   Salang  extends  fiom.  the  River's  end  in  the  Latitude    'f    * 

9©  40"  N.   to  a  River  to  the  Southward  ofTillibon  iu  about     * 

•  ■ 

Lat.  7«*  N.     The  whole  Coast  is  a  bed  of  Tin  Ore,  very  rich  .^v 

and   fuzible  in  common  charcoal   fire  with  a  pair  of  hello wsJ  .."^^ 
Ihere  are  a  great  number  of  Islands  on  the  Coast,  in  many         .   ^, 
of  which  arc  Tin.     The   Exports  of  Salang  at  present  arb  » 

about  5000  Piculs  of  Tin;  some  Amber,  Wax,  and  Ivqry  are 
produced,  but  being  the  King's,  are  left  to  rot  in  the  woods* 
The  Inlands  contiguous  are  at  present  rented  to  the  Quedah 
people  at  5000  Dollars  per  Annum  for  the  purpose  ofga*  * 

therhig   Bird's  Nests  and    Beech  de  IVler;  but  their  produce,*  •«      * 
is  16,000  in  these  Articles^     Cotton,  Sugar,  Coffee,*  Pepper,      •-'   '.  ,* 
and    Indigo,  are  Natives  of  the  Island  of  Salang,  and  might      ■    .^ 
be  cultivated  to  any  extent,  ?nd  with  an  increased  population,    ^  ,  /*; 
the  quantity  of  Tin   is  indefiiiite;   the   present  export  being   .     ^^. 
from  the  labour  of  about  700  Meii  aud  Women  four  Mbuilit       *^^^ 


"^ 


App2Kmx«  (liii 


lilt 


• 


in  the  YeaTr    But  let  U8  take  aa  e^^imate  from  its  present 

slate.                                                                                             i  I 

5000  PiculS  of  Tin  at  8X .^... 42,500.  j 

The  Medium  price  in  Cbina  it ...i.. 100,000.  \ 

Rent  of  Bird's  I^ests ......5,000               57,000.  \ 

Deduct  Governor's  dues  at  160  Drs.>  « non                 c^t\ar^  i 

-\      per  375  Piculs  ifc. ........>                             *  | 

...:   , ,                                                                            .  l 

.7»r!..Ji  ;.'^.v.-  :i.:.:..  ;.      ,       .r  <    V-.             Sp.  Drs.  60,420.  J 

-    ^                       ^'.   ■■                                  "             •  j 

From  this,  there  remains  a  balance  to  defray  the  expenses^  ^ 

of  Current   Rupees   150,000.     I  have  added  nothing  for  the  1 

pofits  of  its  Tmpoits,   which  \n  Bengal  Articles,   may  be  about 

20,000  Dollars  yearly,  exclusive  of  Exports  to  the  Main,  and, 

I  have  made  no  dednrtion  from   the  China   price  of  Tin,  as  '      1 

the  Shi pb   from  Madras  go  in   ballast,  and  if  no  Tin  is  sent, 

the  same  ri*k  would   go  on   in  Specie.     The  Amber  found  on  •: 

the  Coast  is  rented  in  Districts,  hut  I  am  uninf[)rmed  of  its  ag-  \ 

gregate   produce,  they  being  very  secret  in  what  regards  it; 

if  Is  sold  to  the  Chinese  at  5  and  6  (imps   its  weight  in  Silver, 

There  is  likewise  a  very  rich  Pearl  Fishery,  which   was   for-  \ 

merly  worked  by  the  Chuliahs  from   the  Gulf  of  Manara,  but  \ 

gi\en  up  about  30  years  ago  from  the  oppressions  of  Govern-  , 

Dient.     This  is  at  Pulo  Matin  near  Tillibon;   its   former  pro-  i 

duce  I  have  been  unable  to  learn.-    The  Export  of  Glepbantt 

13  likewise  ^another  source   of  Revenue,  the  Island   price  being  'i 

at   50    Dollars,   the   Export    price  from  4   to  800   Dollars.  j 

IVIigbt  one  hazard  an  estimate,  I  think  it  very  moderate  wheb  .; 

^  say  thft  probable  Annual  Exports  ia  Tin.  wilK  on^  the  lOtli  1 


Ixjri  Appendix* 

< 

jear,  und^r  proper  encatiragement,  be  30,000  Piculs^  in  wlich 
case,  observe  the  slateinent.  .    i 

30,000  Piculs  at  8^ ..\.,.  255,000. 

Piice  iaChiuaat  20  Dra.  per  Picul „  600,000. 


nir*nf<:tf  ^...i^^  .  ^  .3*5,000. 


Oaiik  Current  Rupees  852,500.  As  the  increased  popular 
tion  will  increase  tbe  demand,  150,000  Dollars  would  be  want- 
ed in  goods,  and  100,000  in  Specie,  and  tbese  would  find  for 
the  Companj  in  China  15  Lacs  }earljr.  It  is  further  not  over 
fating  probability  where  I  affiioi,  that  the  Pepper;  Camphur 
and  Gold  of  Acbeeu  would  centre  here.    .    .';f  p*  .   j:  .if.)  r-^^ 

If  then  the  possession  of  Salang,  a  healthy,  fertile  Island  a» 
before  described,  promises  to  supply:  our  losses  for  the  ,  fall 
of  Rliitt,  1  think  we  ought  not  to  hesita<e,  as  a  permanent  pps^ 
session,  which  may  be  improved  to  any  extent,  is  prelerabk 
to  a  Trade,  however  flattering,  which  owes  its  existence  to  the 
absurd  regulations  of  our  neighbours,  and  whose  existence, 
therefore  in  some  measure,  is  dependent  on  these  regulations. A I 

'  ■  •  ,  .,.        .;  •       '<■■' 

And,   as  the  natives   of  Salang  have  long  groaned  under  ii 

severe  despotism,   where  flogging  is  a  Trade  regularly  learnt^' 

they    would  be  so  fully  sensible  of  their  change,  that  their  to ji 

ally  might  be  depended    upoiu        jT        ''     '  \      '\''-\'{ 

There  would  be  wanted,  to  secure  this  Island,  during  (he* 
fev¥  first  years  of  possession,  500  Seapoys,  and  100  Europeanfl,- 
Artillery  included,  with  6  mouths  provisions,  a  double  prnpoi'-^ 
tioa  of  light  field  pieces  aod  great  Gau»  fur  two  sn^all  FmU> 


a  eomplete  set  of  artificers,  5000  Gunny  Bags,  should  it  at 
au;[  time  be  requisite  to  throw  up  a  Fort  in  baste  ou  the  lauds 
of  Popra. 

Your  marine  should  be  two  small  Siiows,  2  Long  Boafs  and 
2  Rpw  Gallies  armed  thus;  viz.  The  Snows  to  carry  10  or  1^ 
four  or  three  Pounder  Guns,  with  one  cannonade  iu  the  Boi#, 
for  throwing  Grape   and  Canuister, 

The  Long  Boat  about  10  or  15  Tons,  Decks  fiited  for  car« 
ryiiig  10  Swivels,  one  Bow  Gun  aud  one  Cauuouade,  witji 
Blunderbusses  on  Swivel  sticks* 

The  Row  Gallies  built  light  and  long,  for  serving  in  smooth 
water,  fitted'  with  some  shelter  for  the  people,  proper  Maga. 
zines  and  Arm  Chests  to  carry  one  Swivel  Gun  or  rather  a 
Cannonade  and  ten  Blunderbusses  on  her  Gunwales.  If  not 
coppered  a  provison,  of  White  Lead  for  painting  them. 

The  t.wo  Snows,  unless  judged  necessary  to  keep  up  a  com« 
munication  with  India  might  be  dispensed  with  on  the  second 
year,  if  Siani  remained  quiet  and  if  you  attend  to  the  situation, 
the  length  of  the  journpy,  the  want  of  Provisions,  unless 
brought  from  Siam,the  want  of  Boats  to  transport  (hem,  their 
Arms,  ammunition  and  Provision  to  the  Island,  in  the  face  of 
a  prepared  and  vigilant  enemy,  I  think  there  is  little  to  apt 
prehcad,^  ^  '-''*'•  *^'"*'''^*"  '^-    -■  — --  r'-ff  i-'-i*  -••^^.   ..     ^.dx^' 


^1X1^  APPENDIXt 

Eoclract  from  Captain  Kj/iPs  Memoir  on  Pinang^  ddHsd 
Fori  William  \sl  September  lTSlv.u\)^i  ■>^-:'^-"^^*  ^ 

**  In  offering  these  circumstances  (says  Captain  Kjd J  ret- 
peeling  Ibis  Island^  I  need  not  remark  tliat  they  are  grounded 
OR  a  view  of  the  actual  possessions  of  (he  several  European 
Powers  in  India,  but  that  should  anj  MaiTthne  Power  estalilish 
themselves  on  the  Andamans,  the  Nicobars^  on  Junk  Ceylon, 
its  comparative  advantage  will  bear  another  degree  of  estima- 
tion, from  whrch  administration  will  judge  of  the  proprietj 
of  taking  formal  possession  of  these  several  places,  so  as  to 
pstublish  our  claim  against  anj  European  Powers  settling  or 
strengthening  themselves  in  time  of  Peace  from  our  heretofore 
iuatteotioD  and  neglect  to  establish  such  a  fighU'*;         . ,).  -  // 

.      '  '   '  •■*  •  '-    •  -•      • 


Extract  of  a  letter  from  Colonel  Kyd^  addressed  ioihe 
Supreme  Government^  dated  2ith  May  17S8.' ^^' ^\ 

'  '.  -^    i         '■..'■■  . 

In  addition  to  mj  letter  of  date  SOth  April,  t  have  to  request 
jou  will  acquaint  the  Board,  that  I  have  farther  received  from 
Captain  Wright,  a  specimen  of  Tin  Ore  as  raised  from  (ha 
IVIine  of  Junk  Cejioo,  termed  by  the  natives  Jan  Sylang. 
This   specimen  now  laid  before  the  Board,  with  its  lurrouiid* 


yig  iflitriXi  vTiicb  Appears  of  a  sparry  nafiire,  tJapVaio  Wright 
informs  me  is  raised  from  a  depth  of  between  5  and  8  fathomt 
^rom  the   surface^  that  the  Mines  are  opene<)  on  the  declivity 
'and  Ylear  tne  base  of  a  ridge  or  moimtaias  forming  an  Amphi- 
theatre^ situated  on  Ihe  South  Promontory  of  the  Island,  an^ 
ioclQ'de  the  Bajr  nariied  Pootcit  6ay ;  Ihat  the  Mtne  is  jTreed 
'from  ^at^r  by  means  oT  a  pitcher  suspended  at  the  end  of  a 
long  tiev^r,  as  practised  all  over  India,  that  the  Ore  is  raised 
by  the  Inhabitants  on  the  command  of  the  D^sjioi  who  resides 
Iherie  dn  behklf  6f  tb6  Siamese  Goverdiiieiit,  that  the  Ore  is 
Imelted  hy^  "Chinese  resldeilt  there^  deitiu   authority  under 
the  Govertior,  lEtnd  the  labour  of  the  Inhabitants  repaid  by  part 
V>f  the  metal  extracted  being   rest(^red  to  theji;  but  notwith^ 
^htanding  its  ektrenid   richness   and  exclusive  proGi  accruiag 
from  the  Mineral,  the  soiatl  portion  thus  afforded  to  the  datives^ 
Ss  the  duly  allowance  from  Gorerditient,  in  consideration  of  the 
Various  fendatory  services  to  which  Ihey  4re  ikubjecf^  id  the 
iransporting  the   Very  melal  on   ttieir   shoulders^  a  30  day) 
.jourdey   overland  to  Siam;  that  this  Island   notwith<«(aadi.ig 
the  ravages  and  divastations  occasioned  by    Burmah  add  Sia* 
tnese  Troops  which  havc^  alternately  desolated  it  for  years  past^ 
in   its  present  state  of  population  and  G^vernideat,  is  capable 
of  affjrding  andiially  about  500  Tons  df  Tin  and  was  there,  in 
February  last,  delivered  to  him  at  the  rate  of  50  Odlars  for 
500  lbs.     This  computation    Captain  VVright   fornii^d  id  cOd* 
Sequence  df  residing  four  months  on  the   Island,  the  quaitity 
produced  havirtg  beed  raised  and  delivered  to   h{;  i.1  and  front 
tiavibg  been  am  eye  witdess  to  the  exertions  niade  by  the  peopid 
during  that  time,    j^or  the  better  ascertaining  the  nature  of  thd 
tJrei  I  ha?e  herewith  aaaexeda  copy  of  a  report  ofaaAiaa/ 


inadc  bj  Mr.  Blake  of  Oraecdpore,  of  whose  clijinicaHa1eii{| 
and  aBsiduitj,  the  Board  are  I  believe^  already  acquaiuted. 

From  tbi?  Assaj  It  ^ppear9j  tbat  tbe  Tin  Ore  of  this  Island, 
if  estimated  bj  tbe  specimen  in  qnes(ioP|  contains  64^ .  parts 
of  fine  Tin  in  tbe  ICO  of  Ore,  and  that  of  PrincjB  of  Walej 
Island  53 J,  bj  the  same  Scale  that  on  the  late  invasion  of  (he 
Island  by  the  Burmah  Troops  1^400  mpn  T^ere  foun^  capablis 
pf  bearing  Arms ;  tbis^  by  the  E)uropeap  Scale  for  ascertaining 
PopulatiuOi  feduces  the  Inhabitants  to  about  14^000  that  the 
Island  affurds  evident  tokens  of  more  numerous  population  at 
foimcr  times  and  extensive  cultivation,  and  that  it  produce! 
Eipe  sufi^cient  for  its  Inhabitants,-' 

•    .      ■■  -  ■    ')  i 


i;'i-)£    7^ 


i<«    .  rTti-^**--*: 


, ,.    :  FINIfc  :  :,    .?.    M  .j  : 

*  I  .'  tt  '  r-  t    I  ■         -  r<  I  .  ' 


n^ti' 


I  c\ 


OBSERVATIONS 


ON    THB 

^Restoration  of  Banc  a  and  Malacca  to  the  Dutcb'^ 

S[£;  afiKctCnstljeCmCratie  ana  ©eneral  Cammerceof  pinauff* 

THE    RESULT 

OF  A 

POLITICAL  AND  COMMERCIAL  MISSION 

TO     THE 

STATES  OP  PERAK, 
SALENGORE  and  COLONG,  u 

In  the  Year  1818;  | 

■  -h 

AND     THl  ;| 

NEGOTIATIONS    OP    GOVERNOR    BANNERMAN,    FOR    OBTAINING  ^ 

1 
A    FREE     NAVIGATION     OF    THB    RIVERS     MIRBOW     AND 

MUDA,     AND     OPENING     A     COMMERCIAL     INTERCOURSB  '    '^ 

WITH    THE     PATANI    COITNTRT, 


/i 


PREFACE. 


* 


HE  tarSoUs  political  changes  xnrhlcb  liave  taken  ptace^ 
during  .the  few  past  jedrs,  ia  the  several  independent  States^ 
in  the  vicinitj  of  Prince  of  Wales  Islandj  seemed  to  dictate  tbd 
propriety  of  taking  subjects  of  such  importance  to  the  British 
interests  into  consideration  and  bringing  them  more  prominent* 
}y  before  the  View  of  the  superior  authorities,  at  a  distance, 
I  have  devoted  some  time  and  labour  to  the  task,  but  manjr 
Circumstances  and  impediments^  unnecessary  lo  advert  to,  have 
tended  to  prevent  the  earlier  accomplishment  of  this  duty; 
Delay  however,  has  not  rendered  the  necessity  the  les^  im- 
perative and  obvious; 

Every  succeeding  day  almost  bonimues  to  produce  soni^ 
politicili  variation,  and  the  few  last  months  especially,  havd 
been  fraught  with  portentous  vicissitudes  in  our  relations  with 
beighbouring  powers. 

The  establishment  ot*  Siiicapore  has  necessarily  drawn  away 
inuch  of  the  more  eastern  trade,  which  formerly  centred  ki 
Pinang  and  Java;  but  this  it  not  an  evil  we  have  any  reason 
to  complain  of  at  this  Settlement;  the  British  trade  has  heed 
isnmewhat  encreased  tipon  ih6  aggregate,  and  so  long  as  thi^ 
desirable  object  can  be  secured,  it  matter^  dot  whether  the 
Emporium  is  situated  a  few  degi-ees  farther  north  or  south; 
Had  Malacca  never  been  giveii  up  aitd  tiniely  arrarigemeoti 
been  made  to  prevent  the  Dutch  forming  dny  establishmeni 
to  the  southward  of  that  place,  in  these  straits,  it  is  not  an  un* 
reasonable  inference,  that  the  Saitte  elteosion  of  trade,  under 
the  same  management,  would  have  been  the  result;  for  a  few 
leagues  would  have  niade  ho  difference  whatever  to  the  Eastern 
traders*    It  is  better  as  it  is  however:  Malacck  is  again  tcf 


•   preface/^ 

riBVcrt  to  us.  We  liaie  wow  a  chaio  of  Selllcments  ^long  (b<i 
Eastern  side  of  i\\e  Straits  and  have  the  Key  in  ou^  |ian(lt;-w<l 
ought  always,  in  justice  and  policy,  to  have  held  it;       -  -  -~ 

The  distracted  state  of  the  Acheen  Kingdom,  of  late  yearfj 
both  prior  to  and  since  the  death  of  (he  late  King,  and  thq 
absence  of  a  settled  Government  there,  the  transactions  at  Que? 
dah  and  the  flight  of- the  Malays  frona  their  Native  Country^ 
the  equally  unsettled  state  of  Affairs  ^t  Perak;  the  war  wit^ 
the  Burqiahs  and  several  other  evcyats  of  minor  con^eqqencej^ 
ha%e  all  necessarily  had  a  considerable  ^(Tect  upon  the  com- 
fuerce  of  this  port  and  tended  to  (pramp  the  energies',  both  o^ 
the  Government  and  the  Merchant.     It  would  not  etcite  muc^ 
surprise  then,  were  there  an  almost  total  cessation  of  tradQ 
here,  at  the  present  pioment.     Yet  we  find  Pinang  has  othef: 
^resources  and  that  a  yery  extensive  trade  i$  still  carrying  od« 
.   Were  the  obstructions  before  adverted  to  however,  removedl 
find  were  tranquillity  and  ord^r  re-established  around  ps,  upon 
a  secqre  and  honorable  basis,  there,  js  every  ground  for  ex* 
pectation,  that  the  trade  of  this  port  would  be  double  or  treble, 
what  it  now  is.     To  the  philanthropic  mind,  other  considera- 
tions  naturally   presc^nt  themselves^  all  combining  to  render 
this  happy   result  infinitely  desirable.    HoW  some  of  thesei! 
o])ject8  may  best  be  attained.   I  have  presumed,   in  another 
place,  to  ofifer  an  opinion;  but  there  are  others  wiiic|i  I  find 
beyond  .the  scope   of  my  judgement  and  foreign   from  iny 
province  to  suggest.     If  these  remarks  (end  \o  throw  one  ad- 
ditional ray  of  light  upon  the  subject  or  induce  a  m^re  seriou^ 
attention  to  such   paramount  considerations,  the  ei^d  I  had  ia 
view  will  be  sajisfactorily  accomplished.^  ,       ^  .,-  ■  ^  ,  . 

JQHN  ANDERSON, 
Malay  Trans i,atob  tq  Gott; 
prince  of  Wales  JsJandyT^ 
'^liflh  November^  iS'2^:y 


D"   '---J  il-.-xil' 


hi-rAj  ''^^: 


J^i-      =^    vj      -.'V 


^  l 


OBSERVATIONS 

ON    THB 

Restoration  of  Banca  and  Malacca, 


T, 


H  E  transfer  of  the  raluable  Island  of  Banca,  im 
exchange  for  the  useless  Settlement  of  Cochin,  on  the 
Malabar  Coast,  has  always  been  considered  an  act  of  in- 
considerate policy,  and  an  infringement  of  the  rights  of 
a  State  in  Amity,  by  which  it  had  been  ceded  to  the 
British  Nation.  The  assent  of  that  power  to  its  subse- 
quent transfer  was  never  sought,  and  its  reluctance  to 
abide  by  the  award  was  too  fully  exemplified  in  the  long 
and  successful  opposition  made  by  the  Sultan  of  Palem- 
bang;  who  was  at  last  subdued,  principally  through  the 
treachery  of  the  neighbouring  Chief  of  Jambi* 

It  appears  that  Sultan  Ratoo  Ahmed  Nazim-al-deen 
ceded  the  Islands  of  Banca  and  Billiton  to  the  English^ 


as  per  his  deed,   dated  Jth  Jemadil-awal,  ia  the  Year  of 
Ihcllcijirat  1227  or  A.  D.  1812.* 

The  produce  of  Tin  at  Banca,  as  far  back  as  betweea 
30  and  40  years  ago,  was  stated  by  Mr.  Light,  the  first 
Superintendent  of  Pinang,  to  be  about  40,000  Piculs  an- 
nually, of  which  the  Sultan  of  Palenibang  engaged  to  sup- 
ply the  Dutch  wiih  30,000  Piculs.  From  1780  'till  the 
Conquest  of  Java  and  the  occupation  of  Banca,  by  the 
British  Government,  the  Sultan  was  under  engagements 
to  make  deliveries  to  the  Dutch,  who  preserved  as  far 
as  they  were  able,  a  Monopoly  of  the  Tin  Trade;  but 
they  did  not  hold,  as  we  subsequently  held,  and  they^ 
now  do,  through  our  injudicious  agency,  the  Sovereignty 
ofthe;Islandi.f    i.^^.j   ..^:,.,:i  ;,,,, 

'  Notwithstanding  their  rigorous  and  rexatious  system 
6f  Monopoly  however,  large  quantities  of  Tin   found  its 
way  into  Prince  of  Wales  Island.    Amongst  other  causes^ 
assigned  by  Major  Court-t"  for  the  reduced  quantity  ob-- 
tained   by  the  Dutch,   he  remarks,   ''  in  consequence  of 
the  wars  between  Great  Britain  and  Holland,  a  farther 
cause  of  diminution  of  the  deliveries  to  the  Sultan  of* 
Palembang,  and  by  him  to  the  Dutch  took  place,  owing^; 
tp  the  increased  activity  of  the  smugglers,  and  the  en-; 
terprising  spirit  of  the  Pinang  Merchants,  who  at  length, 
engrossed  the  greater  part  of  the  Tin  Trade,     Whatever 

^  •  Vide  M^jor  Court*!  Palecnbangi   page  96. 

f  Expoiitioo  of  Affaict  at  PalcmbiDgt  piiget  1589  159*. 


may  hare  been  their  (the  Dutch,)  eventual  intentiong 
with  respect  to  the  Island  of  Banca,  they  were  frustrated 
by  the  renewal  of  the  wjir,  and  the  enterprise  of  the. 
Finang  Traders*" 

So  successful  indeed  do  the  Merchants  of  Pinang  ap- 
pear to  have  been,  in  frustrating  the  Dutch  Monopoly,  that 
we  find  the  average  value  of  Tin  imported  during  the 
first  five  years  after  Prince  of  Wales  Island  became  a 
Presidency,  or  from  1806-7  to  1810-11  amounted  to 
Sp.  Drs.  334,079,, 74  on  which  Duties  were  received; 
which  at  the  valuation  of  16  Spanish  Dollars  per  Picul, 
would  make  the  total  Imports  annually  20,876  Piculs; 
and  that  in  the  five  years  from  1810-11  to  1815-16 
or  during  the  period  the  British  held  Java  and  the 
Eastern  Islands,  the  value  of  Imports  into  Pinang  of  Tin, 
from  all  quarters,  amounted  to  Sp.  Drs.  315,782,,  13 
which  at  the  same  valuation  is  19^736  Piculs.  This  is. 
a  singular  anomal  y,  that  the  Imports  into  Prince  of  Wales 
Island  from  Banca  during  the  period  that  the  Trade  was 
feltered  by  every  sort  of  vexatious  Monopoly  restriction, 
exceeded  those  of  subsequent  years  when  Banca  was  in  our 
possession.  This  may  be  accounted  for  by  the  superior 
inducements  there  were  to  send  the  Tin  to  Java  during, 
the  British  administration. 

When  the  Dutch  resumed  Java,  the  Imports  of  Tin 
into  Pinang  during  the  first  year  of  their  occupation 


of  that  Island,  viz*  1816-17,  amounted  to  about  2,000 
Dollars  io  value  above  the  highest  of  the  preceeding 
averages,  or  Sp.  Drs.  336,356,,  30,  In  the  following 
year,  there  was  a  rapid  decrease,  the  Imports  of  Tia 
from  all  quarters  being  reduced  exactly  one  third  or 
amounting  to  Sp.  Drs.  241,845,,  27f.  The  large  force 
v^hich  the  Dutch  had  at  their  disposal,  and  particularly 
their  more  efficient  Marine,  the  restoration  of  Malacca, 
by  which  the  passing  trade  was  much  intercepted,  and 
a  better  and  more  equitable  system  of  administration^thaa 
had  been  pursued  in  former  years,  under  such  a  rigo- 
rous ruler  as  Daendels,  may  be  regarded  as  the  chief 
cause  of  the  abstraction  of  the  trade  from  Piuang. 

The  subsequent  formation  of  another  British  Settle- 
ment at  Singapore,  has  since  the  period  above  alluded 
to,  caused  a  still  greater  and  continuing  decrease,  and 
combined  with  several  untoward  circumstances  and  dis- 
turbances in  the  adjoining  countries,  an  almost  total 
annihilation  of  that  valuable  branch  of  commerce  which 
heretofore  centred  at  Pinang.  The  attached  statement 
exhibit  the  gradual  progress  and  decline  of  the  Tia 
Trade  from  1806-7  'till  the  beginning  of  the  official 
year  1823-4,  since  which  there  has  been  a  continuing 
diminutiont  .        - 


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So  material  and  so  sudden  a  decrease  in  one  brancH  of 
the  commerce  of  the  Port,  could  not  fail  to  attract  the" 
observation,  of  the  energetic  Governor,  the  late  Colo- 
nel Bannerman,  of  whom  it  might  be  said  that  ''  his 
soul  expanded  at  the  idea  of  improved  Commerce,'*  as 
one  of  the  most  eminent  Judges*  India  ever  saw,  enthusiasm 
tically  remarked  of  himself ;  and  the  commercial  commu- 
nity of  Pinang  began  to  feel  the  effects  of  the  transfer  of 
the  Dutch  possessions,  in  the  decline,  not  only  of  the  Tin 
Trade,  but  also  of  other  important  branches  of  Eastern 
commerce.  Little  as  the  transfer  of  Banca  wbs  antici- 
pated,  the  restoration  of  Malacca,  after  having  been  in 
our  possessfon  upwards  of  2D  years,  was  an  occurrence 
still  more  unlooked  for,  and  so  far  from  being  regarded 
as  a  possible  contingency,  that  it  was  not  untiP  accounts  of 
its  immediate  expected  transfer  reached  us,  that  measures 
were  taken  for  averting,  as  much  as  possible,  the  baneful 
effects  anticipated  from  so  ill  judged  a  procedure. 

Malacca  having  been  so  long  considered  the  Key  of  (he 
Straits,  it  was  natural  to  expect  the  Dutch  would  adopt  the 
same  system  which  they  practiced  about  the  time  the  Bri- 
tish Colours  were  hoisted  upon  Prince  of  Wales  Island, 
and  that  the  Eastern  Traders  would  be  debarred  from 
passing  Malacca  without  their  permission.  Captain  Light, 
who  founded  Pinang,  writes  thus  in  1786  "  Their  (the 
Dutch)  Settlements  at  Malacca  and  Rhio,  with  the  num- 
ber of  Cruizers  they  have  in  the  Straits  of  Malacca,  will 
*  Sec  Lift  of  Sir  Wo.  Jjnett   ?igt  tij. 


.    7 


prevent  tlic  Eastern  Prows  fronr-  coming  here,  unless  we 
can  give  tliem   protection;  and   whenever  that  is  done, 
Uns  Port  will  become  (he  first  in  India.     The  Dutch  oblige 
t^e  Portuguese  (froiii  Mticao)  to  pay  a  duty  for  leave  to 
pass  Malacca,  and   if  one   of  their   Vessels  pnss  byythe 
next   that  comes  is  obliged  to  pay  his  duty.     The  Portu- 
guese have  determined  tacome  here  (Pinang).  next  Sea- 
son.    The  Chinese  cannot  come  into  the  Straits  without 
a  License  froiu  Batavia,   and   thase   that  are  permitted 
pay  handsomely  to  the  Governor  of  Malacca."     Avery 
intelligent  Officer,  who  commanded  the  Troops  at  Pinang 
several  years  after  it  was  settled,    states  that  *"  from 
th^  Dutch  we  must  expect  the  most  poin^ted  oppoiitioa 
in  every  attempt  to  vindicate  the  liberty  of  ^favigation, 
as  it  is  diametrically  opposite  to  the  Monopoly  they  have 
established."     After  the  free  and  umnterrupted  enjoy- 
ment of  a  lucrative  and  extensive  trade  during  a  period, 
af  upwards  of  twenty  years  that  Malacca  was  in  our  hand<«^ 
during  which  time  Vessels  of  all  descriptions  from  the  most 
di>tant  parts  of  the  Archipelago  resorted  to  this  Island,  while 
not  a  single  difference  had  taken  place  between  the  local 
Government  and   any  of  the  numerous  adjoining  states, 
while  the  most  perfect  confidence  was  established  amongst 
the  most  timid  Native  Traders,  and  the  foundation  laid, 
of  a  daily  increasing  and  unlimited  commercial  intercourse, 
the  Merchants  of  Pinang  could  not  regard  with  indiffer- 
ence and  naturally  felt  alarmed   at  the  prospect  of  the 

•  C»p:a'm  GUu,    Bengal  Self  ic:.  '       - 


9^ 


re-establishment  of  so  obnoxious  a  system  as  formerljr 
existed  under  the  Dutch  Administration,  of  the  njost, 
valuable  portion  of  the  commerce  which  had  long  cen-- 
tered  there,  being  diverted,,  not  by  the  free  will  of  the 
Natives,  but  the  means  of  coercion,  as  harsh  and  oppres- 
&ive  as  they  were  derogatory  to  the  character  of  a  civiliz? 
ed  European  Nation.  It  is  incredible  to  what  an  extent 
the  early  records  of  the  Finang  Government  shew  that 
the  Dutch  carried  their  animosity,  in  their  endeavours^ 
to  subvert  the  British  Interests  at  Quedah  when  Pinang 
was  ceded,^  and  what  deteUable  means  were  employed 
by  fomenting  disturbances  amongst  the  Native  Chiefs, 
to  crush  the  English  Power*  In  1786,  Captain  Light 
writes  to  the  Bengal  Government,  *'  By  the  report  ot 
the  Commanders  who  have  been  at  Malacca,  the  Dutci^ 
are  much  grieved  at  our  possessing  this  Island,  and  are 
sure  we  shall  be  cut-off.  It  is  very  probable  they  wilt 
procure  some  Banditti  to  attempt  it,  and  engage  the 
King  of  Siam  and  Salengore  to  attack  Quedah,  in  re-- 
Tenge  for  giving  the  place  away,"  and  the  same  Gentle- 
man mentions  their  enmity  was  carried  to  such,  a  lengthy 
that  they  used  their  utmost  infliience  to  persuade  the- 
King  of  Quedah  to  contend  for  a  most  exorbitant  com- 
pensation  for  the  Island  of  Pinang,  30,G00  Dollars,  who^ 
when  left  to  his  own  judgment,  and  unbiassed  by  the 
Dutch,  was  well  satisfied  with  6000  Dollars  annually^ 
after  he  found  his  attempts  to  cut  off  the  Settlement  witb 
the  assistance  of  the  Lanooa  Pirates,  (a^  Banditti  wbicb 


9 


long  infested  the  Straits,)*  proved  ineffectual.  Experi- 
ence shewed  him  the  futility  of  the  insidious  Counsel 
of  our  Rivals. 

Numberless  were  the  proofs  of  the  jealousy  of  the  Dutch 
Government  of  Malacca.  Captain  Glass,  whose  opinion 
I  have  before  quoted,  sometime  after  says  "  So  oppressive 
are  the  Dutch  Regulations  that  many  will  claim  your 
protection  to  be  freed  therefrom.  Rhio  and  Salengorc 
have  lately  fallen  sacrifices  to  their  Power  by  attempting 
to  assert  a  right  they  had  as  Sovereign  States  to  open  their 
Ports  to  all  Nations,  and  to  allow  of  the  Import  of  all 
Commodities.  In  order  therefore  to  give  life  to  Com« 
nierce  expiring  under  the  restrictive  regulations  of  the 
Dutch,  I  think  it  would  be  advisable  to  form  Treaties  of 
Commerce  with  all  the  remaining  independent  Rajahs, 
and  the  freedom  of  navigation  as  allowed  by  the  Laws  of 
Nations,  vindicated.  For  at  present  the  Dutch  will  not 
allow  a  Malay  Vessel  from  the  Eastward  bound  to  this 
place  to  pass  through  the  Straits  of  Malacca.''  The  con- 
duct of  the  Government  of  Malacca,  immediately  after 
the  restoration  in  reviving,  by  intimidation,  several  ancient 
Treaties,  and  recent  proceedings  respecting  our  occupation 
of  Singapore,  tend  only  to  evince  a  continuance  of  the 
same  spirit  of  rigorous  monopoly  and  encroachment,  which 
has  however,  been  in  a  great  degree,  counteracted  by  the 
energy  and  firmness  of  several  distinguished  Officers  of 
the  Honorable  East  India  Company's  Government,  who, 
confident  in  the  juitice  of  their  cause,   have   persevertd 


10 


in  one  undeviatipg  and  spirited  sjstcra  of  jwst  polfcj- 
which  promises  to  secure  in  time,  and  has  a1  ready' in  >na 
small  degree,  established  incalcirlable  advantages  to  the 
British  Interests. 

The  first  letter  addressed  by  the  Merchants  of  Pinang^ 
to  the  Gorernment,  dafed  in  April  1816,  was  forwarded 
to  the  higher  authorities  in  England,  and  it  is  understood 
was  laid  before  the  Right  Honorable  Mr.  Canning  ia 
JVpril  1817,  but  appears  to  have  naet  with  no  attention* 
The  inevitable  consequence  of  this  oversight  was,  that  it 
became  necessary  to  look  out  for  some  other  Spot  on 
which  we  could  establish  a  Factory  for  the  protection' of 
our  Trade,  and  to  secure  the  uninterrupted  navigation 
of  the  Straits  of  Malacca  by  the  Native  Vessels  from  (he 
Eastern  Islands  as  well  as  our  own  Ships  passing  to  and 
from  China  and  other  places.  The  Carimons  mid-way 
between  Malacca  and  Singapore  were  considered  at  one 
time;  as  eligible  for  the  proposed  Settlement;  but  proved, 
upon  a  particular  Survey,  objectionable  in  many  essen- 
tial respects,  and  Singapore  eventually  was  selected  with 
great  judgment,  by  Sir  Stamford  Raffles.  Had  early  at- 
tention been  given  to  the  letter  of  the  Merchants,  a  pro- 
per and  well  defined  boundary  would  have  been  formed 
between  the  British  and  Dutch  possessions  to  the  East- 
ward, and  there  would  have  been  then  no  occasion  for 
the  formation  of  another  Settlement. 

The  next  letter  of  the  Pinang  Merchants,  which  isf of 
/a  much  more  recent  date,  viz.  Slh  June  1818,  :wasi  not 


11 


,  J  laid  before  Mr.  Canning;  hut  tras  very  protnptlj  attended 
to  by  the  late  Governor  Bannerman,  with  that  spirit  and 
energy  which  characterized  his  short  but  brilliant  adiiiiuis* 
tration.  The  Merchants  adverted  to  the  extensive  com- 
mercial  intercourse  then  carried  on  by  British  subjects 
from  Pinang  with  Perak,  Salengore,  Rhio,  Lingin,  and 
Pontianaand  other  Ports  on  Borneo  and  they  apprehend- 
ed the  Dutch  would  endeavour,  upon  their  reassumption 
of  Malacca,  to  make  exclusive  treaties  with  the  Chiefs  of 
these  State?,  very  detrimental  to  the  British  Trade.  They 
therefore  earnestly  recommended  the  Governor  to  lose 
no  time  in  endeavouring  to  enter  into  friendly  alliances 
with  the  Chiefs  of  these  Countries,  which  should  secure 
for  British  Merchants  the  privilege,  at  least,  of  being  al- 

•  lowed  to  trade  on  similar  favorable  terms,  as  might  be 
granted  to  any  other  people  or  nation. 

The  Government,  with  the  utmost  promptitude,  des- 
patched Mr.  Cracroft,  the  Malay  Translator  to  Govern- 
ment, a  gentleman  in  every  re-pect  well  qualified  for  the 
duty,  to  the  adjoining  States  of  Perak  and  Salengore,  for 
the  purpo>e  of  forming  treaties,  which  would  at  least  pre- 
vent a  monopoly  on  the  part  of  the  Dutch  and  secure  for 
this  Island,  a  fair  participation  in  the  general  Trade  of 
these  States.  Another  no  less  important  object  of  Mr. 
0)  Cracroft's  Mission  wasno  mediate  between  the  Quedah 
and    Perak  Forces,   and  u?e   the  influence  of  the   British 

►  Government  to  induce  the  Rujah  of  Perak  to  comply  with 

-a  demand   which  he  had    but^  little  power  to  re»i^t  the 


12 


enforcement  of^  namely^  to  send  a  Boonga  Ma?,  or  token 
of  homage  to  Siam,  which  he  had  long  resisted,  and 
ivhich  the  King  of  Quedah  was  compelled  by  the  haugh- 
ty Despot  of  Siam  to  obtain  by  force.  The  long  con- 
tinued hostilities  at  Perak,  had  the  effect  of  interrupting 
and  almost  causing  a  total  cessation  of  the  Tin  Trade,  and 
it  was  therefore  a  nio^t  desirable  object  to  endearour  to 
adjust  the  differences  and  put  a  stop  to  a  war  which  was 
rapidly  involving  that  fine  Country  in  irretrievable  ruin. 
Mr.  Cracroft  accordingly  sailed  about  the  latter  end  of 
June,  and  after  experiencing  much  delay  by  a  succession 
of  adverse  winds,  he  arrived  at  the  Bindings  on  the  10th 
July.  Upon  his  arrival  there,  he  learnt  from  some 
passing  Prows,  that  great  advantages  had  been  obtained 
by  the  Quedah  Forces  over  those  of  Perak  during  the 
preceding  ten  days,  and  he  was  informed  aho  that  hos- 
tilities on  the  part  of  the  former  would  be  suspended, 
acting  merely  on  the  defensive,  during  his  stay.  The 
Ambassador  was  detained  'till  the  18th  at  Pankour  wait- 
ing a  reply  from  the  Perak  Chiefs,  without  whose  per- 
mission he  did  not  consider  it  advisable  to  ascend  the 
River.  He  had  reason  to  suspect  that  there  was  a  strong 
feeling  amongst  the  Chiefs  against  the  submission  to 
Siam,  and  ascribed  his  long  delay  to  Rajah  Makota,  who 
was  the  most  powerful  Chief  in  the  Country,  and  able 
to  controul  most  of  the  Acts  of  Government.  This  Chief 
seemed  desirous  of  delaying  the  interview  with  the  Ra- 
jah, siispecting   the  object  of  the  English  Government 


tl3^ 

4^  be,  what  it  m  fact  was,  to  persuade  tiim  ta  cbthpTy 
with  the  demands  of  Siam,  to  which  he  was  very  averse. 
While  Mr.  Cracroft's  Messenger  was  awaiting  an  answefj 
an  attack  was  made  by  the   Perak  people  on  the  Post 
-of  the  Laxsamana  of  Quedah,  which  he  had  taken  up 
on  the  banks  of  the  'RiFer.     By  this  they  appeared  by 
-no  means  inclined  to  a  suspension  of  hostilities  on  ac- 
>Count   of  the   Embassy.     Leaving  the   Honorable  Com- 
pany's Schooner  Sylph  in  snug  anchorage  at  the  Island 
of  Pankour,   the  Ambassador   began  to  ascend  the  Perak 
Hirer  on  the  19th  July,   and  on  the  20th,  passed  the  two 
RiFers  called  Sungei  Sirih  and  Sungei  Dedap.     Here  it  was 
.the  Laxsamana  took  12  Butteries  ^rhich  had  been  erected 
4o  oppose  his  progress,   and  in   which  the  Captors  found 
isereral  pieces  of  Cannon,  and   about  a   Coyan  of  Gun- 
powder— equal  to  2^  Tons.     Mr.  Cracroft  remarked  that 
;the  Country  hitherto,  on  both  sides,   was  in  a  state  of 
-^forest  and   utterly  uninhabited.     Arriving  the  following 
day  within  two  Miles  of  Kota  Lumut,   and  a  Mile  from 
the  Quedah   Fleet,  he  heard  several  Guns  fired  which 
he  afterwards  learnt  were  two  or  three  from  the  Perak 
Fort*?,  returned   by  an  ^qual  number  from  the  Laxsa- 
mana's  Fleet.     On  the  2 1st  July,  the  Ambassador  had 
an  interview  with  the  Rajah  Mood  a  and  Rajah  Makota, 
iwho  consented  to  a  suspension  of  hostilities,  and  intima- 
ftion  was, accordingly  sent  to  the  Laxsamana  of  Quedah., 
<ln  both  his  interviews  with  the  Rajah  Mooda,  although 
*0nthe^  whole  he  conducted  himself  favorably,  and  agreed 


14 


to  the  propositions  made  to  liim  respecling  the  cessation 
of  warlike  operations,  yet  his  manner  was  not  so  coarte- 
ous  as  Mr.  Cracroft  had  a  right  to  expect  as  an  Ambas- 
sador of  the  British   Government  to  his   Father,     This 
however,  he  prudently  did  not  appear  to  notice,  conceiv- 
ing the  attainment  of  the  Truce  to   be  a  material  object, 
which  the  smallest  misunderstanding  might  have  inter- 
rupted.    On  the  22d,   Mr.  Cracroft  ascended  farther  up 
the  River,  and  met  the  King  in   a  Prow  coming  down. 
His  Majesty  proposed  that   the  Letter  from  the  Governor 
of  Pinang  should   be   received   with  appropriate   honors 
and  salutes,  iii  a  full  assembly  of  the  Ministers  of  State 
and   Chiefs   next  day,   at  his  residence,   Passir  Garam, 
some  Miles  higher  up  the  River.     Next  day,  the  Am- 
bassador arrived  at  the  Village   of  Passir  Garam,   and 
gives  a  very  interesting  detail  of  his   proceedings,   the 
difficulties  he  had   to  contend  against,  and  the  wavering 
and  unsettled  policy  of  the  King  of  Perak  and  his  Coun- 
sellors, of  which  the  following  is  an  extract.  , 
*'  July  23d,  arrived  about  ^  past  7  at  Passir  Garam. 
When  near  it,  the  Rajah  sent  the  Rajah  Mooda  to  tell 
me,   that  when   all  things  were  ready,  he  would  send 
people  to  conduct  me  into  the  presence.     1  arrived  op- 
posite the  Rajah^s  Kampong  about  ^  past  8,  when  there 
was   hoisted   a  white   flowered  Silk   Flag   with   a  greea 
border.     My  Prow  was   under  English  Colours,  and  was 
saluted  by  several  discharges  of  Blunderbusses,  Muskets, 
and  Swivels,  at  irregular  intervals,  which  I  answered  bj 


15 


tlirce  ToUeys  of  Musketry,  Ttro  or  three  Chiefs  thea 
came  on  board  ia  the  course  of  the  day  to  tell  me  the 
Hall  of  Audience  was  preparing,  and  about  3  o^CIock, 
several  Chatters,  a  Trumpet,  a  Drum,  and  some  other 
sort  of  Music  were  brought  down  to  the  River  side.  The 
letter  and  presents  were  borne  by  two  men  in  front  of 
me,  and  I  was  desired  to  walk  after  them,  which  I  did, 
accompanied  by  my  Guard  of  Seapoys  and  other  attend- 
ants. When  1  arrived  at  the  Hail  of  Audience,  I  was 
saluted  with  7  Guns,  and  on  entering  it,  found  the  Ra* 
jah  seated  on  a  Couch  in  the  centre.  The  Rajah  Mooda, 
ihe  Rajah  Bindahara,  and  several  other  relations  of  the 
Rajah  seated  on  a  Carpet  at  a  short  distance,  hisO[Bcer$ 
of  State  arranged  in  order  on  each  side.  The  Rajah  cal- 
led me  to  him,  shook  hands  with  me,  and  led  me  to  a 
Couch  immediately  opposite  him,  where  I  was  desirjcd. 
to  sit  down.  The  letter  was  then  read,  and  after  a  short 
silence,  during  which  1  expected  the  Rajah  would  have 
commenced  conversation,  I  was  informed  by  a  Chief  who 
acted  as  master  of  the  Ceremonies,  that  I  was  to  begin. 
I  then  entered  upon  the  subject  of  war  with  Kedah,  and 
as  fully  and  as  clearly  as  I  could,  laid  before  the  Rajah 
the  view  of  the  subject  which  was  taken  by  the  British. 
Government;  the  danger  of  his  any  longer  holding  out 
against  Siam,  and  the  satisfaction  it  would  afford  the  Ho- 
norable Governor  of  Pinang,  if,  at  his  solicitation  he  would 
consent  to  send  the  Boonga  Mas,  which  would  put  a  stop 
to  the  effusion  of  blood,  and  restore  Peace  to  the  Coua** 


16 


titry;  uiid' I  enlarged  oiv  these  points  2it  some  lengtii.  rT^c 
-Rajah   replied  that  ibis -ancestors  had  never  sent  this  T'd- 
jbutarj  .piQ-ent,,  that  for  his  part  he  would  willinglj  ^nd 
4i  Bopnga  Mas  tathe   Rajahs  of  Bengal  and  Pinang,, but 
^ he  was  Vicry,  unwilling  to  do.  so . to  Sianu     1  again,  rejoined, 
re-capitulaled  my  former  observations, «  and  expressed  in 
'distinct  terms  h9\y:  very  Httle  effect  either  Peace  or  War 
.  between .  j^alay  Stskje^.  eould  -hayc  on  Pinang,  ,that  the 
advice^  afthe^  given  quite  dis- 

interestedly,; and  tl^a^^  the   deliberate  opinion 

of  every  person  who  had  v^^ll  considered^  ^^^  that 

if  the  Boonfi[a  Mas .  was  refused,  Perak  could  not  have  the 

,^ ,,,.;- -'^'ri^Hb--'^n^  i-  .>^T.?r«f  •"  vf«  '>-^'  -  s'-,>      ^  •• 
least  chance  of  escaping  the  rqin  with  which  so  powerful 

a  monarch  as  the  Rajah  of  Siam   could  so  easily   over- 
whelm'^iU''  !^ei|^'ihis  tii^';R^a^^  '*  if  .it  was 

poslsibl^'to  kVe'rt  the  setting  Sun  in  his  descent,"  meaning 
that^if  ^hi^^Tair^^as'  fiked^^^  'by  Siam  and  Kedah,  at 
^ould'-ti6pbe'kyerte^i  '^TtHen  requested  him  to  appoint 
some  'tim^^ wheri'  I  should' ^  meet  him  and  his  Minister^, 
'andrfinaUyts^lkl  sd^^er  the  business,  to  which  he  agreed, 
,app(^inting  hto^morrdw  at  2  o'Clock,  and  said  that  in  the 
tineantiuie  they  ►would  take  into  their  mature  consideratioa 
alllTh^d  ^aid^iB.^fii  fAR'\:^*^\    iu  lUji^H    5/U  L^s:      :;,;|:  .v. 

,  The  conference  would  now.  have  ended,  and  I  observed 
they,  vyerev^xtpeniely  averse  to  submission.  As  .to  what 
the  .I^jyal^  s^id  I  should  not  have  thought  much  of  it,  if  it 
had  beenTrom  himself,  but  it  was  plain  to  me,  that  .^e 
was  before  instructed  .by.  the;  ,Ryah  Moodab  j/ind^ojh^f?. 


XT 


Well  knowing  hoTT  rery  badly  these  people  keep  their 
appointments, — that  another  opportunity  of  the  kind 
luight  not  occury — that  IH  gave  thein  cause  to  expect  same 
thing  further  they  would  be  less  tedious  in  finishing  the 
fii-st  business,  and  observing  no  inclination  on  their  part 
to  propose  any  Commercial  agreements,  1  ventured  to 
depart  from  the  strict  line  of  my  instructions,  and  hope 
the  Honorable  the  Governor  in  Council  will  approve  of 
iny  so  doing.  1  proceeded  to  state  that  there  was  another 
subject  for  which  I  had  been  sent  here,  viz.  to  express 
the  intention  and  anxious  desire  of  the  Honorable  the 
Governor  to  encourage  by  all  means,  a  friendly  intercourse, 
for  the  purposes  of  Trade,  between  the  subjects  of  the 
Company  and  those  of  Perak,  and  1  pointed  out  the  very 
gi  eat  advantages  which  would  result  from  its  being  pub* . 
licly  known  that  a  Treaty  existed,  which  secured  protec- 
tion and  kindness  to  the  trading  part  of  the  Community 
from  the  respective  Governments,  would  exempt  them 
from  undue  restrictions,  and  insure  the  payment  of  fixed 
and  proper  duties;  that  to  this  end  I  had  authority  given 
me  to  negotiate  for  such  a  Treaty  between  the  Honorable 
Company  and  the  Rajah  of  Perak,  the  articles  of  which 
I  requested  a  day  might  be  appointed  for  discussing.  To 
this  the  Rajah  fully  aisented,  and  both  himself  and  the 
Chiefs  seemed  well  inclined  to  enter  into  an  agreement  of 
the  kind.  1  then  proposed  that  the  business  of  the  war 
might  be  first  settled,  to  which  they  also  agreed.     The 


18 


R^jah  Mooda  when  the  assembly  broke  up,  iatroduced^ 
ipe  to  the  Rajah  Bindahara."_.  ;i^.    ;-  ,: 

The  Ambassador  was  detained  at  Perak  about  a  fort* 
night  and  had  various  discussions  with  the  Chiefs  of  the 
Country.  Their  object  in  delaying  so  long  to  come  to  a 
settlement,  evidently  was,  to  gain  time  for  making  all  the 
preparations  in  their  power  to  resist  and  if  possible,  ex« 
pel  the  Quedah  people,  who  were,  all  the  while,  acting, 
merely  'oil  the' defensive.  ''  With  reference  to  the  para- 
nioun*i  authority  exercised  by  Siam,"  observes  Mr.  Cra- 
croft,  "  over  the  Malay  States,  after  the  most  dih'gent 
inquiries  from' every  description  of  people,  I  have  been 
unable  t6'  leafh  that  it  ever  did  extend  to  Perak,  and  all 
agree  in  saymg,  that  this  is  the  first  demand  of  a  Boonga 
Mas  ever  made' ^ftrbiii  them  by  Siam.  The  Rajah  Moo- 
da  however,  owned  to  me,  that  formerly  when  Acheen 
was  powerful,  they  sent  a  Boonga  Mas  to  it,  and  after- 
wards on  its  becoming  weak,  left  off  the  Custom;  they' 
have  therefore  less  reason  to  feel  degraded  at  now  sending 
it  to,  so  powerful  a  nation  as  Siam  and  as  it  is  the  only 
wky  to  save  their  Country  from  ruin,  it  appears  to  bea' 
foolish  policy  to  hold  out  any  longer  on  a  point  so  insigni-  * 
ficant  and  so  easily  complied  with." 

After  quitting   Perak,   the  Ambassador   proceeded    to^ 
Saiiengore  ar^   Colong;   the  former  plSce  he  reached  on 
the    15th  August,  and  the  latter  on   the  19th.     He  thus 
describes  his  reception  and  proceedings.     "  I  was  not  re- 
ceived with  the  same  ceremonies  as  at  Perak^  but  in  a 


tn6Ve  friendly  and  unreserved' mahrier,  tKe  Hajati  <!esir- 
ihff  me  to  be  sfeated  on  the  safiie  Ccmih  with  hini«eVf. 
Havirrff  takien  the  Letter  arid  read  iL  he  requested  iriii 
16  statb  the  biisiiiess  on  which  I  came,  which  I  did,  ana 
he  seertied  tery  wilfiri^  to*  enter  into  a  Treaty,  ^^reeinj^ 
that  1  should  prepare  a  Oraft  of  it  against  the  next  day; 
He  asked  me  several  questions  relatire  to  the  restftutibn 
of  the  Dutch  Possessions,  and  the  general  tenor  of  mi 
conversation  besp6ke  hiin  to  be  much  better  informed 
than  the  generality  of  Malays.  On  the  foljowing^day 
the  20th,  I  had  another  Interview  with  the  B-aiah, 
who  read  over  the  Treaty '  to  himself,  and.  said^.that  he 
must  take  a  little  time' to  consider  of  the  different Ar* 
ticle?,  but  that  he  was  averse  to  prolpnging^gonsUU^iQil,^^ 
dispatdh  and  plain  dealing  being  .ajway^s  lf^j^^,^j  ^a- 
leugore  people,  6rt  matters' pt  busippi^^j^j  Jiilno7/oq    r^nif 

On  the  2 1  St  he  sent  me  on  board  a  Message,  respect- 
ing t\vo  subjects  on  which  he  desired  my;  opiniooii]  First» 
that  having  a  long  while  ago  entered  iptp  a, Treaty  with 
the  Dutch,  by  which  they  had  a  Moi1ppolj^p|' jjie^j'itt 
and  Rattans  exported  from  his  Country,  hj^uVrish^^joto 
know  whether,  in  case  they  considered  this  stilj; in  fprce, 
and  used  measures  to  compel  him  to  renew  it,,  the  Com- 
pany would  afford  hini  protection?  To  this,  I  replied, 
that  if  such  a  case  should  arise,  which  however  1  did  not 
apprehend,  the  Government  of  Pinang  would  be  happy 
to  use  its  good  Offices  in  his  favor  with  the  Dutch  Go ver'n- 
ment,   as   far  as   amicable   consultation  weut,   but   thktf 


20 


I  could  not  make  any  promises  which  might  hare  a  ten- 
dency to  involve  the  Honorable  Company  in  measures  of 
hostility.  Secondly,  he  wished  to  know,  whether  I  could 
not  make  arrangements  for  the  apprehension  of  all  Slaves 
and  Debtors  who  might  go  from  Salengore  to  Pulo  Pi- 
nang?  To  this  1  returned  for  answer,  that  if  any  person 
in  Piiiang  incurred  real  Debts  to  him,  he  could  by  an 
agent  there,  proceed  against  him  in  the  Court;,  but  that 
as  to  apprehending  and  sending  to  Salengore  the  descrip- 
tion of  persons  he  mentioned,  I  was  not  authorized  to  en- 
ter  into  such  agreement.  Rajah  Oosoo,  the  2nd  Son  of 
the  Rajah  called  on  me  on  board  several  times,  and  from 
him  I  learnt,  that  no  copy  of  any  Treaty  with  the  Dutch 
was  in  the  hands  of  the  Rajah  of  Salengore,  but  that  one 
had  formerly  been  given  to  them,  which  however  he 
agreed  with  me  m  considering  as  broken  off  and  rendered 
Toid,  by  their  not  having  come  to  trade,  and  take  the  ar- 
ticles of  which  the  monopoly  was  granted  for  so  many 
years. 

The  next  day  (the  22nd)  the  Rajah  sent  for  me,  and. 
"we  read  over  the  Treaty  together,  which  he  ratified  and 
exchanged  in  due  form.  It  is  the  same  as  that  wiih 
Perak.  The  Rajah  further  promised  me,  that  if  any  of 
the  subjects  of  the  Company  were  offered  for  sale  at  Sa- 
lengore, he  would  seize  them  by  force,  aud  send  them 
back  to  Pinang.  I  requested  that  the  Seal  of  the  Rajah 
Mooda  mig'  t  be  put  to  the  Treaty,  as  an  additional  at- 
testation, but  this  he  said  would  be  quite  contrary  to  the 


21 


Customs  of  the  (Government  of  SaTengore,  whicli  adniifti^cl 
of  no   participation  in  its  functions;    for  that   he  alon;e 
iriahaged  the  whole  of  the  affairs  of  State.     That  this  waaf  . 
rejilly   the  case,  1  had  an  opportunity  of  observing,  for^lhc  , 
Rajah   has  no  Chiefs  or  Ministers  whom  he  employs  con-, 
fidentially,   except   his  Second   Son  Rajah  Oosoo,  and  he 
acts  as  little  more  than  his  Father's  Amanuensis,     The 
Rajah  next  delivered  me  his  reply,  and  aqother   letter, 
and  he  requested  to  see   me  once   more,  before  I  sailed. 
On  the  morning  of  the  23rd  I  went  tp  take  my  leave  6( 
him,  and  he  desired  me  with  respect  to  the  second  letter, 
to  express  his  earnest  request,  that    in  the,  event  of,  hi$ 
ffoinff  to  Mecca,  the  English  Qovernraen t, would  aflford, 
his   Country  its  advice  and  assistance,  Jn. case  of  any  un- 
expected  emergency  which  might  arise.during  his  absence. 
The  Country  of  Salcngore  is  poorer  and  more  thinly 
inhabited  than   that  of  Perak;  but   the  Inhabitants  are 
more   civilized  and  used  to  intercourse   with  Europeans.. 
The  Rajah's  House  on  the  Hill   is  hand.'^ome  and  conve- 
nient, making  allowance  for  the  Malayan  Style,,and  there' 
are   a  great   number   of  large  pieces  of  Ordnance;.  Imi^ 
every  thing  has  the  appearance  of  decay;  and  I  learnt 
that  within  the  few  years  past,  the  Country  has  sunk  in^o 
comparative   insignificance  from  what  it  once  was,  having 
been    much  impoverished  by  the   emigration  of  its  Inha- 
bitants  which  is  daily  increasing.     Kalang  is  a  hew  Set* 
tlement,    where  the  Rajah   has  of  late  resided  on  account 
of  the  greater  facility  of  obtaining  Tin  from  the  interior 


22 


there,  than  at  Salengore  proper.    I  made  particular  en- 
quiries respecting  the  duties  on  Merchandize  both  here 
;and   at  Perak,   but  although   they  stated  that  such  were 
levied,   I  learnt  that  none  were  regularly  defined,  being 
^inost  frequently   received   in  the  form  of  presents   to  the 
.Rajah.     At  Salengore  and  Kalang,^^  the  Rajah  and  Cap^ 
.  tain  China  are  the  only  persons  who  sell  Tin  on  their  own 
account,  (this  article  being  considered  the  property  of  the 
Rajah  alone)    and  they,    for  the   most  part,   become  the 
Purchasers  of  the  Cargoes  brought  from  other  Countries," 
The  active  and  enterprising  Governor,  considering  that 
Prince  of  Wales  Island  was  favorably  situated  for  becom- 
ing an  emporium  for   the  Tin  Trade  of  the  surrounding 
Countries,    adverting   to  the   great   decrease  which   had 
taken  place  during  the  past  year  by  the  transfer  of  Banca, 
and  encouraged  by  the  voluntary  offers  of  the  Rajahs  of 
Perak,   Salengore  and  Patani,  to  furnish  supplies  of  Tin 
to  the  Honorable   Company;  considering   also,   that   the 
private   Merchants   were  deterred    from  prosecuting  the 
Trade  by  the  unsettled  State  of  these  Countries,  and  that 
the  fostering  protection  and  influence  of  Government  was 
only   required  in  the  first  instance  to  re-establish   an  ad- 
vantageous  Trade,   which,    when  placed  upon  a  basis  of 
security,  might  be  again  resigned  to  them,   determined  to 
avail  himself  of  the  influence  and  funds  of  the  Company, 
and   enter  into    Contracts  with  the  Chiefs  of  these  several 
places.     The  King  of  Perak,  so  far  back  indeed  as  August 
1816,  not  only  made  an  oflfer  to  the  Government  of  Pi- 


3a 


nang  of  granting  a  monopoly  of  all  the  Titx  and  Rattarw 
in  the  Country  at  a  fair  price,,  but  tendered  also  the  Island 
of  Pahkour  and  Dindingon  the  Main,  if  the  British  Go- 
Ternment  felt  disposed  to  form  a  factory  there,  receiving 
only  the  trifling  remuneration  for  these  advantages  of 
2,000  Dollars  a  year.  ''  There  is  no  occasion,"  gays  the 
King  in  his  letter  to  the  Honorable  the  Governor,  "  for 
his  purchasing  or  paying  Tribute;  but  it  must  be  my 
friend  alone,'*  meaning  that  no  other  povrer  would  be 
admitted  withotit  opposition.  The  Rajah  of  Salcngore'a 
reception  of  the  Ambassador  fully  evinced  his  desire  to 
conciliate  the  English,  and  his  decided  hostility  to  the 
Dutch.  He  is  the  same  venerable  Chief  who  expelled 
the  Dutch  from  Salengore  about  the  year  1783,  and  the 
same  who  requested  the  British  Government  to  form  a 
factory  at  that  place  in  1 780,  before  Prince  of  Wales 
Island  was  taken  po^^sesion  of. 

There  was  no  doubt,  therefore,  as  to  his  readiness  to 
enter  into  a  contract,  which  was  manifestly  for  his  own 
advantage.  And  during  the  time  that  Mr.  Cracroft  was 
absent,  the  Pangulu  of  Kroh,  in  the  Patani  Country, 
made  an  offer  of  supplying  the  Honorable  Company  with 
200  Bhars  or  600  Piculs  annually.  Such  a  combination 
of  favorable  circumstances  for  reviving  a  languishing  trade, 
determined  the  Governor  not  to  delay  despatching  an 
Agent  with  full  powers  to  negotiate  with  these  Chiefs. 
I  was  selected  for  this  duty,  as  having  been  some  time  in 
the  Commercial  branch  of  the  service  and  possessing  some 


s^ 


knowledge  of  the  language.  Prior  td"flie'^G6T^niifi€iit 
deciding  upon  ihe  measure,  a  Com mittee,  consisting 'of 
•the  Malay  Translator  to  Government,  the  Supierinten- 
dent  of  Police  and  myself  were  directed  to  institute  iit- 
quiries  relative  to  the  best  mode  of  conducting  the  busi^ 
ness,  and  to  suggest  the  meaUs  best  calculated  for  tbc 
successful  accomplishment  of  the  objects  contemplaiied. 

The  report  of  the  Committee,  addressed  to  the  Military 
Secretary  of  the  Honorable  the  Governori  is  dated  the 
15th  September  1818,  and  is  as  fo^ow<^p  '  '  '■  '  ' 
'  "  We  have  the  honor  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  your 
letter  of  the  11th  Instant,  enclosing  a  minute  in  Council 
of  the  Honorable  the  Governor,  appointing  us  a  Commit- 
tee for  the  purpose  of  taking^  into  consideration  the  ex- 
pediency of,  and  devising  the  best  means  for  arrangments 
being  entered  into  by  this  Government  with  the  Hajahs 
of  Perak  and  Salengore,  and  Pangulu  of  Kroh  inPatanf, 
Tor  procuring  an  annual  supply  of  Tin  from  each  of  those 
States  on  account  of  the  Honorable  Company. 

It  will  be  obvious  to  the  Honorable  the  Governor,  that 
in  projecting  plans  for  the  accomplishment  of  so  desirable 
an  object,  many  and  Tconsiderable  difficulties  present 
themselves,  arising  principally  from  the  peculiar  and 
relative  political  situations  in  which  we  find  these  Statei 
at  the  present  moment;  and  the  different  circum- 
stances connected  with  each,  which  naturally  lead  us  to 
divide  the  subject  into  three  heads,  first  as  relates  to 
Salengore,  next  to  Kroh'  in  Patani,  and  lastly  to  Peraki  ' 


SALENGORE, 


froiir  its  vicinity  ia  tfie  Settlement  of  Malacca,  now  about 
to  be  occupied  by  the  Netherlands  Government,  ap« 
pears  to  demand  our  first  attention.  The  present  tran* 
quil  and  undisturbed  state  of  this  Kingdom,  and  the 
anxious  desire  of  the  Rajah  to  strengthen  the  bonds  of 
amity  and  good  will  which  have  long  subsisted  between 
the  two  Governments,  combined  with  our  knowledge  that 
the  Commerce  from  thence  in  the  Article  of  Tin,  has 
of  late  been  almost  wholly  confined  to  this  Island,  we 
conceive  it  to  be  of  the  greatest  expediency  that  no  time 
should  be  lost  in  endeavouring  to  take  immediate  steps, 
calculated  to  preclude  the  interference  of  the  adjoining 
Government  at  Malacca  with  this  trade,  which  the  prox- 
imity of  that  Settlement  would  lead  us  to  anticipate. 
As  this  has  formed  a  branch  of  the  Revenue?  of  this  Is- 
land, for  a  length  of  time,  and  the  inalnlity  of  that  state 
to  resist  any  aggression  on  the  part  of  the.  Dutch  is  no- 
torious, we  would  particularly  urge  the  propriety  of  the 
measure.  With  this  view  we  recommend  that  an  Agei^t 
should  be  immediately  despatched  by  this  Government, 
invested  with  Powers  to  enter  ^nto  a  Contract  with  the 
Rajah  for  the  Annual  supply  of  700  Bahars  of  Tin,  whic|i 
our  information  leads  us  to  think  may  be  a  pretty  fair 
estimate  of  the  available  quantity,  or  equal  to  two  thirds 


36 


of  the  Annual  produce  of  Kalang  and  Salengore  proper. 
With  regard  to  the  price  at  which  the  Tin  may  be  ob- 
tained, vre  are  of  opinion  that  43  Dollars  per  Bahar  may 
be  as  near  as  possible  the  Cost.     We  now  come  to 


KROH  IN  PATANI. 


l.U 


There  has  been  for  many  years  past  some  Tin  import- 
ed into  this  Island  from  Qualla  Mooda,  which  River 
flows  from  the  Patani  Country,  passing  within  six  Miles 
of  the  place  where  the  Tin  is  procured,  and  continues 
its  course  to  the  Sea  through  the  Territories  of  the  Rajah 
of  Quedah.  The  Tin  is  conveyed  on  Elephants  to  the 
Banks  of  the  River,  where  it  is  shipped.  The  Mines  in 
that  quarter,  we  have  reason  to  believe,  are  very  productive 
in  Till  Ore,  and  the  small  quantity  obtained  is  ascribable 
solely  to  the  few  workmen  employed.  The  Tender  from 
the  Pangulu  to  supply  200  Bahars,  we  conceive  to  be  high- 
ly eligible  to  accept,  but  we  beg  to  draw  to  the  notice  of 
the  Honorable  the  Governor,  that  the  Rajah  of  Quedah 
has  always  claimed  and  derived  a  Revenue  on  articles 
exported  from  the  Patani  Country  through  his  Dominions, 
and  has  granted  a  Farm  of  the  articles  brought  out  froia 
Qualla  Mooda,  to  a  Chinese  here,  of  which  Farm,  nearlj 


27 


four  years  have  yet  to  ran.  It  will  therefore  be  necessary 
in  the  first  instance  as  a  preliminary  step  to  make  an  ar- 
rangement with  Queda  by  such  a  Treaty  as  may  be  judg- 
ed most  advisable,  in  order  to  obtain  in  future  the  free 
navigation  of  this  River.  If  this  cannot  be  effected,  we 
are  informed  by  Mr.  Gaunter,  that  there  is  a  junction 
between  the  Prye  and  Mooda  Rivers  by  which  the  Tin 
may  be  conveyed  hither.  Should  this  succeed,  and  the 
contract  be  entered  into  for  200  Bahars,  we  doubt  not 
that  by  a  little  encouragement,  a  considerable  annual 
increase  will  take  place,  and  the  price,  we  imagine,  will 
be  reasonable* 


per!a!k. 


o) 


M  -!)  \, 


•r,\- 


Here  a  wide  field  opens  to  our  view;  but  .beset,  with 
obstacles  which  some  delicacy  and  care  will  be  requisite 
to  remove.  In  farmer  years,  there  has  been  to  the 
amount  of  upwards  of  2000  Bahars  annually  imported 
into  Prince  of  Wales  Island  from  Perak,  and  the  whole 
produce  of  the  Country  is  not  over-rated  at  3000  Bahars. 
The  Committee  do  not  conceive  it  to  be  exactly  within 
the  province  of  their  Commission  to  enter  at  large  into 
the   Political  events  which  have  iuvolvfsd  thi3  Country  ia 


)^ 


Its  present  state  of  confusion,  and  called  off  the  attention 
of  the  labouring  class  of  the  community  to  Be  engaged  m 
active  warfare,  producing  astagnalioa  of  Trade.  Waviog 
this  consideration,,  howerer,  we  are  of  opinion  that  the 
agent  who  may  be  deputed  to  Salengore,  after  having 
'closed  the  arrangements  there,  may  proceed  to  Perak,  and 
may  enter  into  a  contract  for  the  supply  of  Tin  to  any 

'extent   procurable,  with  whomsoever  may  be  the  ruling 

'Power  e^t^lbli^hed  at  the  time  of  his  arrival  there,  ^i^i'^^ 
The   Member  of  our  Committee  who  lately  visited  this 

'Country,  has  from  his  observations  whilst  there,  reason 
to  expect  that  (if  the  Dutch  do  not  interpose  their  power 
by  activeiiiostile  operations  in  defence  of  the  Perak  Coun» 
try,  against  the  demand  made  on  them  by  Siam,)  the 
distjirbances  there  will  probably  be  brought  to  a  conclu« 
sion,  the  present  Government  established  in  peace,  or  a 
new  one  in  its  stead,  ^by  the  time  the  agent  has  concluded 
the  object  of  his  visit  to  Salengore.  A  contract  entered 
into  at  Perak,   may  be   expected  to   produce  about  2000 

^  Bahars,  which  we  understand  may  be  procured  in  the 
Country  at  a  low  rate;  in  fact  Mr.  Cracroft  assures  us  at 
little  more  than  30  Dollars  per  Bahar;  and  from  the 
price^Tin  bears  on  this  Island,   such   a   contract  would 

"  prove  a  source  of  great  advantage  to  the  Honorable  Com- 
pany. Upon  an  application  at  the  Custom  House,  we 
have  ascertained  that  the  average  quantity  of  Tin  Import- 
ed into  this  Island  for  the  last  four  years,  is  between  8 

*  ind  9,000  PiculsT*;^  V        \ 


29f 


,  Having  now  gWen  our  sentiments^  as  to  the  capabilities 
of  these  three  States  to  supply  separate  quantities  of  Tin, 
it  becomes  our  duty  next  to  devise  the  most  proper  and 
economical  means  of  conveying  it  to  this  Island  at  the  ex- 
pence  of  the  Honorable  Company,  and  in  what  manner 
it  is  to  be  collected  at  these  different  places*  On  this  part 
of  the  discussion,  we  enter  with  the  greatest  diffidence, 
and  are  rather  apprehensive  that  we  may  give  opinions 
which  subsequent  circumstances  may  not  warrant;  but 
with  regard  to  the  whole  of  this  Report,  our  very  limited 
n>eans  of  procuring  intelligence,  and  the  very  recent  pe- 
riod at  which  the  interior  of  these  Countries  has  been  at 
all  brought  to  our  notice,  at  this  Settlement,  will,  we  hope, 
procure  for  us  the  indulgent  consideration,  of  the  Hono« 
rable  the  Governor,  It  wonld  indeed  be  impossible  for 
us  at  present,  to  anticipate  and  point  out  the  several  mi« 
nor  arrangements  and  details  which  wonld  become  ne- 
cessary, and  it  will  be  expedient  that  the  agent  who  may 
be  appointed  to  carry  the  object  into  eflTect,  should  be 
invested  wiih  discretionary  authority,  as  his  conduct  must, 
iu  a  great  degree,  be  guided  by  local  circumstances. 

Relative  to  conveying  the  Tin  to  this  Presidency,  it 
seems  to  us,  that  the  appointment  of  a  Native  Agent  at 
each  of  these  places  should  be  made,  who  would  reside 
permanently  under  the  protection  of  the  several  Rajahs, 
and  whose  duty  should  be  to  collect  and  receive  into  a 
certain  place  of  Depot  the  Tin  as  it  may  be  brought  from 
the  Mines.     In  this  case  however,  much  caution  would  be 


30 


required  to  ensure  the  protection:  by  the*  Rajahs  agafnst 
plunder, ,  and  the  conditions  of  payment  should  be  such 
as  to  make  it  the  interest  of  these  powers  to  be  equally 
careful  in  this  respect.  When  a  sufficient  quantity  has 
been  collected  to  load  a  small  Vessel,  perhaps  the  most 
eligible  plan  would  be  to  freight  a  Chinese  Junk  or  othe^ 
Craft  which  might  be  procured  upon  reasonable  terms, 
to  convey  the  Tin  here.  A  small  Boat  might  be  placed 
under  the  orders  of  each  of  the  Native  Agents  for  th6 
purpose lof  sending  an  express  to  the  hland  when  ne- 
cessary. As  an  additional  security  for  the  fulfilment  of 
the  several  contract?,  we  would  recommend  that  thes6 
Kajahs,  beeach  requested  to  permit  a  small  Factory  to 
Lej;est?^blish.^4  under  the  management  of.  the  Native 
Agepts^oWbQi  V.ill  be  under  the  General  Superintendence 
of  vthe  G^tlen^an  who  may  have  charge  of  (his  duty  and 
op'W^hJohitb?;JEogbsh  Colours  might  be  displayed.  This, 
if.efiTccted^r.iviinibe  a  kreat  advantage  with  reference  to  the 
endeavours  :,\\hicb  might  be  made  by  other  Europeaa 
Na.ti9n§.t9jpppplant  our  influence." 

sTibfel^abOY^  report  coilfirmed  the  Governor  in  the  opi- 
nipiibhfi  hadifot^mcd  of  the  necessity  for  immediate  inter- 
fe^goceij^;)^^^^^'^^*^:^^^"^^^^'^  ^f  Pinang  in  regard  to  the 
Tin  Countries,  was  admirably  adapted  for  drawing  to  its 
porl^.^a  ypry 3 iarge. proportion  of  this  valuable  commodity* 
Its.jvf^ntijic^d, position  when  compared,  on  the  one  side, 
with  Saliengorei;  apji  on  .the  other,  with  Junk  Ceylon, 
and  tbt^  facility. of rCpmrnunication  it  enjoys iirith  the  whole 


3\ 


of  the  surrounding  states  in  which  Tin  Is  colfecte^j^pbrntei 
out  Prince  of  Wales  kland,  as  a  most  eligible  Spot  in  the 
view  of  Colonel  Bamierman,  for  establishing  a  great  marl 
for  this  raluable  produce  of  those  Countries,     The   Go*« 
vernor  remarked   that   the  disturbed  state  of  Perak  and* 
the   heavy  imposition*   levied  on  the  Paiani  Tin    by  the 
King  of  Quedah,  had  occasioned  the  most  serious  obstruc«l 
tions  to  the  trade  in  that  article  and  he  justly  observed,  thai 
when  the  private  Merchant  has  no  means  of  success,  the  > 
\veight  and  influence  of  Government,  if  employed  in  fornNn; 
ing  proper  arrangements   with  the  several  Chief:;,  wouldo 
be   certain  of  opening  a  vent  for  the  Tin  Tradd  of  these' ^ 
as   well  as  of  the  other  neighbouring  Countries^'tiand^  ipl^ 
directing  its  (liannel   to  Pinahg.     It   was   far'^fohi'^hft''^ 
Governor's  intention  to  desire  to  enter  into  a  mdnfopolyvtf 
the  Tin  Trade  on  the    part  of  the  Honorable  Company ;- 
his  object  was  merely  to  excite  a  spirit  of  industry' amongst  • 
the   natives  by  the  superior  facilities  thus  afforded  for  theli 
disposal  of  the  Tin  at  a  handsome  remunerating  price  and«o 
to   form  such  close  and  intimate  alliances  with  the  several' 
states,  as  would  render  it  for  their  own  interest  to  cultivate 
an  extensive  commercial   intercourse  with  Pinang  atld^toif^ 
avoid   entering  into  any  exclusive  engagement^  witlf-^tllife'^^ 
Dutch.  '       '')    i^it 

In    conformity  to  the    instructions    furnished*  to  We^^^ 
founded   upon  the  report  of  the  Committee  and  the  Ho*-' 
norable  the  Governor's  sentiments  upon  the   subject,"! 
proceeded  to  the  States  of  Perak^  Salengbreand  Colong," 


32 


and  was* ves tec!   with  discretionary  powers,  to  adopt  (sub^ 
iect   to  the  confirmation  of  Goverment,)  such  other  ar- 
jangements  as  were  not  provided    for  in  mj  instructions, 
.as  might  appear  to  roe  requisite  for  securing  and  facilita- 
ting the  objects  of  my  appointment.   }   jr        /,. 
'*     Although  the  Perak  Country  was  in  a  state  of  anarchy 
and  confusion  at  the  period  of  ray  arrival,   the  result  of 
my   Mission  was   by  no  means   unfavorable  even  there, 
.and  at  Salengore  and  Colong,  although  considerable  dif- 
ficulties were  encountered,  the  objects  attained;  fully  rea- 
lized  the.expectations  formed,  au  engagement  having  been 
.made-  for  1500  Piculs  ofTin  annually,  to  the  Honorable 
Xompahy,  at.  the  low  price  of  43  Dollars  per  Bahar,  which 
^was'reonsiderably   less  than  '  expected ;  and  this  contract 
•  id  be  p^f  pel4ial^  that  is,  as  long  as  the  Honorable  Company 
i>chosc  to* exact  its-  performance,  r  It  appeared  to  me  how- 
*evc'r,^yporPal  Vtet-T  deliberate  and  attentive  consideration 
-of  the  subject^  that  the  establishment  of  Native  Agents  at 
the  different  Stales,  as  suggested  by  the  Committee  would 
not  only  be  ineffectual   for  the   purposes   intended,    but 
involve. a  heavy  expense  without  any  corresponding  be- 
nefit, have  more  the  appearance  of  Monopoly,  which  was 
not  intended,  and  he  much  less  adapted  for  the  purpose 
of  extending  and   encouraging  the  Tin  Trade  than  the 
formation  of  a  small  Factory,  at  an  Island  near  the  chief 
Port  where  the  Tin  is  procured,  and  centrically  situated, 
to  which  the  Natives  could  resort,  of  their  own  accord 
^jftnd  dispose  of  the  Tin.     There  were  other^objects  which 


33 


appeared  to  me  might  be  attained  bj  sucli  a  minor  E6« 
tablishment,  dependent  upon  Pinang,  beneficial  genersdly 
to  the  passing  trade  of  these  Straits,^  and  the  following 
Extract  from  mj  report  to  Government  will  shew  the 
grounds  on  which  I  ventured  to  recommend  such  an  Es- 
tablishment, and  the  advantages  likely  to  be  derived  from 
it.  The  first  Paragraph  has  reference  more  particularly 
to  Perak.i    -Uln      Anu   ?,.♦   v        ^  riiYf  nohiifA    -■  • 

"  There  being  no  one  Chief  in  the  Country  who  tiould 
make  engagements  for  the  supply  of  a  certain  fixed  qusui- 
tity  of  Tin,  and  it  being  in  fact  brought  in  small  quan- 
tities for  sale,  and  the  Natives  requiring  advances  of  Cash 
sometimes  prior  to  its  delivery;  being  also  fr^qnentjly  ab- 
sent in  the  interior  in  search  of  the  Tin  tenland  twenty 
days,  the  Agents  of  the  Honorable  Company, fjVYpul^j  pot 
only  be  subject  to  frequent  impositions  ^i^djQ$^esv<jand 
would  not  be  respected  by  the  Natives,  |)nt  b^iljal^k  tt9;j^e 
outbid  by  other  Traders,  who  nn'gh^,oflfepa:.^!gheri;price 
and  induce  them  to  evade  the  ContracttitrThe&e'Tradto 
navigate  their  Vessels  at  a  small  expense^  ^  and  ?  can 
consequently  afford  to  purchase  the  Tin^eat^ao  higher 
rate.  tot      »s>t;   ^-  '    i  3iom  omd  ^ii\')ft 

From  the  information  I  obtained,  and  frbm  my  <otra 
personal  observations,  I  think  the  most  likely  ihode  of  en- 
suring the  success  of  the  Tin  trade  would  be,  by  esta- 
blishing a  small  Factory  under  the  British  Governments 
dependent  upon  this  Island,  on  the  Island  of  PankouT, 
near  the  Dindibgs^  and  distant  from  the' Perak]JLiver 


u 


about  12  MHes.  .  This.  Island  seems  peculiarly  wellsi^ 
tuated  for  making  a  Depot  for  the  Tin  collected  in 
the  surrounding  Countries  of  Peraky  Salengore,  &o.  Il 
abounds  iu  Canes^  Rattans,  Wood  Oil|<  Dammar^  and 
crooked  Timber  for  Ships,  The  Water  id  particularly 
excellent^  the  Harbour  safc^  aUd  it)  fine  this  Island 
possesses  almost  every  advantage  that  cau  be  desired  for 
the  purpose  I  hare  stated.  •  Independent  of  its  occupatioil 
being  important  in  a  commercial  point  of  tiew,  it  would 
be  the  means  of  preventing  Pi  rates  resorting  there^  ^y*"R 
in  wait  for  defenceless  Prows  passing  to  and  fro# 

The  ruins  of  a  Dutch  Fort,  bearing  an  inscription  1743 
ire  still  visible.  Were  they  disposed  to  re*.occupy  thisi 
Mi?i5Vt^h>ch  t^c  Natives  iri  that  quarter  anticipate  a* 
^extf^mely  prbbablc)  and  gk^^nting  that  the  English  Go- 
T^rpment  have  entered "ihto  positite  engagemrents  with 
Perak  for  the  supply  olf^'Tin,  these  ertgitgements  would 
In  my  opinion,  be  of  "no  dvkil  whatever  vrhile  the  Dutch 
lieici  tl^is  Post,  commanding  ^s  It  does  the  Mouth  of  Pe- 
rak  River,  the  Dindings,  and  being  at  no  great  distance 
fromaiarg^^  called  Tfong  to  the  Northward,  and 

JSuf^am  "to  the  Southward,  from  both  of  which  Rivers, 
much  Tin  is  exported,  ahd  as  it  would  doubtless  be  their 
policy ^' to  'hold  6ut  every  inducement  to  the  Perafc 
People  to'resoA  thither  witli  Tin,  and,  barter  for  other 
ArUcles  of '  Mcrchahdi^cf^  the  Tin  would  be  smuggled 
i^iway  In  fergd  qi^antiti^^  Dutch  would  In  faot# 

tiibugli'^not  bstehsibly^'  hare  actually  a  Monopoly  of  .tbo 


Si 


Tiif.  A  small  Establishment  at  this  place  ifcnght,  I  shoatci 
imagine,  be  supported  at  an  inconsiderable  expense,  And 
would  secure  to  the  Honorable  Compaiij  the  whole  of  th^ 
Tin  trade  in  the  adjoining  Countnesj  \^Ould  free  the 
Straits  from  the  hordes  of  Pirates  which. infest  them,  WouI4 
afford  excellent  shelter  for  Vessels  proceeding  up  and 
down  the  Straits,  as  well  as  Wwer  and  refreshment,  and 
in  my  opinion,  by  the  allowance  of  a  certain  nuraber:;.#f 
Chinese  to  work  the  Tin  Mine*?,  would  in  the  coqrsej  of 
a  few  years  be  of  advantage  to  the  Honorable  Company^ 
and  the  produce  of  the  Island  combined 'Withb.  the  .R^ 
yenues  to  be  derjyed  ,frppn .  the  j^urroundlngjCJoiyit^^ 
would  defray  all  expenses,  an^  .leave  a  ji59J(^^  o^;  somj^ 
consideration.  The  Tip,  w.hqn  Collected  ii^j^^sufficj^nt 
quantity,  might  either  be  sent  np  to  thfe^I^residency  for 
Public  Sale,  or  shipped^  on  board  .^pipe  of^the  Honorable 
Company's  Ships.  Pulo  Pankour  lies  in  the  direct 
course  of  Vessels  passing  .down  the  Straits;  very  little 
detention  therefore  would  be  occasioned  by  Vessels  touch- 
ing  there.  1.:  n^    ,,|   .  .  .    ^^^   ^     .,. 

The  Bindahara  and  Laxsaraana  of  Qued^h  were  dectq- 
edly  of  opinian,  that  thjs  would  be  an  advisable  measure, 
and  concurred  with  me,  that  the  Tin  Trade  could  not 
possibly  be  of  any  advantinge  in  that  quarter  zi  leksty 
to  the  Honotable'  Company,  without  such  an  establish* 
ment.  They  were  also  very  apprehensive  of  the  Dutch 
arriving,  iSthich  they  feared  would  be  (he  means  of  subver)- 
itog  flitif  ^ttthotirity.    The  Island  is  now  nominall/^  h^^^ 


88 


by  the  King  of  Salcngore;  l?ut  itis  the  intention  of  Qne- 
dah  to  demand  its  restoration,  being  considered  as  a  De- 
pendency of  Perak,  and  the  Bindahara  assured  me  he 
Was  persuaded  the  King  of  Qued^^wpuld  make  a  grant 
of  it  to  the  Honorable^  Company^  which  he  would  strongly 
recommend,  both  as  an  additioQal  ] security  to  his  posses- 
sions in  that  quarterj  and,  as^fi  check,  to  the  Pirates,  who 
comDpit  daily ^depr^.d^itions, iippu^  l^is, Prows../,  .U^hiiii of 
\^  It  is  n^^^^^  Pankour  that  Tin  niay 

be  procu(;e^  in  jt]^i^;iquarter», 9^  discoveries  have  lately  been 
made  atjjji^ J)jiq4i^gS;Pfc^  of  which  the 

foi}ow^n^jj5ire^|J\^(j?^in^i^^  ,has  been 

SA^^^oq  fliJo^:!   «i^c^  n«^^^^  MjmUb   ^f^' 
oili  9iol3d  ..-gmhal^'i^^  §fir^icM.^.V34,/.ci  hm  .liO.M 

,u,)n9nuno7o01on'?l«o§^^^«Ji^^«--t^'-^^^  ''''   ^f' 


.in^vo 


0  MihQ  3.i?%^ii),'51frtd<»n»^t.33.«.<^««i 


'^iffd-'kf  thV  adjoinipg  Islands  .of  Polo  Kata  and  Pnl»  Ta^ 

*langi    a'  Jarge  quantity    is  said  to   be    procurable.,  if 

"ith6re*  were  sufliciehf  workoxen  ,and  capital  to  work  the 

Mines.  '  The  Binding  Rirer  is  navigfable  for  small  Ves- 

seis.  and  the  Settlement  la(ely  formed  by  the  So^  of  the 


■     ■  •  -''sr 

King  or  Salengore  distan*^  about  four  miles  from  the  Island 
of  Pankour.'*  ^  ..    ;ni 

The   GoTernment  having  entirely  approved  of  these 
plans,  referred  the  subject  to  the  Supreme  Government, 
and   subsequently  obtained  the  sanction  of  that  authority 
to  establish  a  small  Factory  at  Pankour,,  provided  a  cession 
of  the  Island  could  be  obtained  from  a  power  competent 
to  grant  it,  and  there  was  no  probability  of  any  difficulties 
hereafter  arising  as  to  the  legality  of  our  possession.     The 
King  of  Perak  had  long  claimed  the  Island  as  a  Dependency 
of  that  State;  but  the  King  of  Salengore  had  for  a  length 
of  time,  and  I  believe  \vith  more  propriety,  made  a  simi- 
lar claim;  and  his  Son  was  in   fact  in  possession  of  the 
Island,  and  part  of  the  Main  on  the  Dindings,  before  the 
Quedah   Forces  attacked  Perak,  and  where  I  found  him 
on  my  arrival.     The  King  of  Quedah,  however,  appeared 
determined  to  consider  it  as  his,  by  right  of  Conquest,  and 
he   was  applied  toby  me  on  behalf  of  Government,  in 
January   1819,  to  ciede  the  Islaindio  the  British  Govern, 
ment,  and  to  permit  his  Chiefs,  the  Bindahara  and  Lax- 
samana,  to  continue   disposing  of  the   Tin  collected  at 
Perak,  to  my  Agents*     Although  the  King  of  Quedah  had 
assured  the  Agents,  Messieurs  Cracroft  and  Qtunter,  who 
were  deputed  to  Quedah  at  the  same  time  I  took  my  depar- 
ture,  that   the  Trade  of  Perak  should  be  opened,  that  he 
had  given  directions  to  the  Bindahara  to  forward  my  views, 
and   to  use  his  utmost  influence  to  promote  my  business 
with  regard  to  the  Tin  Contract^  and  prevent  the  Datcjb 


38   ■ 

irrom  Yntmerin^^^^^  to  belierc  that  lie  sent  brffci^ ' 

of  a  directly  opposite  tendency,  directing  tiie  Chjefe  ti:  *  V 
collect  the  Tin  on  his  own  account,  and  intending  t^    '- 
engross  the  whole,  trade  himself,  %  ^^^  ^,?'^!^'*f  ??*,,'' 
King  of  Siam,  (inost  probably,)  for  whom  he  appeared  i^  ^ 
be  under  the  greatest/state  of  apprehension,  and  by  whosli '' 
orders  bf  bad  attacked  and  conquered  Perak.^  In  hft    .^ 
replv  to  me.  be  says,  "What  is  mentioned  in  the  BinJ-'^"^    ■ 
dahara's  Letter  is  correct,  and  I  am  glad  he  had  it  io^' 
his   powier  to  nieef  iiiy  iriends  wisiies^^^  desirous 

of  being  on  good  terms   with  ray   friend   and  every  onfc 
belonging  t,<jC tneEhglish  Company.     I  am  soWy,  hbweVei','  " ' 
1  cannot.comply  with  ray   fnengS  request  at  present  by 
orderraff  the  continuance  of  the  delivery  of  Tin  at  rcrak,     , 
according:  tothQ  ens:as:eraent  of  the  Bindahara  and  Lax«  ^ 
samana«,.for  I^did.npt  go  to  ,war  with  Perak  by  my  own   ,^ 
will  but  by* the  orders  of  the  King  of  Siam,   of  whom  I  .. 
^as  afrai4,  2yyJ^^jr^fore^con(|ijerpd^  Perak.  ^  ram  iwr  •  ^ 

to  enquire  hoiK ^tbef, affair?., pf,Pera|t  are  to  be  settled; ,., 
which  I  dp  not.  vet  know,  and  wjth  regard  to.  Parikour  ^ 
and  Dindin^,  I^also  witktp  consult  him,  as  they  belong  to  " 
Perak,.  ,tbouffh,now,  in  possession  of  Salengore.  These  ; 
places  .  therefore  ^e  now  under  the  .authority  of  Sianu 
I  jbaye.sent^orders  to.  the  Bindahara  and  La^^^ 
their  ira mediate  return,  in  order  to  isettle'  every  ihinfe '^ 
regarding  Perak,^  jmd  whdtcver  may  be  the  result,'!  shall''* 
*  commdnicate  to  my  friend  as  sdoo  as'possibl^^^  ^"^'    i 


30 


■<E^.» 


Conceiying  that  the  return  of  therEndaLhafa  and  Lax« 
samana  would  occupy   at  least  twa-niouths,  and  thief  pro^^^^^'  J 
jected  Mission  toSiam  fulljr  six  months  more,  that  the^    *' j 
Agents  whom  I  had  left  at  Perak  would  not  be  permitted'^-    j 
to  purchase  Tin  on  account  of  the  Honorable  Company 
during  that  time,  and  as  eren  at  the  expiration  of  that        1 
period,  it  was  a  matter  of  great  uncertainty  what  the  deci- 
sion would  be,  I  recommended  the  propriety  of  withdraw- 
ing  the  Agents  for  a  time,  which  was  accordingly  done.      ^^*  \ 

While  my  negotiations  were  piwedingf^at  Pierak  ^nd[  ;^  1 
Salengore,  the  Honorable  the  Governor  hai  endeaVourcd'  *  1 
to  commence  operations  at  the  Kwala  Muda,  during  .mr,  i 
absence  ^  * 


teady 

he   de-patched  Boats^  in  charge  of  a  trusty  native,  with  a 
lewarticle?require^t;j|^^aii^i^  ] 

Seapoys;  but  here  he  encountered^ diWcultte^  3f^ a ?ffi(^  J 
discouraging  nature,  whii^'were  ne\%f  Wtrioiiilted,^Mcl^^  | 
"which  involved  hiih  in  a^lohg  eonfepi^denift/^  vni\i  iht''^  1 
Rajah  of  Q^led^i   'A^  Wi?L'\kmsi^6S'^  1 

Quedah  had  fkrmed  tii^lSemiuc^^ftfi^fcWSliMUa¥'fo^»  J 
a  Chinese  Merchant  of  Plnai^  hS^  sfefitlfitf  ^^i  or^l^i^^^^  I 
to  receive  his  duties,  and  settle  all  his  just  dues^;  but  he 
had  in  the  mean  time  proceeded  id  Quedalii '  wner^ISP  ^  I 
was  understood  the  King  had  summoned  hibou  Desirinw '^^  ] 
that  no  delay  should  take  place,  and  believing  ' liiiat  ine  .  j 
hiffh  character  of  the  Briti3h  Government  woujd  prevent 
any  suspicioa  of  an  intention  to  evade  the  p^ment  of      i 


40 


proper  duties,  the  Boats  were  despatched  at  once.     On 
the  arrival  at   the  Kwala  Mooda,  of  the  Boats,  the  servant 
of  the  Chinese  Farmer  had  the  audacity  to  seize  the  whole 
of  the  Goods,  including   the  Dollars,  and  forcibly  took 
thera  from  the  Seapoys*     The  first  object  of  the  Governor, 
was  to  demand  immediate  redress  for  such  an  act  of  vio- 
lence on  the  property  and  servants  of  the  Company   com« 
mitted  within  the  Territories  of  Quedah,     He  represent^* 
ed   to  the  King,   that  the  duty  of  20  per  Cent  as  charged 
ty  the  Farmer,  amounted  in  fact,  to  a  prohibition  of  all 
Trade  in  the  Kwala  Muda,  and  that  it  was  quite  contrary 
to   custom  for  one  State  being  in  friendship  with  another, 
to  shut  it  out  by  any  means  from  trading  or  holding  inter- 
course   with  other  States  in  mutual  amity,  as  the   King 
seemed  to  have  done  in  regard  to  Pinang  and  Patani,  nor 
was  it  consistent  with  the   relations  of  amity,  and  particu- 
larly such  intimate  relations  as  subsisted  between  Quedah 
and   Pinang,  which  had  been    like  one  Country,   for  one 
State  to  exact  more  than  a  fair,  consistent,  and  equal   race 
of  duties  on  the  Merchandize  of  another  friendly  State. 
The  British  Government  was  ready  to  pay  any  consistent 
duty,  but  they  could  not  allow  one  of  their  own  subjects 
to  possess  or  exercise   a  right  so   prejudicial  to  their  in- 
terests, and  so  utterly   inconsistent  with   that  reciprocity 
which  ought  always  to  govern  the  relations  subsisting  bet- 
ween the  two  States,  as  the  power  of  imposing  arbitrary 
duties  at  Kwala  Muda,  and  excluding  by  this  means  trade 
and  intercourse  between  the  India  Company  and  Patani^ 


41 


r<;and^ the  other  friendly  iStatesiir: the viHteiloni><]h<jwas 
jniitiieref<>re  proposed,  that  with:  the^;iFi^W^  of:  puttii^  alstop 
yio^^  jb?:i??^^rcisQ  of  8uch^aa,uadu^^po5^r,:jifidi30;  iQ- 
ifoJ^riiouSj,an4;  unjusV  a  Mq  zili) -the  same  itime 

vioFr®y.fi9^:if.^c  l^^^idual  .who  acq,i;i^c,efjt^^  c?.9icfei  Ai  RFWlege 
.-ai  from:  suffering,  by  heiiig,  8i4d,4^nijjl4ep;:iy,©d>i^^^  aa 

.::i,iinproper  assumption,  thai  ^pJm^  ^rxap^mi^pt^e3bi9ifUl  be 
,jr5iinade;,wUh  the.Farmer,,  hyi..wbi§li  bi^^  M.9J?9P9?Jjj?f;9ul4 
;  -  .be  annulled,;  and  .  tbc.fioverni]TCnt,:yroul,4x^S^5^X;^^^^^ 
:U:  to  make  a  pecuniary  com pensati<in>r>-Jtvn^jgij^t|  ]^a,Te..beea 
rr  supposed,  that  a  propfw^l  so  ju^t^^p^^ibg;^  ^jW^uld.  h^^ 
/t^  inet  with  tmmediate ^ 4ttj?ntioib|jGfe«Sfiii<>t}^Pgi<^tJsfactory 
-  ij  was  offercd^o  -ThcuKing  r^l^iedyj^Jia^^bS  jP58?Fe?^}ng« 
vaijcif  the.Faripejr'iSr.SeiifaotA  vfer^oj^iyusf^^j^tjjjig  ^gffltd***^ 
...r,^fiKha4  giy^e^nariMonopoA^^ofn^h^j^^^^l^flMpfefrBi^  * 
1.  j  Wiiten  Cppjmissipqjijoii^^  Gpiyei^n^r  ^^mlmi  f^ejCJom* 
:,iLniissio%  and  Loldi  him,  that £ia'chi%jSififtriiJtei;KifJj;ii|iai 
:.>;eonly  farmed  the  retail  of  certains iGoftd^TJc^OLSHm^ld  [|n,i;hii 

V  :  own  Territories,r  but  the  ,CpijaWA§?iajijo^i4oP?S  cA^^?•^^^*^ 
..-5:  he  had  giTen^  tar  them  cthfe^T^pJ^jy^^^aY/g^yflflj^of  the 

.iJiKwala  Muda,  or  a  rightnto  jpi:^^fiiJiAte^?S?fe<>f)Gpoda 
•.through  that  River  to  the  ^QH^^f!^  '\^J[R"j4(^^,\)#»S* 
:  dom.  Suchaprififege  woitlcl  ^^^gljeeij^^r^adx^^t^^lthe 
:3i  injury  of  the  subjects  of  P'mmg^lS^i  tl>^3fB>®»f^l>P,4png 
v}  Countries  in  amiiy^  and  he  was,  happy  ^,tot  Ifi^m  /^P.'^lthc 
r  King  himself  that  the  Farm  was  not  gianledjtofi the:  China- 
•il'imen^  for  such  a  purpose.!  The  iGovernoH  represented 
^iriidtio  that  the  charge  of  15  Dollars  ^^ec^har^iduty  oa 


4J    ''■ 

Tirt  Ttliich  {he  King  mentioned  was  formerly  charged,: 
(which  upon  the  price  the  Company  were  to  pay  for  the 
Tin  from  Patani,  namely  40  Dollars  per  Rahar,  would 
exceed  37  per  Cent.)  was  most  exorbitant^  and. 
equal  to  a  prohibition  of  the  Company's  Trade  with  P^* 
tani,  and  a  blockade  of  the  Countries  in  the  interior. 
It  was  far  from  the  Governor's  wish  that  the  King  should 
suffer  disgrace  or  the  smallest  inconvenience  with  respect 
tb  his  dealings  with  the  Chinese,  It  was  right  they  should 
receive  the  customary  duties,  and  if  regulated  on  termc 
of  justice  and  reciprocity,  the  Company  would  be  happy 
tb  discharge  them;  hut  a  duty  of  37  per  Cent,  on  Tin  waf 
neither  just  nor  proper  when  ft  was  considered  .that  the 
Company  levied  only  2^  per  ("ent  on  all  Merchandise 
belonging  to  the  Territories  of  Qiiedah,  It  was  natural 
therefore  for  the  Company  to  expect,  that-  their  trade 
would  be  freed  from  such  vexatious  and  unjust  obstruct 
tions,  and  that  in  consideration  of  the  close  Alliance  be- 
ttreen  Pinang  and  Quedah,  the  King  would  regulate  the 
duties  in  future  according  to  justice,  rea:ion  and  friend* 
^^^  >^i.n,.i  ,.,;r:.- ^     ■. 

It  was  urged  that  the  King's  own  sense  could  not  fail 
to  teach  him  that  a  redaction  to  an  equitable  rate  of  the 
duties  at  Kwala  Muda  was  advisable  on  other  grounds, 
for  it  would  assuredly  encourage  trade,  and  enable  the 
King  to  reap  greater  advantages  from  the  Commerce  of 
bis  own  Country  than  that  system  of  checking  its  growth 
by  a  strict  Monopoly.     An  offer  was  again  made  to  give 


43 


a  pcconiarj  cpnsWen^fpn  to.  the  fanners  t^  put  a  stop^ 
to  their  Monopoly,  and'  to  pay  for  all  Tin  exported  fropo^ 
the  Ivwala  Mnida  on  account  of  the  Honorable  ('ompany 
5  per  Cent,   which  was  exactly  double  the  duties  levied 
at  Prince  of  Wales  Island.     It  could    not,  fail  to  be  ap-: 
parent   to  the  King  that  his  Servants  or   Farmers  had 
wantonly  and  unjustly  embroiled  the  two  Governments 
by  their  assumption  of  an  exclusive  right  to  the  Naviga* 
tion  of  the  Kwala  Muda,  apparently  not  authorized   bj 
the  King;  that  in  enforcing  their  pretensions,   by  doubt- 
ing the  willingness  of  the  Government  also  to  pay  the 
sanctioned   duties,  and  by  forcibly  detaining  the  Com- 
pany's  Property  and  Servants,  they  were  guilty  of  aa 
insult  to  the  Government,   for  which   reparation  was  nc^ 
cessary.     In  the  confidence  therefore  of  the  sincerity  of 
the  King's  professions,  it  was  required  that  the  Goods  which 
had  been   detained  should  be  passed  on  under  a  trusty 
person  to  their  original  destination,  chargeable  with  the 
existing  duties,  and  the  person  who  had  illegally  seized 
the  Boats  be  discharged.     These  were  preliminary  mea- 
sures to  the  future  adjustment   of  Export  Duties,   an4 
Vich  as  the  honor  and  dignity  of  the  Company's  Govern- 
ment could  not  dispense  with.     It  was  shortly  after  pro- 
posed that  the  King  should  send  some  of  his  Confidential 
Ministers  with  full  powers  to  negotiate    and  adjust  the 
points  of  dicuision  to  the  advantage,   interest  and  hpnqr 
of  the  two  Countries  and  the  King  was  promised,  upon 
the  favorable  termins^tion  of  the  Negociation,  sonac  advA9* 


44 


t'ages  which  he  had  solicited^  SiibsequeDt  events  howerer 
frustrated  these  designs. 

A  few  Months  after  I  had  quitted^  Perat,.  the  Hutch 
Gorernment  sent  a  Mission  to  the  King  of  that  place,,  and 
Mr.  Steelier,  the  Ambassador,  forwarded  a  Letter  by  a 
Messenger,  remaining  at  the  Island  of  Pankour  till  he 
received  a  reply*  The  Bindabara  sent  me  Copies  of  the 
Correspondence,,  of  which  Translations  were  submitted 
to  Government.  From  various  sources  of  information 
I  gathered,,  the  conquered  as  well  as  the  conquerors,  that 
is,  both  the  Perak  and  Quedah  people^  were  extremely 
averse  to  the  Dutch  forming  a  Settlement  at  Perak,  and 
.were  very  anxious  that  the  English  Government  should 
do  so.  It  was  not  unlikely  however,  that  some  of  the 
Chiefs  would  give  encouragement  to  the  Dutch  for  a  time, 
in  the  hope  of  getting  rid  of  their  Invaders,  the  Quedah 
Forces.  The  Bindabara,  who  was  the  representative  of 
the  ruling  authority,  made  known  to  the  King  of  Quedah, 
the  embarrassing  situation  in  which  he  would  have  beeo 
placed  had  the  Dutch  insisted  upon  taking  possession 
of  the  Country,  and  urgently  recommended  his  soliciting 
the  interference  of  the  British  Government.  The  Dutch 
Mission  returned  to  Malacca,  and  I  never  heard  that 
any  further  attempts  had  been  made  to  renew  the  Cor« 
respondencc.  -  V 

About  two  months  subsequent  to  this,  after  placing  the 
Government  in  the  hands  of  the  Rajah  Mooda,  the  Que« 


45 


dali  Forces  eyacnated  tbe  Country,  and- a  few  weeks  after- 
wards, I  received  a  letter  from  the  Rajah   Bindahara.of 
Perak,  who  had  been  promoted  to  the  rank  of  Rajah  Moo* 
da,  in  consequence  of  the  accession  of  the   King's  eldest 
.  Son,  offering  on  behalf  of  himself  and  the  King,  to  ent^r 
into  a  contract  for  Tin.     He  desired  my  natire  Agent 
who   brought  the  letter,    to  inform  me,  that  he  would 
readily  sanction  the  residence  of  native  Agents  at  Perak, 
and  that  they  would  cede  the  Island  of  Pankour,  provid* 
,  cd    the  Company  would  purchase  all  the  Tin  and  make 
advances  of  Money  for  the  same.  I  was  also  led  to  under- 
,  stand  that  if  the  proposal  was  not  accepted,  it  was  the 
,  intention  of  the  Perak  Chiefs  to  invite  the  Dutch  to  form 
.  a  Factory,  as  they  were  determined  to  prevent  the  Quedah 
people    again    returning.      The    Rajah  Bindahara   thus 
writes  to  mc.     *'  1  beg  to  acquaint  my  friend    that  the 
King  of  Quedah  has  restored  the  Country  of  Perak,  and 
invested  the  Chief  power  in  my  Brother,   the  Rajah  Moo- 
da  and  myself,  wherefore,  if,  as  I  suppose,  my  friend  be 
desirous  of  purchasing  Tin,  I  will  enter  into  a  Treaty  for 
that  purpose,   and  in    the  mean  time,  if  my  friend  wJU 
send  me  5,000  Dollars  in  advance,   I  will  furnish  him 
with  Tin  at  45  Dollars  per  Bahar,  in  four  months,  when 
he  may  send  for  it." 

The  Dutch  Government  about  the  same  time,  sent  an 
Embassy  to  Salengore,  and  insisted  upon  the  King's  re- 
newing an  obsolete  Treaty  of  upwards  of  30  years.     The, 
King  lost  no   time  in  making  a  reference  to  the  Pinapj; 


46 


Government,   and  expressed  his  contmned^  desire  to  fulfil 

his  engagements  for  an  annual  supply  of  Tin.  Mr.  Gracroft 

.  was  despatched  again,  in  the  month  of  June^  to   Colong 

.  and  Salengore^  upon  a  Political  Mission,  and  on  his  re«» 

,  .  turn,  took  the  opportunity  of  bringing  up  310  Bahars  of 

Tin  which  were  ready  for  me,  viz.    140  Bahars  from  Co* 

long  and   1 70  from  Salengorc.  . 

The  death  of  our  amiable  and  actire  Governor,  which 
took  place  in  August,^  the  Establishment  of  Singapore  a 
few  months  before,,  an  event  which  was  not  anticipated 
when  the  Tin  business  commenced,  rendered  it  expedient^ 
in  the  opinion  of  the  Government,  to  suspend  the  execu* 
tion  ,of  >the.  contract  with  the  King  of  Salengore,  and  ta 
discontinue  the  colTection  of  Tin  on  account  of  the  Hono* 
rable  Company.  .  The  whole  of  the  Tin  collected,  about 
2,000  Piculs,  having  been  properly  smelted,  was  exposed 
fro  Sale  at  Public  Auction,  in  small  lots,  at  the  Company's 
Warehouse;  but  no  Sales  having  been  effected.  Tenders 
for  the  whole  was  accepted  at  the  price  of  18  Spanish 
Dollars  per  Picul,  the  purchasers  paying  duties  and  ship* 
ping  charges.  There  was  a  gain  on  the  adventure,  after 
paying  all  charges,  which  were  necessarily  heavy  at  first^ 
of  Spanish  Dollars  5,396,,  41,  besides  the  Custom  Eiouse 
^  duties  received,  equal  to  800  Dollars  more,  which  clearly 
,  shews,  that  the  anticipations  of  the  projector  were  rea« 
sonable,  and  when  we  consider  the  disturbed  state  of  the 
^  Perak  Country,  and  the  difficulties  and  embarrassments 
.j^ttte  outset,  in  engag^^         a  business  of  which!  had 


4r 


ho  preyious  Inowlcdgfe,  wc  may  ifot  unreasoimbty  infer, 
that  by  judicious  arrangements^  and  by  a  proper  under*, 
standing  amongst  tbe  €hiefs  of  the  sereral  surrounding 
states,  were  the  GoTernncient  disposed  to  renew  it,  the  Tin. 
trade  might  be  revived  with  advantage  to  the  G>mpany 
and  the  Mercantile  Communityr 

On  closing  ray  Accounts  in  the  end  of  September  1819, 
I  received  a  Letter  from  the  Secretary  to  Government 
to  the  following  effect.  ''  I  am  further  directed  to  ao« 
quaint  you,  that  as  it  does  not  appear  probable  under 
the  present  state  of  affairs  that  much  Tin  can  be  collect* 
ed  for  this  Government,  it  has  been  determined  that  the 
prosecution  of  this  trade  shall,  for  the  present,  be  sus- 
pended* The  Honorable  the  Governor  in  Council  ha* 
much  satisfaction  in  observing  tlie  hitherto  successful, 
event  of  the  speculation."  As  the  formation  of  Singapore 
would  effectually  prevent  the  Dutch  from  making  a  Mo- 
nopoly of  the  Tin  trade,  there  doubtless  was  the  less 
necessity  for  the  Company  continuing  this  Commerce, 
and  under  such  circumstances,  it  was  preferable  that  it 
should  be  left  to  the  enterprise  and  capital  of  the  private 
Traders.:  -'v-.  ■  h  \U. 'trri^^fj 

The  succeeding  Head  of  the  Pinang  Government^  in 
suspending^- the  Tin  Agency  for  a  time,  was  no  less  de- 
termined to  insist  upon  some  redress  for  the  conduct  of 
the  Officers  at  Kwala  Muda,  and  accordingly  demand- 
ed from  the  King  of  Quedah,  that  the  Goods  seized  in 
so  disrespectful  a  manner  should  be  conveyed  to  Pinang 


4» 


with  a  respectful  and  becoming  apology,  and  he  strongly 
urged,,  at  the  same  time,  the  propriety  and  adrantage 
to  himself  of  taking  into  his  immediate  consideration,  the 
means  for  placing  the  Commerce  of  Keda  and  Pinang 
on  terms  of  fair  reciprocity.  The  Merchandise  and  Mo- 
ney was  accordingly  immediately  returned  with  a  suita« 
ble  apology.  In  closing  this  Account  of  the  Tin  specu* 
lation,  1  cannot  deny  myself  the  gratification  of  extract- 
ing  a  few  obserrations  from  the  Minute  recorded  by  the 
Honorable  Mr.  Clubley.  "  The  experience  that  we  have 
already  acquired  with  respect  to  that  trade,  added  to 
the  trouble  and  risk  attending  the  prosecution  of  it,  poiiit 
out  to  us,  I  think,  that  sufficient  has  been  done  already 
for  the  beneficial  purposes  which  were  contemplated  by 
our  late  respected  Governor,  wheji  he  proposed  the  ar- 
rangements in  the  first  instance.  I  therefore  decidedly 
think  that  we  should  now  stop,  and  that  the  trade  in 
Tin  should  be  hereafter  left  to  the  industry  of  the  Mer- 
chants of  the  place,  who  ar^  the  most  concerned  in  the 
successful  prosecution  of  it.  I  consider  Mr.  Anderson 
who  (as  Agent  for  Tin)  has  had  infinite  trouble  in  the 
progress  of  his  duty,  to  be  fully  entitled  to  the  receipt 
of  that  portion  of  profit,  which  the  arrangements  of  the 
late  Governor,  not  less  than  his  own  unwearied  exer- 
tions have  entitled  him  to.  I  quite  agree  with  the  Ho- 
norable the  President  in  the  justice  of  his  ideas,  that 
we  shall  best  encourage  the  trade  in  Tin  by  endea- 
wTOuring  aa  onuch  as  lies  in  our  power,  to  remove  the 


4SK 


barriers,  whicfi^at  present,  either tBeselfisB^^  or  tiniid  po-, 
licy  af  the  neighbouring,.  Malay  Gorernments  have  op* 
jjoied  to  the  free  transit  of  that  article.  The  opening  of 
a  free  cdnsmunication  with  the  Kwala  Muda  will  be  high- 
ly desirable  in  this  view  on  the  one*  side,  and  on  the 
other,  tfie  possession  of  Pankour,- if  it  could  be  done  with 
propriety,  would  facilitate  the  Trade  with  Perak,  and* 
reader  it  liable  to  the  least  possible  obstructions.  I  am 
aware  however,  of  the  justice  and  propriety  of  the  Hono- 
rable the  President's  objections,  against  our  occupation  of 
Pankour  at  present,  in  view  to  avoid  any  cause  for  jea- 
lousy either  from  the  Dutch  Government,  or  from  that  of 
Siam,  under  present  circumstances.  It  does  not  appear 
to  me  however,  that  any  objections  do  arise  from  any  other 
quarter,  to  prevent  this  desirable  measure  being  attained, 
and  when  the  discussions  which  have  been  referred  ta 
Europe  shall  be  adjusted,  1  certainly  hope  to  see  that  Island 
an  integral  part  of  this  Government,  and  forming,  (as  it 
will  essentially  do)  a  great  protection  to  the  passing  Trade, 
especially  of  Tin  from  Perak  and  Salengore,  and  a  mate- 
rial obstruction,  when  guarded  by  a  British  Detachment,, 
to  the  enormous  system  of  Piracy  which  at  present  pre* 
vails  in  that  part  of  the  Straits,"  and  again,  "  From  the 
foregoing  observations  it  is  needless  to  add,  I  consider  asr 
the  Honorable  the  President  does,  that  it  becomes  un- 
necessary to  persevere  in  enforcing. onr  Treaties  with  the- 
Rajahs  of  Perak  and  Salengore,  for  an  annual  supply  of 
Tin.     Yet.  if  circumstances,  had  been  othefwisc^  1  would^ 


50 


assuredly  bare  added  mj  humble  roice  in  deprecatTDg" 
and  resenting  the  orerbearing  assumptions  of  our  Ne- 
therlands neighbours  at  Malacca,  who  in  the  most  un« 
courteous,  if  not  unjustifiable  manner,  have  pre?ai!ed  on 
the  Rajah  of  Salengore  to  annul  a  formal  Treaty  be 
had  concluded  with  this  Government,  for  the  purpose  of 
substituting  an  obsolete  one  of  their  own.  The  superior 
authorities  will  no  doubt  view  in  this  procedure,  a  conti- 
nuation only  of  the  same  system,  which  has  been  practised 
universally  by  the  Dutch,  since  they  resumed  the  Govern- 
ment of  the  £astern  Islands/' 

'Ere  the  lease  of  the  monopoly  Farm  at  the  Kwala  Mu- 
da  had  expired,  when  the  Government  would  no  doubt 
have  been  enabled  to  have  made  some  arrangements  with 
the  King  of  Quedah  for  opening  that  River  and  allowing  a 
free  navigation  into  the  interior,  the  sudden  irruption  of 
a  Siamese  Force,  the  flight  of  the  King  of  Quedah,  who 
sought  prot^ection  under  the  British  Flag,  and  the  total 
subjugation  of  the  Country,  united  to  the  dreadful  State 
of  anarchy  in  which  it  has  continued  ever  since,  have 
prevented  the  accomplishment  of  measures  so  desirable 
and  so  benificial,  not  only  to  the  trading  community  of 
Pinang,  but  the  numerous  Inhabitants  of  the  interior  or 
Patani  Countrj^,  who  have  long  been  accustomed  to  re- 
ceive their  necessary  supplies  burthened  with  a  heavy. 
Monopoly  price.'  Perak  had  jnst  began  to  recover  gra- 
dually, from  the  calamities  with  which  that  ill-fated  Coun- 
try had  been  visited  a  few  years  ago;  the  Chinese  had 


Si 


/^ 


dgaiQ  actively  renewed  their  labotirs^  in  the'  Miaes;  wheit 
a  large  force,  consisting  of  a  numerous  assemblage  of 
renegade  Malays  of  the  worst  description  from  Quedah, 
headed  by  a  few  Siamese  Leaders,  took  possession  of 
that  Country.  There  was  for  a  time  one  continued  and 
unvaried  scene  of  murder  and  robbery,  and  the  Inhabi* 
tan  is  were  reduced  to  a  state  of  the  most  abject  Slavery, 
even  worse  than  I  found  them  in  1818.  The  Rajah  of 
Salengore  quitted  the  scene  of  his  active  Mercantile  pur- 
suits, and  old  and  infirm  as  he  is,  being  about  90,  after 
putting  his  own  capital  in  a  proper  and  efficient  state  of 
defence,  he  took  the  field  in  person,  and  proceeded  lo 
Perak  about  the  beginning  of  the  present  year,  for  the 
purpose  of  aiding  the  lawful  King  of  that  Country,  restor- 
ing  him  to  the  Throne  of  his  ancestors,  and  repelling  the 
Invaders.  The  same  energetic  Chief  who  expelled  the 
Dutch  from  his  Dominions  about  40  years  ago,  by  a  mid- 
night attack,  and  who  even  made  an  attempt  upon  Ma- 
lacca, about  the  same  time,  with  the  aid  of  some  powerful 
Chiefs  from  Rhio  and  other  places,  soon  drove  the  ^^^ 
Siamese  from  Perak,  and  the  Malays  were  either  killed, 
made  Slaves  of,  or  fled.  The  daily  reports  of  large  ar- 
maments fitting  out  at  Trong  and  other  places  to  the 
Northward  of  Quedah,  by  the  Siamese,  and  the  general 
belief  that  they  are  intended  to  subdue  Perak,  Salengore, 
and  their  Dependencies,  have  kept  the  Inhabitants  in  a 
state  of  con>tant  alarm.  Involved  as  these  two  States 
have  been,  iu  war,  for  a  length  of  ijime,  there  has  beea 


^% 


almost  a. total  cessation  of  Trade^  and  the  Custom  ETouse 
returns  prove  that  the  Impoirts  of  Tin  have  beea 
very  inconsiderable.  From  Pungah,,  a  River  to  the 
Northv^ard  of  Trong,  and  fro^^  Junk  Ceylon,  there  has- 
been  some  imported,  a  much  less  quantity  than  hereto* 
fore  from  Salengore,  and  comparatively  none  from  Perak* 
Instead  of  addicting  themselves  to  the  quiet  pursuits  of 
Commerce,  some  are  taking  up  arms  in  their  defencCi, 
irhile  others  are  seeking  safety  by  flight,  a  few  to  the  Bri^ 
tish  Settlements,  and  many  to  the  Malay  States  on  the 
East  Coast  of  Sumatra  &c.  while  others  are  joining  in  Pi- 
ratical adventures,  the  consequence  of  which  is,  that  those 
Countries  are  daily  depopulating,  and  if  instead  of  a  pea* 
ceable  race  easily  kept  in  check,  as  the  Malays  of  these 
Countries  are,  and  who  have  long  carried  on  a  lucrative 
Commerce,  a  body  of  armed  Ruffians,  whose  whole  pro« 
fession  is  plunder,  under  Chiefs  of  a  nation  which  appears 
neither  to  respect  or  fear  us,  is  to  take  their  place,  and 
these  fine  Countries  beheld  by  a  lawless  Military  rabble^ 
the  Tin  Trade,  as  well  as  other  branches  of  Commerce 
will  cease  altogether,  and  the  British  Settlements  will  not 
only  be  kept  in  a  continual  state  of  ferment  and  appre* 
hension,  but  the  Honorable  Company  be  burthened  with 
increased  expenses,  in  a  large  additional  Force,  to  pro*, 
tect  their  own  insulated  possessions* 


AN  EXPOSITION 


OF    THE 

Political  ajcb  Commbucial  Relatioj^$ 

OF    THE     . 

GOVERNMENT  OF  PRINCE  OF  WALES  ISLAND, 

WITH     THE 

STATES  ON  THE  EAST  COAST  OF  SUMATRA^ 

PROM 

»  ■       . 

DIAMOND   POINT  TO  SIACK, 

CONTAINING 

A  BaiEP  ACCOUNT  OP  THE  SEVERAL  MISSIONS  TO  THESE  STATES, 
THE    NATURE    OF  THE    TRADE     CARRIED    ON     BETWEEN 
TUfiM    AND    THE    BRITISH     SETTLEMBNTS     IN     THE 
STRAITS  OF  MALACCA;  THE  PRODUCE  OF  THESE 
COUNTRIES    AND    THE    DUTIES    AND  PORT 
CHARGES      LEVIED      At       THE       SE- 
VERAL     PLACES. 

Printed  under  the  Authority  of  Government* 


PRINCE  OF  WALES  ISLAND, 
1824, 


4.:.i.ui    *-.;. 


# 


■iK:^-:4>-*l,    l^y^^i   X^- 


ii.   i.-.;\i.}  ^ 


AN     EXPOSITION 


OF    THB 


POLITICAL  AND  COMMERCIAL  RELATIONS 


OF   TBS 


GOVERNMENT  OF  PRINCE  OF  WALES  ISLAND, 


WITH    THB 


STATES   ON    THE    EAST    COAST    OF   SUMATRA, 


FROM 


DIAMOND   POINT   TO  SIACK. 


T 


HE  establishment  of  a  direct  intercourse  with 
the  more  Northerly  States  on  the  Ea>t  Coast  of  Sumatra 
is  an  event  of  recent  occurence.  The  more  Southerly 
and  most  important  state  on  that  Coast  however,  Siack, 
which  exercises  a  paramount  authority  over  the  whole  as 
far  as  Timian,  has  been  known  to  us  for  some  time  past,  ./ 
as  aplace  of  considerable  trade.  ,   . 


2  UELATIONS   OF   THB    PIXAN6    GOFBRNMBNT    WITH 

About  a  year  after  Plnnng.  vras  eleTated"  tonhe*raiik  or 
a  Presidency,  Mr,  Jolwi  Scott  was  deputed  to  Siacfc,  for 
the  {Mirpose  of  enterkjg  into- a  contract  for  the  supply  of 
Timber;  Mr.  F.  Garling*  was  also  sent  hv  tSOT  and  Mr. 
Lynch  in  1808.  The  re{>ort  of  the  latter  gentleman* 
tended  much  to  extend  our  geograpUrcar  knowledge  of' 
that  Coast,  but  he  represented  the  moral  condition  of  the* 
Chiefs  m  very  unfavorable  colours  aad  the  people  so' 
hostile  to  friendly  relations,  from  thetr  ttniversal  attach- 
ment to  Piracy,  that  the  Government  was  deterred  from 
establishing  a  close  and  more  intimate  cjmmercial  inter- 
course between  this  Island  and  the  numerous  ports  which' 
line  the  Eastern  Coast.  A  very  considerable  supply  of 
excellent  Timber  was  procured  for  the  construction  of 
His  Majesty^s  Frigate  Malacca,  and  H.^  C.  Ship  Inglis- 
of  1,200  Tons,   both  built  at  this  Island*^-    i.^.l 

When  the  intelligence  of  the  expected  transfer  of  Ma-^ 
lacca  io  the  Dutch  reached  Pfnang  rt  became  necessary 
to  make  such  arrangements  witli  some  of  the  principal 
Chiefs  in  this  neighbourhood,  as  would  prevent  the  Ne- 
therlands Government  from  entering  into  monopolies,  as 
there  was  but  too  just  grounds  for  apprehending  they 
would  endeavour  to  do.  The  Resident  of  Malacca,  Ma* 
jor  (now  Colonel)  Farquhar  was  deputed  as  Agent  by 
the  Pinang  Gofernmeni  to  Srack,  amongst  other  places 
in  1818,  with  this  view,  and  made  a  treaty  with  the  King.* 
The  Ambassador  was  received  with  every  demonstration 
•  -  --  -'  ^-^■•«'  V'  '    •  ■   *  Vide  «f pcndii.. No.  li    z}.:l  ^ui    Vvl.. 


.  THB   STATES   ON    THB    EAST   COAST  OP  SUMATBA.  3 

of  respect  and  matters  appeareJ^m'ore  inviting  for  establish* 
ing  a  beneficial  commercial  intercourse.  The  Rajah 
expressed  the  ut>most  desire  to  improije  his  conn exioa 
with  the  Briti^b  Goverivment.  The  Supreme  Govern- 
ment snbsequervtly  gave  airthority  to  the  Pinang  Govern- 
ment to  form  a  Briiisb  Settlement  at  Siack,  should  such 
a  measure  appear  to*  be  expedient. 

In  1819  the  Chiefs  of  Uelli,  Sirdang  and  As$ahan  open- 
ed a  correspondence  with  the  Governor  which  indicated 
a  desire  of  im]>roving  their  relations  with  this  Govern- 
ment and  the  Netherlands  Government  having  occupied 
llhio,  Malacca  and  Padang,  and  used  their  utmost  efforts 
to  divert  to  these  ports,  the  greatest  portion  of  the  Trade 
of  Sumatra,  it  was  considered  necessary  to  remind  the 
Native  Chiefs  of  the  more  reciprocally  beneficial  and 
liberal  course  of  measures  pursued  by  the  British  Go- 
Tcrnment, , 

It  was  deemed  therefore,  that  without  the  danger  of 
embarrassment  with  the  disputes  of  any  of  the  Native 
Chiefs,  the  time  was  arrived  when  the  Government  of 
Pinang  might  endeavour  to  procure  a  more  extensive 
and  intimate  knowledge  of  the  ports  and  people  in  this 
jieight)ourhood  and  even  to  derive,  by  a  judicious  course 
of  measures,  some  permanent  commercial  advantages  for 
this  Establishment.  For  this  purpose  Mr.  Ibbetson  of  the 
Civil  Service  was  selected  to  proceed  a^  Commissioner, 
and  he  sailed  from  Pinang  in  June,  1820,  accompanied 
by  the  late  Captain  (then  Lieutenant)  Crooke  of  the  20tb 


4    '^    .ttEi:ATll)NV'w   T^'pi^ANG    GOtiakMtfSi*^^* 

Regiment  'BengarKfaVive  Infantry   as  his  Assftlant  "dbd"" 
Surveyor;  ana" ilie'tteVfer^iiil  MrJ  HUlch5iigli^'fCh'i>iiiih  SE'"  ,  . 
thirMdlr^^^-a^ti^Meei^«f;^^f^^!^^^  ; 

1'he  'CoiiVhiissioher  was'  directed  tff '  visitllie  'wHofis'^o'r' 
the  teWienV'Coast'of  Siiinatiii  from  Tiimkri'^^t 
ordef'^o  execute  ithcfoniiwfli^ttbae^s J gWi!^!^     ^iU  ^  4?«.«* ' 

1st.  to"  Coa^f  tlW"Shbrei  an'j'ascSttttth  h  fdl*  'a^^^^Sss' " 
si ble;  ttieir  cliaracler  aiicf  naVfgi«6a,"'c6mnifenctng  -  ^t  ihe'^'' 
Rircr  Jaiiibi,  the  Soutberninost  plScraSd  port.'*  '«*'  V*'»''':V' 

2iid.   JO  visit  every    port  or  place  of  any  ct)n?equence 
on    the  Coast,  collect   the   best  informatioh  on  the  spot  : 

concerning'  its  natural  ^dhini^f Sii^adVafita^isJ^'tfi^  ^^ef!?^^^ 
and^natur^  of  iU  res6ufce3,'prodiidl(msi  'h^ 
port^,  ih^  p'rfecisie"  Wdtiiref  ^f  IheT  ri^ventie  and  aut1iortty!of -^ 
Gor<^nmbnfj^  the  nWinbbfi^'^Mr^gter  qdndf^^i'iri^|)al  od^  '  * 
cup&itiohs  of  it«  ilnhat)i!ahcs,*^the'priiidpal  JBirlic  form-  '*' 
ing  iijs  staples  as  Weil  sfi  thc^e!  of  foreign  iconlrtJeirice  in*  ^ 
demand  there,  the*'  toture  and  extent  of  itkihtiefiiolji'st  * 
with'thcltjoiintries  in  the  interior  (especially  M^nlin^ltii^'^l 
ban)  and  every  iittaihdble'lnformatioh  respecting^  if  he  cha-'^ 
ractel-,'^^ pursuits:  and'  wants  of  the i  Inhabitants *^x>f'  the^-; 
interioi^'tbuntriei*^  *  ^^'^'     />i(l^?i>f^«j  rr^|j^j'i,i|i^fihi.£:->iii 

3rd;  To  wait  on  every  respectable  Chief  on  that  Coist^^ 
and  ascertain'  as  far  ais  possible^  his  character  and ^  habits '"^ 
and  the  nature  and  extent  of  his  jurisdictiobyto  appH^e^^^    ." 
him  of  the  'sincere 'desire 'of  thb'  Pinarig  Govdriita^eni^}fi> 
establish  a^  rriferidW'kifdmatualiy'^^b^^ 
intercourse^  betweeii' Knaiife^^  1 


•IfUB   STATES   ON    XHB   BAST   COAST  OF  SUMATRA •  5 

anxio\is  wish  of  the  Gorcrnment  to  suppress  and  discoa** 
rage  the  scandalours  system  of  Piraty,  and  further  invite 
him  by  every  consistent  inducement  to  join  the  British 
Gorernment  in  accomplishing  ihese  desirable  objects. 

4ch.  To  endeavour  to  presuade  each  Chief  on  that 
Coast  of  the  advantage  and  policy  of  fixing  a  regular  and 
moderate  rate  of  duties  to  be  levied  on  the  commerce  of 
his  port,  instead  of  the  existing  mischievous  system  of  ar- 
bitrary duties  and  presents  in  kind,  exacted  from  tra- 
ders and  commanders  of  Vessels;  with  this  vievr,  to  ob- 
tain, if  possible,  a  document  under  the  hand  and  Seal  of 
each  Chief  and  those  of  his  principal  nobles,  stipulating 
that  the  subjects  of  the  British  Government  who  report  to 
his  port,  shall  in  future  pay  customs,  duties  and  all  other 
charges  according  to  a  fixed  and  settled  rate  in  the  same 
manner  as  his  oven  subjects,  and  all  other  persons  visiting 
his  port  are  required  to  pay,  and  that  they  shall  be  per- 
mitted to  go  to  whatever  part  of  his  dominions  they  think 
proper,  either  to  buy  or  sell  in  person  or  by  their  Agents 
at  any  time,  and  that  they  are  on  no  account  to  be  stop- 
ped, molested  or  oppressed  while  so  engaged  and  de- 
meaning themselves  peaceably.  The  Chiefs  might  also 
be  apprized  that  similar  immunities  had  always  been 
afforded  at  Pinang  to  the  Merchants  and  mariners  belong- 
ing to  their  respective  dominions. 

5th.  To  visit  every  River  on  that  Coast,  ascend  and 
ascertain,  as  far  as  possible,  its  course  and  navigation,  the 
extent  and  nature  of  the  trade  it  conveys  from  and  to  the 


6         .REhATlQ^iSijOF.TUJ^Yi^  WITH 

.  jnf^ripr;  arid  tl?p*i?Uuatipn>.a^  the  places  to 

which  it  is^sarrjcd»-,:j^,,j^,;if^;  f,,-!^.,,  y-iova.  o*<}*^y<f    lu\h  • 

'The  Cominissioner  was:,^^ntiQ»ed  n^t^,ta'inyolve  hinv^ 
self  in.  any  disput^^,  which.  wig})f;^ij^isUt^  thjB  diC 

fer^n t  Native   Chiefs^ ,  and. ^  np^t^^j iHV^r/uje;  a^nx ,  measurcft' 
calculafed  to  interfere  .with  th|^.  ^etl^f  rjafids  authorities ,H 
Pal€;ii^lj|af)g^  i>Xh^.  Pfi"p!p^kPJ'U?l^   ©f  ihi^  Mission  were- 
in  fact  stated  tp  he^lfiW  io.o^»ih*J  Jjc  oldiiftjooiq   ?;^iin'j;it  \ 
, ,  ^j  First  and  Chiefly^  to-  obtain  by  means  of  aresponsible- 
ai)4.  accredited  Agent,  an  authentic,  exact  and  unbia6se({' 
Acfoiintof  the  .resourees^^  and  condition! of] the  diffqreot 
Statesmen, that  Coajitvi*     :      .     zn    u //    :b  i^'   lo    ^Mn    :.  , 

^  Secondly,  To  [irev^nt  Malacca,  and  Rhiafrom  iengrops— 
ingj  the  l^rade  hitherto  flowing  from  Siack.  and  the  Eastera 
:G9li5ti;taiPinang,:ii//  i<ifi]i.L  ha^   ^i^uiiijtl  noov/j.J    ^Ti 
r.  ) i,fl; hi rdly,^Ta  ascertain  if  it  were  practicable,  as^soppos-* 
V  ,ed  by  inaay^  to  bring  dawn  again    to  the  Eastern  side  of 
i:S«(»atra  Ihe.TradefroTO  Menangkabau,  and  the  reported 
-•iftoufi^biqg  countries  in  the  interior;  it  being  certain >  that 
ir-t^hp^i/^^W^I^  9fM,th!^t  trade  flowed  through  the  large,  lljvers 
.i!95v§^j^^!^»i  l?^**'^*"*  ^®«    before  it  was   diverted  to  , the 
DjJtch  J  Settlement  of  Padang.  and  the, ^^Ve^t.  Coast,  a^ 
Laj>^tly,.  fjO  J  collect  every   information  rcspectipg  the   pro» 
ductions   of  the   interior  countries  said   to  abound  wiJtli 
Gold    Mines  and   also  respecting  the  extent  and  nature 
of^  the  navigation  of^the  three  large  Rivers  of  Siack,  In- 

;  each  other  in  the  centre  of  Sumatra*  ,•  .    /i  •     „  i      .  j. 


Hiiflit  'iKiiitBS'Ojr*'™^  bAst  cbAsif  op-SbSiiTftA.     ^ 7 

■:.  r-^To  entth\e^h\vayt(3  conrdy  ui'^^&tuhA'  to-  tlici  ■Natii^e''Phfc(s 
and   people  every  useful  information"  fe|;irdirtg^  PiUk%, 
*^4he  CdniimissioneT  was  •  furnished   Wkh  Copibs  ot  'k  Price 
*  Ciitrthtj-ii>  a'^tnple  and  comjiehdioui  Ibrai,/  irt  tftfe  'Ma« 
lay' Langiiagev  exhibiting  this  dutiea  levied  at  Pioart'g,^  the 
time  ^hd  nature  of  the  d^ltiaiid^f^i^IVlatayp^  H 

description  of  tlie  prlhrfpa^  Eurdpeah'and  Ifldiaa' maau- 
factures  procurable  at  Prince  of  Wales- Islaiid^'-^^  ^^irA  m 
vi ; -ThfeoGcKnmissionei^^wak  apprized ^that  the  doniinidns  of 
■,  Siacb  ,wer&  reported  to ? 'ex ten d  fr<)m  Ti miah  to  llah (o\r , 
ia  place  opposite  the  Island  of  Lingin,  biit  that  the  au- 
thorit'y   of  Siack  was   much   divided.bjr  the  independent 
PP^Ji^r  pr !)  u metojus  w  ?etty :  Chiefs^  with  most  or.whbm  it 
•woiilfljbe  expedient  for  Jiio>t :tp  qpininunicate,  i  The  coun- 
try  between  Rantow  and  Jambi  was  said  (o  be  subject  to 
the    Rajah  of  :Lingin^MT6e]  Gctvern men t  stated  i  that  it 
would;  have  be^iv,reluc{^nt7to:  deplute  an  Agent  to  any 
i  part  jpf  the  dominions  of  that  Chief  had  it  not  felt  assured 
.., that  lithe  objects   of  such  a  mission  being  purely  commer- 
cial, its' frieiidly  visit  could  not  by  any' means  clash  ■'^ga(mst 
the  political  powers  of  aiiy  neighbouring  British  GovePn. 
ment.     The  Commissioner  was  therefore'direcWd^tii  keep 
tliat  feeling  in  view^  in 'executing  such  bbjects']^'  nis 
'  Mission  might  call  for  ^n  that  quarter;^    -'^^  l<i^nc  :mj:>.^ 
In  addition  to    tiie  objects  before  enumerated;' 'N^r, 
ibb'etson   was  directed  *  to  collect  every  information  with 
^  respect  to  the  naturalliistory'-and  antiqiiides  iiif  thci'^^^^^ 
tries  he  might  visit/ the  state  WA'ei^rsoa 


and exterifbf  their  ciiltivaticin,  tli^ciM<yms Vr  fkkcis'^^^^g 
and  'the  ^rihcfpal  arts  pra(itise<l1iy  the  Inhabifaliit'sY'Va 
was  also  ordered  to  pr6cUr6 'by' purchase  "bPdtheV^^ 
specimens  of  everj  martofibtilffe^  or  work  of  art  whicli 
might  be  worthj  of  remark  otf  account  6t  the  kkiirbf  ihiS^ 
natives  and  rareness  or  excellence  of  the  niaterialsV  ^'j^ 
vs^riety'  of  drngs  and  medicinal  herbs'^'  ha3  been  iriipbrfetf 
from  these  countries,  and  a  knowledgeon^irc^dali^rte^^ 
as  well  as^  a  collection '  of  any  particularly  tisefiirof  rare^ 
were  stated  to  be  objects  deservitig  of  his  patticafar^fi 

That  pof tloti  of  duty^  alfotled  ta  Xieite14nt  ^tr6o^§ 
vrAi'i6  keep  a  MetereoIog:ical  ^anii'  TopogrSphreal  'dfaW 
sih'd  collect  information  on  ihe  Climate;  i3eograp%,  ktia 
Military  establishments,  if  any>as  weM  as  to  ascfertafo  tih% 
Military-  ayvaritages  iri  poini  of  situ at16nV*intf  defence  o^ 
the  idifTereht  harbours  and  marftlfVie  poffe  Wd  the'bSs^^ 
means  of  'securing  the  haYigation  of  the  larger  Ri^rs, 
Lieut.  Crooke  was  directed  also  to  define  the  LatUiidfe 
and  -Longitude  of  all  the  places  the  Mission  might  toucli 
at'ahd^^if  possible  to  construct  a  Map  of  the  Couatry  and 
Ch^r^fW'theCbast.-  ^■■^^'■^   .-^,' v-i..;    :..  -  ,,  ^.::.  .  ...  .i 

An  ample  supply  of  presents,  consisting  chieffy  of  BrK» 
tish  Manufactures,  such  as  Broad  Cloth,  Chintzes  and 
Muslins  Was  provided  for  the  purpose  of  (excitliiga'taste 
for  these  articles  amongst  the  chiefs  and  pebplef  SciehtH 
iic  and  Mathematical  Ih$trumeDt8\wet*e' also  furnished* 
Books  with  Piates^^Gtorsburgh's  and  Datrymple^s  Cbarfll 


IHR  STATBS  t^K^XHft'  ITAST   COAST  OF  SyAiAXaA*  9 

of  the  Straits  of  Malacca  togelfiiBr  witliT  Testament^. -and 
Religious-  tracts  kv  the  Malayan  language;  and  othec 
Books  calGiife4€d  to^, promote  usefa4  knowledge^  and  dif*^ 
fuse  geographical  information  araoug^itthe  natives  ^werc 
also  ordered  to  be  cafried  with  the  Comaiission&r.^  A  pilot 
and  competent  es^ahH^hment  with. a  guard.ofl9t soldiers^ 
accompanied  theJVlission  an^  nothing,  was:  omitted ,^imi' 
to  secure  the  full  suegre.|^,ofj  tl^  enterprize.,^. ,  ^-^^j'  ^,,  .. 
.   .^he  Missipaqiurtte^jPw^  5th  June,  and  ar^ 

Tived  at  Jan^bi-  on  the  5th  July,  learing  that  place  on  the^ 
13ih  without  seeing  the  Suttaff.     The  Comraissioijer  war 
attacked  with  fcYcr  and  ague  and  ^n  his  arrival  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Jambl  RiveT,|  his  i]lr>ess  became  so  ^ripug 
that  he  was  forced  to  proceed,  to. Siagappre;  f^rJ^^dical; 
Assistance.     He  remained  th^rc  twenty  days  and.  bein^ 
partially  recovered  he^ ,  .sailed  ^ -in  prosecution  of^  hisj ^j^pj^, 
but  two  days  after  qnitting  Singapore^  hphad-aoTfibp§?5,; 
He  persevered  however,  and  touched  at  A^ssahao  and  JJIglJjj^ 
and  delivered  the  letters  he  had  in  charge,    -At  .t}|$  f^fO'^ll 
place  he  arrived  on  the  23rd  August  and  the, latteiopin  y^^ 
29th  when  finding  his  health  again  getting]  vforsejh^,faii^ 
ed  for  Pinang,  and  arrived  on  the  4ih  September,^ ^h^yipg 
been  absent  exactly  3, Months.,  ..,  lo  /!.:-.'.<  oU\fnB  nk 

Two  years  elapsed  after  the  unfortunate  termji>at^{Mll 
of  this  Mission  before  the  Government,  anxious  to^of^l^O' 
some  more  precise  knowledge  of  the ,  nayigatio^i ,  pj* ,  j^ 
Coast,  so  little  explored  by  Europeans,  dejjpatchqj^.  ihe 
|1.  C.  Cruizer  Nautilus,   in  .April  i822j,^ .  TJ^e  survejr 


from-^DIaniond  Poldl'  to^Siack;   whicfi  was^15tt!r^|irartial1tl^ 

sbdfe  places^  froth  thV limited  tiriie^  dfiitf^J-'^odly 'thVe^ 

months)  vra^  satisfactorily  •pepf(>rin(ed  fcfj«J  lij^ro'tei^ki^^ -Uo^li 

and  Moresby  of  the  Hortoraile  Coiilt^dj/y»'tf^  Bdttibaj-Ma^ 

rine,   who  executed  th'^^^^^hs^ts- 'and''^drew^\ti*isailin^^ 

direciiom  for  that  Coast.  ^'T^s^r^cf^ors^^ducfirMfartw*^ 

or  three  places   onljrv  ri^^'>B2^0tei^^tMirv.  knd'B 

for  the  purpose  of  procurkrg'sijjg^fce^n  A  .il/I  \ij  -^niror 

From  the  year  18  IT-^l^-th^J  t^d^'^^  fl&M  the  Escst'  Coast 
continued  In uch  upon  thcificreaie'jrithe  lajports^of  Pep*^ 
per  alone*  had  risen  from.'  ISO^^r  Kcal&nnsifSVZT-IS'to 
30,000  Piculs  w  1822-23:  rSereraV small Tessefe belong- 
ing to  Pmang  had  proceeded  to  the  northerly  ptirts  for 
cargoes;!  the  Com manderso were  well  treated  and  the  Go* 
Ternment  felt  anxious,  t^  make  another  attempt  to  esta^ 
IJisb  a  better  acquaintance  :with.  the  Chiefs  and  obtaint- 
if  possible,  some  more  precise  information  respect  fng  the 
several  States  on  that  Coast.  The  Nattres  had  ennciedf 
an  encreasmg  predeirclion  for  and  exported  annually 
large  quantities  of  our  Woollens  and  other  Manufacture^^ 
•  The  Governor  had  for  Fometime  had  ir  ih  irleit  iCi> 
adopt  some  measures  for  improving  and  consolidating^ 
these  advantageous  and  notorious  results^  but  having 
heard  from  unquestionable  authority  that  these  places- 
had  excited  the  jealousy  and  acttvky  of  the  neighbour* 
ing  Dutch  Government  of  Malacca,  which  was  reported 
to  be  about  to  depute  Agents  to  the  diSerent  States  oil 
Ibe  East  Coast  of  Suoiatra,  in  mw  to^affeir'  alkiremenfi 


^^jfy^TATj;?  .P.N.  THE- BAs;r  .coA$T  0?  su^^^jra^      II 

to  ihft  traiitere  of,  lli^t^pbutitry  to  direct  theifi^^yalual^ei 
and  daily,  wcreasingi  Cpmincfce  froin^  Piaarig  ta,the.3etT 
tlemeo t  of  M^lacca-^'  f  tl^e  Goyerumetii  re^oWed  at  once 
on  deputtng  aiK  A^ent  tj>  ^yjslt  (jajf  the'  Countries  belweea 
Diamond  Foint  and  Slacks Jhclusive,  for  the*  purpose  of 
anticipatffig  the  Nctheflanders  and-  keeping  the  Chjeri 
of  that  Coast  faithfuV  t<^  their  relatione  with  Pinang.  Ad-^ 
rerling  icr  Mr.  Anderson^s  cominercial  and  general  in-* 
forn^Aijoii  s»  well-  a»  other  attainnieats,  the  Go^eraop 
was'^tidt  aware  of  any  GTentlenian  whom  he  could  select 
better  c^lffied  to  accomplish  that  important  service.  :  ;tt 
'•^Mt^^^^Artdersonr  was^  accordingly  *directedl to  purch?iC 
a  SmaH^: Vessel  for  ther  service,  the  Brig  Jessy,  and  aiak^ 
pre^araUons  for  his  immediate  departure.  In  regard  tA* 
fti4trirct»o»s  iwuch  w^as  left  ta  Mr.  Anderson's  own  dU'f 
creiiob,  but  the  Governor  desired  that  he  would  kee|x,i:i| 
Tiew  the  foliowrng  as  the  principal  objects  of  the  JVlis3}oi< 
-  To  assure  the  (Chiefs  of  all  the  States  between, piamond 
Point  and  Siack  inclusive,  of  the  anxious  and  sincere  dis- 
position of  the  Pinang  Government  to  cultivate  the  most 
cordial  relations  with  them.  Topointout  to  them  fairly 
the  different  course  of  action  which  has  always  been  pur- 
sued towards  ihem  by  the  British  and  Netherlands  au- 
thorities. To  promise  them  and  their  commerce,  on  all 
occasions,  every  consistent  protection,  encouragement  and 
facility  at  this  port.  To  instruct  them  as  to  the  precise  na- 
ture and  demands  of  ihe  market  at  Pinang.  To  hold  out  ta 
Ibeoi  every  inducement  to  ,incre*ue  their  iuduatry  and  e;^ 
-       V    •  <.        '     *  - 


1^     «iEi*Y.W«i  <!6  TWJ?of"«A«J  dS9fB8«J«li|1!TF«»r 
<jo«iu   be  prevailed   upon  to-forego^  their  ^trQog,  preiyi^dicer 


'iiiiii^iiL jT'ii       ;'''  .  Jji/j-j-ie   sifl   rtq.YiJnuo^   aril    DQuo't 
gumOTtr  add    persuasiOQ   to  prevent  them  Irom^  entering^ 

mta  aivy -Monopolies  or  exclusive*  contracts,  or  lotoan^ 

maojifactures  aHd'icamtti^e^'itn^'partfc'AYaH)!  a'^e^scri^' 
tioi»  of  the  baWts  and  tastes  of  its  L»habiia,iiW,^(ii'tiirfl[»c?3 
^^c^'i^fi^bjcht  objecisjhe  was  fdraisbed  qritft  4iit^>^3d(^  l^e 
iB^fEf.^LWl!  StycRitOiJ^   (^^^»,l)«t»oi^and<p&the!(4haj?t8i*xei* 


nos  7TD73  .v<i  fT^nvi 
cussions  existing  be 


rinang  GoFernn^at,  and  tbe.Netberlaiiden.     ,       j     .    ^ 

-s'li^ons  !!K7.'  isviil  3i!  i      .si  j;'  b  bsiisonoo  noco  due  aooi  90 

'and  on  the  4th  arrived  on   the  Coast  of  Sumatra jj^i;^ 


the  banks  oF  tfte  .smairer  •streams  , watch'  preFcnted 
the  oattas  Dfin^ng  the  repper  and  other  produce  rcom^ 
the  interior.^j,  Ir|,,  f^if-^<??5|3iiragi.,5,  .sl^t«>  jhe  E^bass^.^ocs 

per  obtamablc  there^  regderj^d ,  it,  highly  expedi^t^tt ;  %,^t 
Mr,  AndersorvV  q^stimationr  to  (endeavour  ,  by  all  possible 
means,  to  effect  an  amicable  adjnstineut  of  ^  the  diffecw 
encesr   ,H;e  felt  satisfied,  ih^t -his  in terposkion  could  be; 

restore^  jth§'  ^p,nE^ij[,ierce.^o(  ^  the^^ji plrj  ^ to ,  jjts  former  pros-r 

.j^Under  that  iiftpressioitt  he  set  out  upon  a  journey  t# 
the  jencam^pment  of  the  Sulfaii  of  Delli  at'  Kbli  Ja^jii 
Thfe  encrtiywas  frosted  on-  the  opposite  side  of  the'ltifer 


wth?rr  Mttsqnet  sh6t.  They '  consented  to  an  '  interFieir 
with  hini  and  hostilities  were  suspended  durinV^t]i^  3 
days  that'Mr.  AhaeraOh' was  endeavouring^  by  every  coi)« 
ciliatory  argument  and  persuasion  to^  reconcile  them  to  ■ 
each  other.'  Both  'parties  "seemed  satisiSed  with  the  part 
he  took  and  each  conceded  a  little.  The  River  was  shortly 
after  this  frfeed  firoih  inlerrii^'fioiii  and  peace  ancl  Harmohy  ^ 
restoredl^-^^^'^^  ^f^'^  ^''^  -^ .^^''^'''A^}   ^-v-^  -'r 


I]4     «iltBIUTIONS^OFciTHJB.lTLKA8QT«0XBaAlt&I&X^WtTII 

.IflTh«  SDkaa^efuDelli^  cxpressed^iilafehtedbadh^^iltntly 
^QnOibeikwleji  hhi  ap*i^st:dQ4rl^lj|Qi<nilumte^«|.ptesescfKi«' 
inexioa  with.  FinangiandleoJlcontiliate  t^e  gc«rf  wii^-ofkHlor 
B^hi^b  I  Government  iriHe  (hasiialreadjp>  reaped  extensive 
...beiiegts-.froni  the  trade -with  vPtJiai)g:aiid  wajsoifally  sen— 
gible  of  Its  advantages'^  ta-  bimsBlf  and  hk  cabntrj  thab  it 
required  no-argurncntsmi  idtiMifice^  hirti^i  tfie  jjirfiiby^of 
gififig  encoiiragement'to ^mnSBrcd^ "atifl^to'  the^ 'fixtenifoa 
of^ricukure.'^*  iW  riipid'iiHcfefase'^^ 
had  been  nearly  15  fbrd^uririg^the  last  4yeSrsf,:pro?BMAie 
rsific^ity  '  of  bis  ibteatii^ns  and  ibej^riidedc^aSr^-pblfcy^oC 

He  was  too  sensible  of  the  iiberalitj  and  generous  dis* 
position  of  the  BritUh  Government  to  be  induced,  to  forn^ 

political   connexions   yoLuntarily.  with/theJOutch  or  aiiT 

{^}.i':\ri.o   ojM-    ••!)!»>  7.(n/ij;n:     fr^fnoJj   ^ifJn.Siii  lo   r-;^ -^ 

Other  powers,  or  .to  make   any  engas^eqients  bavins:  the 
most  indirect  tend^ncvi  :to  prejudice , the  in (^restSi of  the 
-  «?^J#W^/^F.  ^r  PiB^?^^'  lJ^^,^Co^lna^sicmcc^^eq^^ 

:  .si^  MiMf %.A^e  two  por^^  f^ft5i;^^ftk»f  »nang,^oi^|4,.;alwaj» 
^]^e„  th^jPf i^icij)al^^.^depot  Jpr ^.  tJbiB:  valuable ,  prpduce lQ/,tbat 
V  rM^l^nidiTheiJopg  andtedi^US.ypyagedp.wi^  the  Straits  at 
i^cfijctain  seasons-  of  the  je{ir)and}  thf:  apprehension  ofuPi* 
'^i.ralbs  rendered: Iti  improbable  that  the  Pepper  prodbceof 
:  J)^lli  jM^^ddl^  3nm}eriallyiid^erledi]fn)[aiPinafig^.anlesi 
P3&:eJ^  !li^rf^J«6Ffi1ilt^J[ei«4(^iOa;the>pacti^:t^€pj»tGfa^ 


wth«'>f*'fepperi-tmfle>had-'l>eeit>safcject^^^  had  ai^i^A^tfrOflpfche 
f.  r'cxtreme  far.ef sttr'ia-  t)oli  1  thiBL'  BtiUk  i  <:ul^iFat6ifs  itbvreceiTenin 
o-jpayjment^jfuyj  Ojthieri&aiTrDolIdrs  ofiGarolm/ddd  4t^d^4th 

■itrhitibjibayejm  LremarkaBl/firavgoland  ofbH^tkrit  f^llf^iFir*. 

•  dinaii{l3Jitfie  cT^thj.beikig'faUi  &«iall^.^an4i-9pj^c:&»jl  "iEhisfiiwjr 

iCase   an^,^b?^^cpii^e(gi^nfi^j,^^a^  ihe-fjmmtfi  ^IMIiars 

II  iSeldoi5^^8i;e,p  iies&,|^ijvi9«>j,jijian3^^nd  ^  per}  JP^Mfnd 

n^i^^sifete  tft pVJrcb^se^:t!i^^ 
'roni  places  where  the  objection  existed  to  ^^0.]^e;ilf$pt 
of  small  Dollars,  as  the.  Ferdinands  were  called. „  The 
scarcity  of  course  daily  encr^ased, .  for  the  Battas  horde 
up  all  the  money  they  receive,  either  concealing  the.Dol- 
jars  or  melting  them  and  makmg  them  mto  ornamenxs^ 
and  not  a  Dollar  left  the  country  again.     ^  * 

-  (Donferences'^witli  the   Battai-V^ent^lfi!^^^  Ij^ili^ev^^i^ir* 

^  gumeiit^fo'  persulade  them  of  theaidialita^es'ifftldfi  wfl&ld 

•'tesult'from  th^'  superibr  facilittes  of  dlspb'^fng  of  calgbei 

■   at  Pinarig  and  by  convincing  them  t hat '^ tW' Ddlfai-i  Wt^re 

all  of  equal  intrinsid'  value,   siiceeedecl  in  indui^Ag^the 

Batta  Chiefs    Rajah- Sebahija   Linga,  -of  ihc^kPibe- K-aVaa 

Karau  and  the  liead  of  the  Pepper  plahterfe'<irt:  then  interior 

i  of  Delli,  to  cotisent  that  all  Dollars 'shoiildiphsjiindifiori* 

r:  jfainately  in  hia uddmiQionsV)  and/ h^ gave  thfe  1  Ageiit  W'idii* 

tea  engagemeat  ia^DJuiU^iOfl^ilb  the  Sui^^        D^IU  to 


coYn§  nhcir  ^  foolish^  pri^j  lidrcie.i,  ^btit-  fcoiild  ^iietc^^  ^itf^cci^f 

the  Ulterior  had  become  reconciled  (o  this  cnat>ge,  they* 
trould  use  their  best  efforts  to  introduce  the  currency  of 
Rupees  and  other  small  coins,  as  an  additional  encourage* 
inentWtrafdir^  "^^    noijfcoqdb  3nir>2  ^di  ^ni^nr/s  ^i'loilia 

As  a  more  convincinfi^  proof  of  the  Sultan  of  UelliV 

desire  to  maintain.^  frieadiy   relation, with\.r.inang,iie 

>  :-    ~*i::)r    ,;,:,:,'-•'.':''-? njurd  "^ns   nodufj,  i/^  >i3fLij  odl  ,^ 
tendered  to  the  Agent  an   eng:affement-f  that  he  woulelr 

not  permit  the  Dutch  6r  ^iW  othe.r  power  t9  setde  m  nrsr 


racing  to  tr^de;!  that  fi^trbuld  fcontm\Je  the 
Jy  relations' witjiTinangflhatlie'^^  iuit "Mt^^'o^  taVy 
the*  duties,  'as  formerly  iiied'  by' '^^  Seh^dtife^  sfedt  lb  tlie 
Piiiang  Gorernmeni^  that  Trader^  "frbn^'TH^ahg  shtnildl 
bi6'>t|ibefty'to  buy'and' selFm  any  part  of  liiJ^'dlyaiinT^hli 
and 'be  Tree' Wn^  nnmblieste^,— so  thara^^  (jWcrfpffdrti 
of  T^cioaf  might  bie  imported  fnto'theCiiintryVand  that^K^ 
wb^ld'^^ndfearbuT' to  introduce  the  currency  oSrWhe  Island*. 
"■  At  DeHi,  as  well  as  every  port  or  piafcc  visited  by't^6 
Com tfiTSsioticri' l>e  was  received  wilhf  the iuiost ' li nbound** 
ed  io'fifidjiirceli'rrd '*that  marked  respect!  which  any^Ageit 
•froWW^'^BrUifK  Crorerhnientw^ 


Hm  Urm&mvigicmii&Mi^mj^L  '^ 


,ererf  $jb«iTn' thet|gce&test»vcchsiden'ati6'frj--4J!£'t%a\Kne^ 
to  attend  to  their  little  wants  amrd  to'  assist  theiF-s»6j«i^ 

ft  ,TJ[^^o^??t:  RMe^^M  bfrgnjiPeJgr  t^  lfuj»i$^^ 
ti'henra , large;  ,qii§njiti€S  L.i^ 

^^fe&f^^A^;d5£s^n;gftepwa«l||raJell?4|l^^ 

Riv^r  to  SoonghaL ,,  the  residence  of  the  Oranff.jKaya, 
whose  plantations  of  Pepper,  are  jrery  c:jtensive.r  Theca 
^as  an  ap^jear^Kse  9r^ery  ^^bur^^anj  ^^pp  tjot]T^Q)r^Qni|r^ 
and  Pepper:  the  formelr  they  .werareapine:  and  the  latiec 
just  beginning  to  ph]ck»  JMany  Prows  were  load mff  andl 
'waiting  for  cargoes*     This  is  a  beautiful  Country.  . 

.  The  Orang  Kaya  and  the  Chier  of  Bold,  China  gave 
the  Agent  similar  assurs^nces  with  the  Sultan  of  Delli.. 
except  that  they  would  not  positively  engage  to  introduce 
the  currency,  although  they  would  iendeavour.  to  do  so, 
The  Agent  established  so  good  an  understanding  t«rith 
the.*e Chiefs  that  they  ciirie 'down ' the  RfreV}  with^al^'^e 
party  of  Battasv  id  pay  "^  risir  to^lhe  Brig  lyitf^  itf '^ifiilk 
Kapalj^  An]pri|^'krfa  UftcFWLds^ 


I«        RELATIONS   OF   THE.  PJNANG.  GOVBRNMBNT^  WITH 


seen.  The  Agent  stated  it  as  bia  opinion,-  from  his  orni 
observations  and  the  information-  of  the  natives,  tliat  the- 

of  a  Te 

h^fttihli  ^^?yi1fg'lo^4b^ttfeivya^i?6f  "P^^^^^^^^ 
k  ^pd:afl|§na^  ffe#/ile^^|6es'<|l^ 

thb  ne^ct^-^'lilaijd  l^isttedI<Bja^r<<^A4t^^^^dii^^  B^"i^^64 
^Ckind  di^ys:}fQhiihi&  atm^ioflxthailBdkifrfl  B^^£^  s(a$3t!id 
pitef]  isjistjJiled^^^aad'jseiieiBual^la^bridedi/ih'e  ilSiveh^tt 
W)gefenhirfaaatLEah:pdRg^*git?..  oti%^  kt^fo|rWtf  ^He  frdtt 
isefttofi  ^wa^lt>«delvi$d^wM'^*er^flec^WstVM6^  ^ 

andiitbesi'efil vf  JifiUly  r^vWe^feUhe^^dispijisitidft  af^t hi?  Cfifief^ 
aib«  gan^eiiSnx^loui-inariife^V^tioft^^d^^  tif bbkbihalg 

andstiKexlM^es/feeltngs  W  re«;p^r'^tfn**srfttdijJrt«^ir^o(PI^ 
lk^gysb«4>^liyQiVat:d)^  tprv  Pioa^^bisciihjiM^ljidb  a-Jucralif:^ 
^S^vJ^lSBim^M^ir.^^/k^i^^^.  k^^n^^t^g  several  ^y^j^^^l 

fi?iWirybiB«^^l^7)>=!'&ai?j  ^v^Dtage§,;f;ai>(|,.|J^er^ni5W9l 

WM  ^^S  l?Vf '^,^l^?S^^9n5yyoi>  afl(^jprx>fperu^^ 
l>ouring.smaU^st^^^n^fro^  o)   e^.L^iT 

:    •  Vide  Appendi4  No.  4.  '    .     ^      v  . .  ,  ;    .    ->,1 


and  compUraentary.  lettei*  both  to  the  As^nt  and  the 
Governor  ofTinang,  ta  aoj  cfTect  nearlj  SMnUar  to  tha 
Others,  evincing  the  same  dispositfon  to  eajgmrage,  thp 
resort. of  Traders  fram  Pinang  and  a  desire  to  encrease 
the  Commerce  between  the  two  Countrie^r    .  *    , 

/, The  Chiefs  at  Bu Don  and  Batang-Sarangad",  near  the 
lUQutb  of  the  Langkat  Rii^er^  expressed  the  same  wisa 
to  improve  the  connexion  With  Pinanff,  Indeed  but  one 
f^_^lin5,,seemef^.^t<)|  pervads^.thy  whole  of.  the^ChipH  wiU^ 

ipcUna.iroA,.t^o4i^f  ia,^9hao^e,^.|t.ma^^ 

iect  j»f  ffwdec,  ibat  this^farge.jaa^l.popn^MS  CRHBtfygf^ 

JUangUtj.fbeijroduce  of;  whfqh  haf/lotjg^,^ 

the  longrperJod,  th^t has,^,^|aR>9.d,sin^^^ 

,„,H«?re,to?,the  ^gent  ,endea^<»ure4  to  r,efoncilfii,t>,ft,J^g«- 

f\le_ parties;  b^lt  hf;..???  fl«>lii9H>t§i  s® l»«ccessf»ha?)?'?) * 

fP!;TOe!;,.oecatiori>,.aJthoMg^,,ea(^,sepm 

the  motives  for  his  jint^rff  r^tspce  .and  .both  lent  a  willing 


lidju5tmerlUb*P«o-f«Ufti«iogi5ihare^siac6jJjedi  happiljsrea* 

The  Agent  took  theop^^mSm^^t^mmi^x^^iL 
jWoasaWpressibo^^whicK-tSi^iuadei^t^^ 

by^lhe  Rajafr  of  L«iigkMqf4^WhJgr'iB«=|paft^me-pih¥T^^ 
tG<^efAfl»\St' Had  takio  iW«6'5dapi»le^\»itK^ 

DeTfr?  "-i^W  13' iiftfe  a'6lffit'tif6''Sunargnd-^aV'6'i§e(f^ 


iSlk^lJ'  tilg  Ai^nl  n^'ontf '^ofA^a'^t^SfiWlote 
o1  Delli  ^ the  exf reme  imptopf lety  ^  of  permitting  strcli  aa 
idle  and  preposterous  report  fo  be  circulated,  buC  expli- 
cilly  stated  to  the  Chiefs  of  Langkat  the  impartra)  and 
independent  pan  the  British  Gorernnient  tooK  la  suck 
dioerences;  that  it  did  not  interfere  except  so  fai^a^  en«" 
deavouriqg,  by  friendry  persuasion  and  shewing;  them  the 
advantages  ofp^ace,  to  reconcile  the  contending  parties^ 
II  was  not  difficult  to  remoTC  the  impression  from  the' 
minds  01  t nose  people,  who  had  never  experienced  anr 
thine  but  indulgence  in  their  mtercourge  with  Pinanfir. 
.Tri^ej:Cf |i^.  j|  jftl^pe;wey.  calculated  f^r^^..S^^^^^  ^tj^j^ 

niputh' of:  th^e^ i^a^gjkat  -Rivei^,,  9^11^4  J^i9J^sP.^!PWWu^i 
fine,,lygb,;pr5^^ag;,,,point^^^ 
iuark,,,wbi|ii,M..mico»mxnonr  ia  this  auarteo  .iThe  D^tch^ 


THB    STATBS   ON    TUB    BAST   COAST  OF  SUMATRA*         21 

applied,  for  this  spot' tA' establish  a  factory  upoii. several 

- /7o  Kid  ino-n  .e^OI^lqo  fid   ?r*  Ji   l)'ij/.j>:  3n-3^^  ba  1      a\oj 
ycafs  ago.       .  ,    ^         .  ^  .     .    .  . 

Batubara  w^s  tjie  next;  pnAcipa!  port  visited  by ,  the 

Mifsio«,o,,A;f^ej;,^tii)g^w<l>^ 

several  Disti*iet8,;a^seinye4{^jqrd^jthe^  ,JLe^ter^  ftogi^^l^g^  ^^ 

vernor  of  Pifiaftg  w^s  recevT^d,,  a$,l|ie  Jirst{\frorn  l(ifa4)QQ« 

vern  uient;^  vritli;  g^cat  j^t^v^os^jif-  ^iid}>i?b t^l^pp^ari^ftc^  of 

uncoiptDiyii  satisfaetioa Abyi  Xfee  v foltowliig  GMtepJ,) :{in  thia 

absence  pf  tbie  Rajab^BiudaRara)t>nz£  Sri^Mabaraji  Lela^i 

D atu .  SH  Mabarhj ahy  ijDatu  w.  SamoawaagJia,^,  iDat u.^  Fie^i^r 

and  Xainuftgot^^i)]  TJbe'se  ,Qibgfs.^alsq-itehderediidngage* 

meijts  tb^t  Abex  ,^:<?Ajid  ji^oi,  ppjoph^^^^^  NAtioa 

to  settlej  jiv,  any:  -  parti;  of  iiBat,ii  bar*,  ^Oij^its  vDepeDdenfciet 

of^,fledagaiy  Pegoprawa^hSjep^rirpari-jjOfxcTanjoag  add 

they  expressed  tbeijTi  in t^Mtfon  of  ejiodtrrhgiog/ theVe^rt 

to  Pinang.  of  their  trading  Pf 6 ws^  fcbiti  DelU  :and^'<llhe('. 

places.     They  gave  the^  AgJ6nt'lTso'ait^h:^suradc6^'(unfdc* 

their  hands  and  sieals)  of  tfieii'  pr5tecti6hiind''issist'a&fce 

to  any  Vessels  that  niay  Ibe  m'distress'WtheiFCbasti 

and  of  affording  every  facility  to  enable  theKl'tli'pSu¥fi, 

to  their  own   ports.    They'  afso' promised  a'freP  ad'mis- 

sibn  of  any  Merchandize  into  their  Country  by  ^M^rcnk^i^ft 

or  Traders  from  tbe  British  Settlementy,  free  irduii^^ 

or  exactions   whatever,    their   aim   being  to  encourage 

Traders  to  frequent  their  Country;  and  lastly  they  pro^Xj 

claimed  throuffhout  the  state,  during  the  Agent's  stay^ 

that  the  currency  of  Rupees,  buK us  ana  lahs  was  estoi^ 


22        RELATIONS  CF    THE    TINANG    GOVBRSim^f^WlI33L 


amortgsrfBV  ^enef^^^^^ 

Tfiey'  are^  aK'^muclfi  addicted  (^  trade  and  MUnafactur^ 
Of 'SilK't^am,  and  may  be  said  to  be  the  earners  of  the 
pi^b'dtfil^Tr^bm  the  several  lertile  staies/aTong  the$e  shQj:es*'> 
TRertibfaTn  th<iir  trading  fund^  principally  iii  adtaiice^ri 


bers  to 'Belli,  Sirclang,  Langkat  .and,Jthe.<rtl^qrt)iPepp^fi 
^^o%.p^!l^l^^^^^  "^^^^  thej^  bring slargof 

Jwlfn!^  ?:"l?i^iJi^'?5ii>^^'^i^-^^»^4e.; by; the :Chref^>bfvtiittri:^« 
^?r,a  ftfofn^JfflPf.W^'^W.t  p/iibelcoDiinercc  b^tvreen  i!ici¥^^ 
^^fAfdlnJ  fn^  P/;f/^...^ei|l.^fBfint§  aD^  Jorlihe  ptirposeoPJ 
checking  that  extensive  systjcip^  of  (Piracy  rwliichpretiilf'^ 

whicfi   come  up. fi         •--.      w.     .  . 


XJi 


rafe^'SxAtii^  ON    T»B    BAST    COAST   OP    SU5IATaA,.        23^ 


prrii-alenc^   erthe  sfro.ig  Northwest   Wiudp,  in  Optobfiju 

Pisrak.Shore  to'tlnrrirac^? 'Ts'rhall  iwiil}^ 
fore,  would  afford  prolecifdnYo  th'^l^'Ira^lL  PrW?,  wh'S 
are frequently  m  want  of  rei)airs  aAa  water  and  dare   not 
venture -neat  theie  Islands   unless  com^eAjUK^s^lip- 
Weather,   and  it  would  give '  gfeatVnc'Ji,"rli^l^enr  anF 
gtiiuulas;  jQVritfieri.  who  are  often  -'d'etfe^r'i^l'frd'ni  en&. 
ing   in   coiuinercial  speculation!  'ilWJ'such  K^zSrWus  ens'* 
terprizes,  from  theHread  of tosiftg  fH^efi-  Jlte's  ^n^  tfie  l»ar5" 
ewiinga  perhaps  of  (Oanyyewi.'/-  3'i-"3'i<3  "''U   8'ii>l33ffi 

FromBata6a^ath*6^1genV^HWb%eaja  If^Tto  issa^  *" 
the,  King  of:  whici»-l,mi¥''Ja*''f<i6V  a^Jl\-i\i'r^r'^^^^^^ 


^i        BELATIONS   OF   TUB    PIN  AN  G- 60TB  RNMBNT   WITH-' 

seeing  that  very  ricli  and  populous  country,  ofVhich  less 
has   hithertd.  bfeen  tnbwh  thin  mo4'  of^his  bth^r  'Settltf* 
ments  itf  tfiai!tt  'quarter.     The  Agent^net  witb  ji  irery  1  hds-- 
pitable  feeeption  and  obtained  from '  the^  Chfefg  wtittea-^ 
a^stttances  of  their '  desire  to  ibrward^the  ' obj^ectsr  of q the ' 
M^sion..    The   currency  was-  also    introdnc^d^  into  Ithfe- 
country  by  the  engagenjent  of^the.rbieftind'iiito: its^^^mi^- 
t>or  dependencies '  of  Silow  Lidong  and  QualfoovJiJ J' ue Ti 
'     The  Agent  havingl^arnt  ai'  Assahari  thaii-th'e  GHiefr 
ofBeeiah,  Panci  and  Tartah  Putihf  in  the  R-'cccan:  River, 
the  only  3  principal  ports  between  thatiplacetahdr Stack: 
were  at  the  time  at  the  latter  p\AQe^it\i^i^ih^igg^^^^fi'*- 
gerousBoa  in  all  their  lliyers  ;w'hi^^ , f-e^de^s  navi«^- 

gationi  extremely   ha^rdous  foj;  stny.^ojher  ,.tham^^roa^^ 

.Vessels  constructed  for  the  purpose  ^ and  inanaged  by  peo-^ 
i>le  accustomed  to>  such  .a  difficult  navigation,,  and  these 

cDlaces  beinsf  tributary  to, and  immediately  dependent  da 

vSiack,./bc,deterniined'  to  proceed,  direct  to  that  plaice^ 
On  quilting  Assahaa  a  feyer  broke  out  on  board  the  Bi-ig 
and  25  out  of  62:  were  unfu  for  duty.     The  Mission  ac«» 

i^ordingly  proceeded  to  Malacca  for  Medical  aid  and  Vie* 
fVfshments^  the  sick  recovering  speedily  during  the' pais^^^ 
sage  to  that  place,  across  the  Straits»  »    :    >  . 

.  ,^  After  a  very  short  stay  at  Malacca  tne  Agent  proceed'* 
ed  Xo  Siack*.  After  four  days  sail  up  the  River  the  Mis* 
sion  reached  the  city  ^f  Siack»  Here  there  was  a  marked 
dioerence  in  the  style  of  the  Agent's  reception  compared 


,^ith,  the  Other  places'he  had  visited.    Ho  pains  w 


were 

)ih  nil  ■'lL  jud 


THE    STATES    ON    THE    BAST   COAST  OF  SUMATRA. 

?>.j\  daidfilo  ^^-Tjniioo  guofi.qmj    hns  doh  ^13/ j£f[)   -ofnggg 

to  proceed  up^the;illYef;i^^tiifisr^i}\^[jiv(9Tij^^  ^^5  ,Agen|tt 
Md    iiiade  |>i:0j>^mt}oiis  Jiovjr#iiri^o^^^    atte^i^t  ^off^Q^Jf^ 

Ge^{lemi»lioIlMoffhr^]P^/^Jii%y]l§e^Jiqe^,,fa^^^ 

■(mD  5A^ogk»Pcfe>fIan4\  th?  ;eapJ(?iig..pf,lhe.^f|t^hJ^jrjgof 

-%cffri'dfed£tberl\ircr]tafrBu^kit  Batii,  80;im3^^^^ 


but  as  an  Agent  of  the  Pinang  Governluent,  specially  de- 


puied^  Ibir'^Jbd^  express  purpose  of  formidg^aC^ 

Treaty  witll^ tlm  Brimlf  Goverftttieiit^        - wjajx^  ad   ixil) 

The  Agent  anixious  to  ascertain  pr^ci^elj  th'edisposfe 
sion 'and  futuro  iotetttions-  of  the  King  aod>  Ws  Chieff 
obtained  fcom^  him  an  engagement^.^pecifying.  hisAffste^ 
and  intentions  and  also  received  a  letter  from  BiftMi^jesty- 
to  the  Governor,*  On  the  parl>  of  the  Briti&h-,  Govier^ 
ment  no  coBcessions  or  promifes  were  madet^rv  /^  ^^M '-V 

Cohsiderable  apprehensions^-were  €ntertaf»ed  ftoinUt^ 
Dutch  at  Siack^  whioh  were  in<)r^  papticotarTy  encrea^^ed 
by  daily  reports  of  tWsnetess  oF  their  arms  itv  conquering 
some  provinces  in  the  interior  of  Hidahg^  not  far  fronot 
Menangkabait  and  they  were  ^ppreheiisite  the  Diitclr 
had  some  sinister  designs  upon  ihem  and  irUhed  to  pcte-- 
gess  a  direct  conimunicatioir  Across  from  Siaefc  to  Padan^* 

There  vT?is  a  Dutch  Settlement  at  Pulo  Gantang  near 
the  entrance  of  Siack  River  which  was  cut  oiT  about 80 
years  ago,  since  which  period,  during  a  long  succession. of 
Kings  and  various  changes  and  revolutions  there  tia^  pot 
been  any  attempt  made  to  renew  the  intercourse!  till  re- 
cently.  The  Agent  was  informed  the  Netherlands  Go* 
ternment  claimed  some  privileges  and  rights  from  an« 
cieht  treaties  which  must  long  since  have  become  ob-* 
solete  and  cannot  be  binding  upon  the 5th  or  6th  genera* 
tion  or  give  them  any  just  pretentions  whateveri      '»f  J   io 

The  Rajah  of  Siack  particularly  enquired  whether  the 
English  would  give  him  assistance  and  protectioir^  in  case 
*'       .  -  *  Vide  Appendix,  No,  6  and  7.     ..•i>Ii/i>iA  StiiU 


TttH^STiATBS'V.OSraTBB- BAST   COAST   Of    SlfO^IA^R^^^      2J 

tKe  Diitch  sTiotifd  attei^ipit  toseUlejn-l^ 
(for  he  expressed  his  determrpatipn  t;q  .r^eift^  j^ieiQ  a$ 
long  as  he  had  the  power,)-  the  Agent  informed, Jiini,  that 
he  had^  no  authofity  to  irtterfere^  in:  political  matters  or 
to  give'  any  a^uranee^^^  at-  all,  the  ■Mission  being;  purely 
of  a  commercial  nature  arttfdesigned  to'improve  the  trad^ 
between  the' two  Couhtriei&t|:Ojit  fiO  ^.  mj  /o  ^-{^  fji 
There  was^at  the  timo  the  Mission  yisited  Stack,  H:  Ah 
vision^  in  the  Governm^ntyr  iind -two  parties  ib  the  .King- 
dom; '  >  Th«: .  Pang^rap^  iSypd  i  Zqen,, .  was  at  the  heajj ,  of 
of  one  of  them; and  ^here;  was  a  likelihood  of  a  revol u tioa» 
The  Pangeran  is  pn6  of  the  fouf  Chiefs  who  usurped  the 
Government  from  the  former  King  ?ind  _  placed  Syed  All^^ 
his  Prime  Minister  and  Father.of  the;  present  Chief  upoii 
.(he  throne;  He  has  many  adherents  and  is  well  sup* 
plied  with  arms.  This  Chief  expressed  himselMispleased 
with  the  conduct  of  the  other  Nobles  of  the  Country Ja 
entering  into  a  Treaty  wich  the  Dutch.  The  Agent  fuU^ 
explained  to  the  Pangeran  that  the  British  Government 
wished  for  no  extension  of  territory,  but  merely  desired 
a  fair  and  equitable  participation  in  the  trade  of  the 
surrounding  Countries  and  pointed  out  its  decided  ob- 
jecrions  to  interfere  in  any  of  their  internal  disputes. 
The  Pangeran  gave  the  Agent  16  musters  of  different  sorts 
of  Timber  for  Ship-building  and  other  useful  purposes, 
which,  he  assured  him  could  be  supplied  to  any  extent 
and  he  expressed  a  great  anxiety  to  r^aewj. the  trade  ia 
.that  Article,      ,^  tni  ^  ,o>f  ^xibo»q^A  siiiV  ^ 


28        RELATIONS   OF   THE    PINANG   GOVBRNMBNT   WfTtt 

/ .  Mp  j4A>^f;';ff^"/^  r^arke^  i  that  then^Fack')  River  pis- 
'^^^^5g&,^^,ejit^^j[l\afj^^vge§,,m  of^racUity.oftiiarigatWcr^ 

from   the  eren   soundings  and  tfeepi^channel,   thefci- ndfc 
being   a    sand    bank:  or  dangerous , shoal   in   the   River,, 
except 'a  bar  at  the^  eutfaiicej  on,  oneside  of  which  there- 
>s  a  fine  deep  chann^4h€^^^ai;row^^      ^^^^^  Itm  > tn       ^ 

.The.  report  of  the  Ag^ein'iprpce^ffi^g^-.^^W^^^ 
demonstrate  the  value  and  importanGe  on.^th^e  ft^^he 

East  Coa>t  of  Sumatra^  in   a  pomraercial^jpo^^^^  fjiev^j 

to  the  British  Settlements  in  the  Straits  of  Ma^ucjcar  «  P«i> 
ing  the  two  last  years  j^ihigtrade^  with;  |he^  P?PJ^^  ports 
has  continued  to  flourish  and  enereascd  qufintilies  bave 
been  imported  intol'inang  and  Singapore.  .The  deprf- 
ciiited  value  ofiliat  Arlide,  of  late,  however,  has  tcndedl 
in  some  degree,"  to  darrip  the  energies  and  check  the 
industry  of  the  cultivators,  and  it  is  to  be  feared  the 
quantity  of  produce  is  gradually  exceeding  the  demand. 
However,  the  Natives  now  purchase  their  Opium  and 
their  Cloths  in  th^  same  ratio.  All  these  Articles  and 
most  Europe  Manufactures  bave  fallen  in  price  propor- 
tionably  more  than  the  Pepper  ia  the  Markets  of  Pinang 
and  Singapore. 

^J^lijch  4  will  depend  upon  the  construction  the  Dut:<^ 
in^y  put^  upon  Ihe  late  Preaty,  w hether.  they  will  inteir*^i 
ferp  at.  all  .with  seyeral ,  indeperident  States  '  on:  the  Easi? 
Coast  of  Sumatra;  whether „th(^  British  .SetUeraeivtSi  ki 
these  Straits  will  be  ayi^^93gr^t|o^^cQO^uinuation-of  thcilad*£t 
Tantageous  commerce  which   has  been   for  some  years 


THB    STATES    a«    TUB    BAST- COAST  OF  SUMATRA*        29 

pa«t,  carried  on  with  lliese  States;  and  whether  the' Nc- 
therlaiidl'  Gbver'nifteht  'will  'olktrirtr  a^' juV't^^ifed  lifijeral 
policj  or  nbt,r^^reeaBly.  to  thefiatcriiiotts  khrf%i*pe6tk(f6ii 
Of  the  homi^  auch^iricsl^    >>f^   '^-^liUruio^    ii!>y9  grit   rwiL 

'  1  he  (jiiantity  of  Pepper  imported  from  the  East  Coast 
of  Sumiklra  into  Pinang,  Malacca  and  Singapore,  during 
the  present  year,  has  not  been  niucli' short  of  fiOjOOO"^ 
Piculs  and  unless  the  price  continues  to-  didcrease^  very 
i«aterial1y,lK^  produce  will  soon  be  much  ni ore.'  iia'ngkaU 
!B<i!u  Ghiiia,  IDelti'and  Sirdang^  are  the  principart*epper 
ports;  biit  small  qnan titles  have  been  also  exported  latiely 
from  Perchoot,.  Padangi  Tanjong,  Si  low  and  Assanah. 

It  tnay  be  useful  to  give  a  htisty  sketch  of  the  nature 
of  the  traSe  conducted  at  the.-e  principal  ports  and  t^. 
^bjoia  a  schedule  of  the  duties,  &c.  beginning  with  ,,: 

L^  ^.bmK    .:  .J^ANGKAIVdj..ii   ./hoi:)  •U..IJ 

pepper  is  the  grand  staple  of  LangVat,  but  there  are 
niany  other  valuable  Articles  of  produce  exported  from 
thence/^2.  Rattans  of  diiGTereht  sorts,  Bees  Wax,  Pulses, 

•  The  SiaiertJcot  i«  Appendix  No,  8,  exhibits  theprpgrcsi  of  the  P<pper 
trade  from  ihe  porei  00  ihc  fiaii  Co*lt.of  Sainatfii    ^'"^    ^^^^^   xiti.::   \- 


Gambler,  Gold,/j^jr:^Jl^ae^\a[n|rjf{dd7^  Blachang 
forms  anather  Article  of  exporU-  The  principal  im-^ 
ports  coasist  of  Salt,  OpI^iTm^- Coarse  Blue  Cloths,  Bug-- 
ge«e  Sarongs,.  Europe  Chintzes  and  White  Cloths, 
ScarleV^  Broad  Clbtk^ifa*^  HkhdRyftJ^idfsT'^fcir  alF  of 
wliich  the  Natrves  have*  latelj^'^^nied  a  strong  predihc-- 
tion;  Surat  and 'Bengal  Rugs,  Cron,  principally   hoop^and 


^dannie?,1^eree  siaods  and  Lamps;.  SwivetS,  iVfusq^uct^  auct 

'Guapower;  SilW  Cloths  from  Batubara,  alsa  a  variiety  of 

Achinese  and  CoUon  Cloths.      There  arc  many  other  mi» 

noroArticles,  al\^ays  saleable  here,      the  imports  must 

i  be  veny  considerate,   to  sni3pry  the  wants  of  the  large 

iiiiii  lijiiH  i3(j  6*3i  ilo.G  t' .        t   ;^      .;    o>-      ,       . 

population  in  the  interior  and  the  traders  from  the  other 

side  of  4he' Island.  .'  -      ^  .  *, 

dno  lo    Jni.iq    9/11       •;:^   pjr.^l-  -^  n       ./  - 

iodMPfl§g<?q  t5i^J^59P9ffi   ^Pn^a^^^'i^®   ^^^  agriculture!     The 
o)fOltopjng.a/ft,lli5,frifly,^^t|ej^kTied  at^^^ 

•^'^     "^^itill^kh.'''''''^  ^'^'    ^-'^^nExtoRTS^nA      :  ^      .     ,   _{. 

Sdt47Dr?;  perCoyati.  3iRiq<q,§  Pr%.per  Coyair*       ^^j^ 

/"OmY  srii  ^jiifjijo-q  ^ol  I  3pepper.2/,,  ,pcr  JOO  .Gaptiopp/Tor 

•if)  -arf  i)9nio8      .niidb  vlliHiJBh^t^jCiSil    3i»i  ^u^inj^g   g,.;!^' 

^  a^'Qiiifi  axi^M  bxis  stlv'l    RattkhV  ^  iJ^^  lOO^PundlcsWl 

All  other  Articles  free  of  duty.  ^g^ni  /  ad^ 


Oi 


~ir:i  JBqianhq  adT  .Jwqzs  >.  alahrh  ladions  iano\ 
-■^uil  ,.rf)oO  sum  s,ir.oj^pff—ai)  ^,ie8  -Jo  Jua«oa  gnoq 
,*il)oD  5;i(!W  briB  systi:;..  )  aqo-iu:i  ^^^noicg  a^gg 
;>  The  l*eppeR,qijUJv«JePi  iijirfj^  »i.'i.^^'OT)E7^'7i|]fl?or 
stve;     The  jjrisebaf.,5»j(>piig^f^li  igj.^^  Doll^r^.peij  BjaXjOr  • 

lieu  h»i^mv;4l  ^|:f9WvJ|>e.jy;^9^inJ[ajj|,«j  ji^O  Cantons  of  Paddy 
1;»i(5b!»i5Mt5,cisiii'y^ft?t%4)f^.^p;„ibp  ^^f^r-ijWi^  the  necessary 
.iwi,lfim?n^?,,,9^  hfifljaofl^y,   yj/,.^,^  largejjljoe.^a  Spade, 


the  other  third  at  the  selling  price  of  the  jaay  to  traders. 
The  Paagulus  or  Superintendents  get  the  profit %rone 
third,'^  oeing   the   difference   bet\vefeif^9   DoHal-s^i'S  15. 

^'¥he  'V&'^Mr  after  3   years,   ftig^U^et^age  j^Smftr^feof 
each   frel-irre^(lii^a^W^^nVii?^^e^ 
4^  Catties.     Ahef^fi}ijfgn  years  the  Vines  generally  die# 
Dry   poles  are   mostly   used  for  their  support,  contrary  to 
the   cuj^toiri  at '^Pina'ri^  §nd  ihe  W^st7Gdi|>H'iCR'fc€jfe3he 

-Mangkudu  tree  is  chiefly  planted  for  propping  the  Vines. 
The  gardens  are  kept^het^^iitifully  clean.  Sometimes  the 
NatiTcs  plaat  P^jid^j^  X9j^?55pj  Pube  and  Maize  amongst 

the  Vines.  ^V"h  lo  ooiJ  i^hh-, A -.^fyo  U A      ' 


3^     ^^^Mmh^^lSS:>^^^Mfih<i9JRM^mJ^TJ^W^ 

%r.iW>r^  tf»^  .c}<HiM^lthfepriqBof  the  %/ta&  Gambl^i/'iT|i& 
following!  M  'aiFricertjOluTeht  of  thi  feriiirfpal  iu?lidle|  ofe 

ambier ^  ^.  ......^..50  Drs.  per  Eaxsa  or  Tea- 

Slaves   — ,...^  .»..,.. ..,^30  to  40  each.. 

^;)7o  sifH)'j  J)ni>i'i   orlJ  io  sbis  0J[.'O(j<jo  3fn   rro^ooclq  nonio 

1  obacco  - .  • . ,  ..,...•..-  —  \5  per  Picu!..         •  j  • 

Salt ..,..^,    6     •«  100  Cantons*  / 

P^ura : te     „  Cake. 

Ditto  small ':^.^''4&'/o''^S*i"%^^^  ''*  ''''  ^^*'^^"' 

^^^^ •  -  \^r':!V\riA'^tri^PSm\2^  P^r  Dollar  if  ben 

"  . .  .   ©  ■ 

scarce  and    JO  whea 
•siiioiza  abundant:"^**^^* 

H?pes ,.,.15  to    20  each,  .it         »t  - 

Green  Peas 1 1 ...  TO  per  100  Cantons. 

jjijan..    -...■.,....... .^„  5         LOO 

.45-/hJ    f^     p^      iT "  ■  iiTi'}';!0'        "liMi   ,^  **  ^e  )     injiu]0 

c'TJl^e^^is  an  endless  variety  of  goods  and  manufacturei 
of  differept  descdptions    imported  into  this  country  and 
the    taste  /orj:Eu/ppfi   Cottons  is  daily  increasing.     The 
pnie^iT^^g^pjipd   ?irticles  are  m 
Tiz.  China  Ware  coarse,  consisting  of  Plates,  Cupsand 


Salt,  Irbnmc^igJryy  Titt;^Sabi^i<'Bidtiderbusscs|  Sw^^^ 
Giinpomier,  JiidoMng  Gla$ke<pBnaW>  Plates;:  besides  these 
they  import  Pulica|  SIbtha  with>  handsome  bard er«,  Pa- 
Ifempores,  and  Silk  and  gold  wrought  Cloihs  from   Tringa'» 
no,  Pdleiub  nfi:,.Siacka>jd  Baiubara,  „,^r^ 

The  infet-rtal  ^cotTllniefce  of  the  country  is  very  consi« 

derable,     TrSc^ers     from   Ala«,    Gaioh  Vnd  Sfnkel   aiia 

other  places  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  island  come  ov^r. 
.  ,  .  ...  .............       oopmior 

With    various  commodities,    and  carry    back   a  variety  of 

the  manufactures   enumerated  a')ore,    and  traders  froin 

......  -  -  .mufcp 

Soonghal   carry  up  supplieMo  the  nunjerofts^BaJfft^jstates 
inbud  felx  ur  seven  days  journey,     _  ^^  ^      _  ll^rn^  oiiiQ 

The  duties  at  Soonghal  are  as  follow,  viz.*  ••••*-  -^  -^^^, 

.u'uh^  Oi  •■-  ■':..■ 

Imports.  Exports. 

Salt .  • . .  1  Drs.  per  Coyan. '"   '  Pepper  J .'  ¥  'Dfs', '  per   lOb 

Gantoiis* 

•  '  ^     ^         .     .  -. nfiiia 

Opium    1   „       „  Ball^^        'Gafiibief . .  I     „     „    Laxsa« 

gait  Fish  2  „      „  lOOOIovjWax.^-SJlM-  r-^  ^i  ^anpifc'fil. 

hnn  x^Uiu^yj  Adi  ohii  bt^Jiocjglkres'iaqgl  eachfJ^'^^'^^^^  "^^ 

f»i:T     .^nl'j^oioni   7rixib  ^i  SinTofikct<K<il«l'^p^t'f^ttri*    ^-^* 

po  other -ariicles  of  im]p0it  cocimer^t'hle^HlifFgSabfJ'^Witli 
duljc^j3   cBSJcH  lo   :§alk  cuo^  ,ju£OD  3i/;7/   i^nidD  .at;' 


:C.   ffUYOv)   T(19''3      flOqU      eSTt^'??5=?f=»r>JiliiO      ^flJ    1o    O^iJ     t^ill' 

The  import  and   export    IradeorDelli  is  almost  pre»^ 
cisely   the  same  as  Langkat   and  Bulu    Chitva  and  it  will^ 
'^h3reT6re" be  uhiiece^^^t-y  t6^  r<^peat  the  viridus'' articles  oC 
^  prod iyce> and  €diisuti^t>tfei^^  ^"  ^^''^  '^-'^^    ^iiiiqioniiq: 

The  following  is, a  tame  oFthe  .duties  and  nort-chargea' 

Bi  L/elii*  .    o,  /    .  fv- 

\ODiq  Si  (pdioJ 

Imports. 
All  sorts  of  White  and  Blue  Cloth.  >  ..  T  •  -      .    rr 

;:^y  ud'j' Jfij's iV  l3iV>£3fn'  VflT '  Vu!  'ii^w**'  riKTToU    l\^  i^ 
Salt 4    ^,j^,^  j,^ rovan^;r^ 

N,  B    The  duty  on  Cloths  was  discontinued  for  a  tiin^ 

when  the  Agent  visited  DfiUh^^ 

Exports. 

Pepper :T8.  Di^   p^r  Coyan.^ 

Wax -- 1     „       „    Picul. 

Gambler 10    ^^^""^  Laxsa  or  Ten  TIiousancT 

3«ff)  ?.9lcfn!0?D'i  3'j.»:fq  >iil)   lis  «io   bDirftfe^^'TSfnmoO  s^fT 

?n>§J9"5m^D--,ioldl%§ilP9ro?M?}»fi  moil  ^nmn  sdT 
.lel^ffe^ '|if5,?J*4fioBl  «^<^flliiis3  §nignr;d   egolfilflooin  fjt?S 


I^ORT  Chatiges— Fo§a"^Jit[g|p)al!ars,  a  firig.8  Dollaw 
and  a  Sloop  6  Dollars.  Haifa  Dollar  is  also  charged  for 
the  use  of  the  Gantott*«teaP5ure,  upon  CTcry  Coyan  of 
Pepper.  This  is  a  perqiiisite  of  the  Shabandar  m4  his 
assistant  Nacfcoda  Usool*^ 

principally  Dutch  Pice  of  ^jd^^^^^nd  sups^q^epf^^^^Sj 
al-o  half  pice  of  t^e  English,  East  India. Coin pany,^ 240 
K)  the  Uoliar,  or  20  Lopongs^  each  Copong  ^an  imaginary 
Coin,)  12  picer 


all 


are   the  Catty,   ricuVand   Bhar,   the  Catty  Am  pat  Likur 
or  Sri  ^  Uollars  ^VeiglitV    Tile  naeasurcs  are  the  Cnupah, 


Gintoiiancl  Coyan,  .  '  j.  i^         .1      rr    a     /r 

,j|^.i;(4l^^, ,3,,,,,<i 

,luoi*f     ^p       ,f      f.... yrU 

rUy^^^DOLlT  ni>T   lo  &y/i\\    ^^       ^,     0! . .- TahlmisO 

The  Commerce' car rfed  on  at  this  place  resembles  that 
of  Delli,  Buhl  China  and  Langkat,  though  not  to^iicli 
an  extent.  The  trade  however  is  rapidly  encreWng. 
The  Battas  from  a^jilAce  called^  Dolok,  come ^'Uo^H^fti 
large  parties  to  trade  and  the  A lais  people  com^^Stfrbis 
the  mountains,  bringing  Camplior,  Benjamih^  GP6¥(^^^^^ 


Very.^aillle®ii?diii -i^eofts^inied  %y  the  ^^UUym  pd^ula^ 
tlm'ai/SU^m^l^  but  cbiisider^blc^^fljuiittitiei  at^  idtiortieil 
ta  supjity'-tbe^BattasUii  Ihe  4tileMoi^.HBl^     .oioq«j^ni<i  biui 

ThiB  pricesr  of  the  principal  staples  are  as  lollaws,  viz» 
PemWr  ....  20  Dollars  per  Bhar  or  100  Cantons        / 
Bijan 10    „.  yf  HH>     do/ 

Tob4<il?dflJ.'^.2l0<^Ji*';^^.'^^  ^'ii  barmolpiclrt^niidi^da  arlT 

It  IS  ditDcult   to  form  any  correct  estimate  br  trie  re* 
vemies  of  the  llajahw'io'^hi!  (iUtiei^  al-^-Tery^liWdbddSra* 
blfc'-'Vii.^'QH      ,?l-jc4   Tojl'o   oil)  if>    ?ri  9<iju>  oH)  ^ib    r^-rn? 
o93uii:^  Pepper  ll  Drv^'pei^^DGr'QantonsP'^^'^'^  noitdn^ 
Slaves       1     „    each.  .hianuD  ^^i^ii  o)  ociii  ^lu 

but  it  was  in  conlemplatioa  to  charge  duties  at  Kampong 
Bcdar,  Dorian  and  Kaliaiiibir  on  Pepper,   Rice  and  Sak« 

BATUSARA. 

^ho^x^io^b  ffanni  yi^ /  <fifl    nmls^A   lo  DaiommoD   sdT 

V  :JiIih0)  pro4«ctiQ|isiKof  .B^tubara  are:  very  trilling,  i  Salt 
lEi^h^qd  Silk  Clothe  are  the  ^ principal  fexports^^  Opiuiu, 
abou^  ZQ ; . Vh^siflof]  China  rastiSilk  .and  a  large  quantity 
.qf.Salt^^  CJptl?^  9f :  various,  de^^niptions  ahd.nianufacfures 
.^!PlfercAP-i^i9?^J?i[ISVioiisly  d^^Uited  its  imported  into  Bula 


and  Singapore.  Maiiyu.Jofjhe  jMhijibuam^lbAVjB^^CfiuiBiw 
lated  coii<!ideral)le  wealth  and  are  the  owners  of  sereral 
la rffe  Vessel Sr     b,la«!es and  Horses  are  brought  down  lioai 

the  interior,  in  coAsiderable  nuinoers,       >>,  .  ,r 

Vvji^     v.^i  ,j,  ,jj     Ul  . . . »  -  .iii.(^ia 

The  vShaband^r; informed  the  Agent  to(thePinairg,C[jDtt 
vernnien^  ,tjT%tiherej^are  not  less  than  600*' rridiittg  J?fji^W4 
belonging  to  the  port  of  Batubara,    ^     ^    ,r     t^..      .  ,, 

:-j.  Bi^lubaraii^'ajfee  pprt^:an^  th^'Coin^,  weights  ^ndjnKwi^ 
snres  are  the  same  as  at  the  other  ports.  6y.  a.l^le^tf^ 
giilation  hov^everj.Sjpcgr  Rupees  halfyand  q^iia^tqi^  Rupees 
are  also  to  pass  current.  .rfaeD    ^^      [       '^jm\?» 

ASS  AH  AN. 

The  Commerce  of  Assahan  ha?  very  much  decreased, 
compared  wifh  whnt  it  formerly  was,  but  there  are  still 
ji!)out  80  Prows  of  "different  sizes- !)el6ng!Pgt<vthQ  ObliTitry 
engaged  in  conrejing  the  proditcei^of  tlie)  ci'ii^ti'y '^to^f fiTe 
liritidh  Settlement*,  iiMPatAccaarl^  t'hfe 'ad|^lliift|  Malb'y 
States.  Many)iPraw^^ frbm^^Sattf fikw  fJeq'rfeftP  iSk^lih , 
to  procurev  Rt^i/aiftl  WUd.^  X^^mm'ikn'i^^f^x^'tm^ 


of  Salt,  Q^"j9p?,^9^^aijs^|blu«iari(f  white- Cfotftfi^jfertthe^ 
consumption  of  the^^^^jps^mtfie  iittexio^  fnjt  luaaji^ii/lie? 
article-,  such  as  \^\j^\)Q€n  desciij^cj,  tO-be^i|ij<l?q/^xeiit7iita. 
Delli  and  oilier  i^l^p^sjare  alsa  caxried  to.  As^alwn^(5('J'he 
exports  are  ,000i    .^       „     i^fy^fl^geiwy^fi^fMm^i 

Kayu  Lakar  or  D)^^  Wood  ^^-    ^Ji^jp^C /^i^kneM 
Kattans    4     •     '  t^^r    •f     ^^f       «  if>>^^*      oQ     ^ 

Pulse -    -     l^cbn^  4i)0iGa.0,|onj^.. 

Paddy     ^^"i^i>Oi    IP'l^''^  hl3^\25Ao^d^i     . 
Rice     -     -     -  .!*Di'4^  ^r    n    -^l-     ^  h%iUtn5iitid     i 
Wax     -     -     -     -,f«  y^    ,T     S2^    ^oPiiuIiJO^BiCT 
Mats  (Bidei)  large   .ioi  i^  ^--^  12     -  „  Corgei^.a^ioM 
Horses    iSii3'U)!£Ji  l&.i(wj    s^jq    \0  lo  20  eachiP' J^/oiT 
Slaves  (Womer>)'''^iii  isq  •.      4tt  cacK'i>*J^dul  lijjfi^ 
Do.  (Children)     -     -_:l_i   20      j. 
Do.  (Men  Old)     -     -""-"^    12  to  15v 
The  duties  are  as  undi|4C}AI8 
Imports, 
Salt     -     -     -     2  Drsr  pfef  Coyan. 

ST}  01  P*3.*?^o  "nff "/r  ^o  doty,  but  the  purchase  moubpolizej 

i)3m[;Exfo^y^  ^c^^.jI)  -z:!!?  ]k  b^••fo^|^^i  yfl/jiiiinn  i?ti>  lo  vnt 
}Oi'^dy,^rro'l-0:)t.i:  ^  Pl^..pefoFpyftPffKiiS'i'i^  3di  vd 
.!/i'JiiC9  Iff  i:]^)i\y  CCl^o  akiitiv/cpi  i%ni  Al'iH  7/in  lo  >)-0{r) 
^iSlUves-ifff  l(r  Jm.!=   !^.>^acb.,hl98    bloO  1o    no<|zo    orlT* 


Do.     .Wh4^   ff       ^^H     „-     -„  -^-     -     .     ^(irJ)fiK    • 
Fishirtg^liiitk  and>01     -     ...     .     .     .     a^Iu^I 

LakaIWO(KlI    ,t     -  ^1"    ^    ly  Picul,  -     -     .     soiiC 
Dragou^j^jlldcH^     -€f     „    ^t  -« -     -     -     -     xkY/    • 

HorseaoBwO-,,  -     2\    ^,,  ^acb.   o;g-N;l  (igLlfl)  sJuM 

Trowser^j/jL.^)'::: -,1  ?2f  per  ceiit  ad  valorem,   go^ioH 

Batta  Tobacca!j,-5   ^^.      5t  per  Picu|*,3i„o7/)  ?97fi!8    ' 

,-       08     -     ^.     .-     .     (n^iMirl'))    oG 

v€l   o)  21    .     -     .     -     (hlO  nsl/.)   loCf 

*rTfiO'n/.I 

?.  ■  In  former  times  \then  30  or  40  large ^BtiWeVe'l^r^ows 
richlj  laden  and  many  Ships  and  Brigs  froTn  Javli,''t;t)ro- 
inandel  and  other  places  used  to  frequeiu  SiSSK^bVery 
year,  the  coinniVrVe  \raS'^vfery''^con^idera1>!e^^  ^Plife^  ijfran- 
tity  of  Salt  annually  imported  at  that  time,  itai^^'e/t^Anated 
by  ihe  Pangiran  at'1000  Coyans  or  2500  Tons,  1JW*^00 
Cheats  of  raw  Silk  and  upwards  of  fOO  Cheats  of  Opitm. 
The  export  of  Gold  seldom  felf  short  of  threfePhiul^ 
weight  ia  a  yeaJ:i^^'4'H6'Cou£lry  still  possesies  the  fi&me 


4f^    .?5J^«^  «6  Mfeo^'ViASGafi^v^SNttS****^!* 
nnder  proper  management  and  |)oli(ical  interfer^f^^tc^Cl^ 

4?^f?''?,Vi^?i!^A*n**/  P;f§Rl?/rfe^^i?>  %?.'fi*?alfef'9Sii^tep  fm^ 

If  iney  were  locarrv  this  into  e^^pt^  the  whole  countnr 
\vould  he  under  their  comroui,  li.isto.be  hoped ,iiaw^ 
ever,  the  British,  Government  will  ,no4.  be  so  iitterlvin- 
attenliFe   to  its  own   jrne   interests   and  will  snppoBt  its 


.»Tr 


ing  any  deitiement  or  interierins:  iiV  tuQ^ 

oh  V-     i^iu^niti'x)  ,f  >f     v\  ^r/iit.  .ou 

internal  adiilinistratlon  orthe  coui^try,  though  ihey  ar^/ 

at  _prerect  lihertT  to  .UadepU|jon  the  same  fair  anq^eg^^j^ 

table  terms  tKat  we  aow  do^  -    7   ♦      n  ^ 

Ahhough  the   trade  oT  Siack   has   been  so  ipterij^lly) 

circumscribed  within  the  last  fifteen   jears^  iherp  isj^tjii^|l.r 

very  considerable  commerce;  their   Vessels    P»P<^9^[^>Bg^[3 

with   the    produce  of  the  country^,    in   great ^j^mb^r^Yf^ij 

Malacca  and   Singapore   and  a  few  occasionally. visji^'ngf^ 

Pinang.     The  principal  exports  of  the  state  are^  Rajttan^^^ 


•a»"siV*«J'«S''ttfB-'ii«'f''<5dAVr  iV  ixi'iiWK&^-    #■ 


curfarris-'Kaib  b=;ijilK'iif'toiV.ie'BFd(r,i'WoiW;' K^^^^ 


and    lub§,   Juvi  Tohacco,  -  prccWfis  Stones;  from  Cevloo, 
and  other  places  tot  Kings  and  ornaments,  Guupowjer. 

in,  i\lu«Ket.s,  bwivels  and  Opium.       ,x     .  .  wt 

'fvi*L'h^'i*{?  < '  ?d  ^^Uorj,  1117/  JifonunsvoiJ   n^nunU    on)  ,1975 

J  he   duties  oT  biack    are  oa  .  , 

tU    1jt.of.m(>:>.    I\i7f   hn/5    sJ^gisliil    anil    n7.'o    ?:3f  o)    s/hris))/? 
iMWitTS  Exports. 

pium  .  .20  Drs.  per  Vhe<L     Gahru  J.25  Drs,.pcr  PjciP* 


5     „  ,.  r>ago . . . .  »     ,,     „  t'oyao« 

Jnnks  of  j  ^  .  , 

..f^.  •  i4>l  jpii:   3Jt)g  oilllo  8Jioqx3  ii;<|ioi!i-iq  odT     .^.<iiif>lT 


M        RELATIONS   OF   THE'SSiwGi  GOVBftNMfiNT- WfTH- 


Rl  !ftMPfi:.?PMi  ^!t\oal^Ui^^^)  |i3->inl/i  srH>^t  )i;,i<iu«^ 

^snoiib/  Tflh)  iltrw  f!^itj8«)il'  bsti!inT:j*iii  bf>»>  oJol«  &«ff»  /»«  wotm 

^^^''Pd'dbiht  Srf  ^Man-'AtdulJaliil^^^^^H^^^ 

Endrapoora    and    Depeadenoies    settled    bif     M(ijf)r 
ioiVMiiiiatn,  FaKqu(iar^^R^sJd^Hof^.M^  ffl  ^yiflue^ 

-i)UqJ^  iFotjilsrs  delegated  iQ/^  him^by,  Uie  HpnorMc^^J^/im 
^'^^^Ai^icahder  Rannerman\^  Governor  of  Prince  of  JFc^esi 
'^^^^sldiiddniiHtsDependenciesii  V'^  ^^  fcoivnur) r  ^{1  i©  ., 

Arlitle  1st.-  -^'^^^^  ^'''  "^^-   I 


J 


9iii)ject'  t^r  ms  Mnjesty  the  Sultan-  of  Si'iM  S^t-^i^fe^jJidfi  Sfl 
the  pfiviteger  and  advantages,  whtch  are  iio\v,  oriuay  at  any 
time   lycieafter  Ire  granted  to  the  subjects  of  the  most  faio^ed 

IslatioQS;^  ,„r«.«,,.,-^ 

Article  ^rd^'  > 

The   Vessels   and  Merc1iandiz&  btilonging  to  t1>€  Subjecfs  of 

His  Maj'  sly  the  Siiltan  pf^iarJc-,3/V  J?"^''*P**^*'*  *^'*'*  alwayf 
receive   similar  advatitagcs' and ^prtvi lege*   in  (he  Uarbour  of 

Fort  Cornwallts,  and  in  all  other  places  depeudeut  oa  the  Bri- 
tish Government  of  Prince  ^MVal<es  Island. 

Arficle  4tb. 

Tils   Majesty  the  Sultan  of  3iick,  Sit  Etidrapoora,   shall  not 

r^Piiew  any  obsolete  and  interrupted  Treaties  with  other  Nations, 

*'i>*iiblt^'^^Boaie?-<y^  iiSarvtdu'all;  tfi^  FrbVl^*x>n»>  ot OwbtitUan^ 

''irt'  Vrfy  degreV  feiid  to  exclude  o?  obstrict  tlre^tyAd^.^f/^R^itish 

^  SuBjects;  i*h6  farlher'  shall  not  be^tiirthcned    vvitJi  ^nj^^^ifpyosi- 

, lions  or  duties^  not  levied  ou  the  subjcctai^of^tJ^g^^Stal^^^^';?^ 

'"-'  rtV  Maffesf^-  l^e'  Sultaii^^ir  Siiik^^Srr '  BfiaVap^or^  RHher 
engages  tliat  hW  M^i'l  ap\)il  tt(^  pr^tencd  >*hafe^'er  gr>j6\t  ^AMo- 
nopcVly  of  any  Articles  of  Trade  or  CommyditiesjtbQip/Qducc 
of  his  Ferrilories  to  any  Person^  or  Pefaou5^;^JS.^^o.fte^l^.^^a^e- 
f  kau  of  Native^  ,^j^j   .^1^;^.^  .r- 

,  ,_  It  ,is  0n^ny  declared  .that  this  ^Treaty,  which  accor^dingto 


44  Appekdis;^ 

Frierdsliip  of  <1i«  two    Slates;    and  securing  iBe  libertt   of 

commerce  and  oavigation    between    tlieir  re^pecrive  ^huscl^ 

;.rrr  ,xMiii;^  i^l  n;  '"■• -rr' .TO    ^'f-.^    \  \;\    'frj-  "  ;>  -:(<!    t'^.-'.^^ 

to  tiie  mii(iia{<  advantage  oF  bo|h,  sliall  last  forever*  ^ 

'  i'b^    •     ',  7a:Ij  1;  Til  ."."•  u   f' :;ii  to   ¥)>iir.\i     '  f  'Jfo.tf,       .'.         . 

Ill   token' of  Irolh  and, for  Ihe,  8ali8faction,orbo(h   partiesl 

ive  nave.  ner.euptQ  affixed  our  Sigiia^urc»  and  SeaU  at  Hukife 
BaMoo,  ill  the  Kingdom  of  Si^cfc,  thiV  Thirty  (ifsl  day  of  tha 
IVlooib  of  Aifgiist,  in  the  Year  of  our  Lord  1818^  aiisweriog  to 
the  Twenty  Seventh  day  of  _the  JNionth  Sawal^  in  the  year  of 
the  Hfgira  1233. 

SEAL  ^  "^ \  .    CHOP  ^^  ^*'^'^' 

Major  Fajquhar.  the  King  of  Siackci 

(Signed)  Wm.  Far^uhar,.;  V^  1!'^^*  """'''■     '''\r" 

Maior  of  Ei»e;ineer«,       m  ,            rr'    /   '    '       . 

Itesidentof  Malacca           .,.  .,              ,      .^,     *, 

and  Coiniuissioiier  on    ■      ,  ,      ^    '    .  ,^      ,    ,,        t 

the   part  of  the  Bit.  . 

.'      :,.  riitiv  ^  «  '»j'l  ij-i'V   saionirao^    odi   d^oicxni    «>)  >u«>ih-3h 
lish  GoveromeuC        ,      ,  .         .    ,        .         ., 

i       .•*iiJijni*l  oii^S  l'»  ■'•'•i'>^gi^J^»L^  'Jji>^  ;»  oai9^iv;i3  eiiU  ^j|,tf^ 
1'.?  r  J.'^i'jiii  biuoifa  T)A.'i>4  i!>d.'o  Mii  ;  v  ^iMiiQ  5fh,|A  ,*^*r  .. 

CHOP      TR^ys£jTToJ^qt  and  ikp^^^einf^nCrespeclii^^^ 

ku  Sultan  -^  ^  DelU^  and  the  Bulla  Counlry.  ^    ■    •   l*^ 

Tanglima    of      We  theTiianko  Sultan  Panglima  v\bo  goveio  the  Kingdomr 

Delli.         of   Delli^^ij^^  |he  ^reat    Batia   Rajah    Scbaya  Linga  give  ibis 

c-        #  ^engagement  to  Mr.    Jjhn   Anderson,  Agent  to   the  Governor 

oigna*iire    ot    -  .-j  .        .  «•■♦• 

the  Rajah  Si-"^  ^"*''il,^("*^?-;  i^^  *f^'^.l*?/?.!fiS!^        desire  of  the  Governor 

bi;a  Liuga.   «f  ^Pinang  f^bat  smalV,  Dollarg.^?^^^^^^ 


Appendix*    '  .*  45 

•  * -'  .    *  .    • 

ni  nifuTeraTid  we  reqnest  tnat  Mr.  John  Anderson  will  ac« 
qnaifitf  the  GPovernor  of  tli^  isamcf,  on  Iyis  return  to  Pinana:,  And 
give  notice  to  the  Mercnatils  of  that  piaee,' that  they  roav  bring 
%r   seiib  siiiaU   Dollars  ta  UelTi  and  Bmu  (Jhina,  tor  the  pur- 


1  c" 

Ittt^NSt^tidn   of  an   Engagement  frlh    the   Sultan 

Ad ve'ftin^  to  the  letter  from  thr  governor  of ^ulo.I^iang,        CHOP 

*   brotrgfit  bf   Mr,  Anderson,  I   TnanlEo  I'uflan'  (>ang^^^^ 

■  t     tt'      ,  #  fv  n-      ,  .p>JfJii^/i   Join-Jbi^MH  Panglinia    of 

Corvern   the  Kinfijdom  of  iJellfandirs    iJependenciPAAf  Lanar-         n«ii: 
■•  f  .         w  ^^<^»  ifjn\»ufti(ijruo  J  Ddil     o  i-reiu, 

..Rat,  Bull!  CIrina,   Perchoot  and  other.  States,  ^being  extremely 

desrrocis  to    rnrprove' (he    eommercc  with  Pulo  Pinanff  and  to 

preserve  a  friendlj  relation  with  the  Governor  of  that  place, 

make.thrs  engagement  with  thfrX^m ernor  of  Pulo  Pinang. 

ht.   If  the.  Dutch'ofanj  other  Power  should  request  a  Set- 

tiement  at  DelN  or  any  of  the  pPaxes  subject  to  my    authority. 


fl 


4^ 


4fm9if.-. 


remler  them  every  aiJ  in  difficunj,   io  m-der  tTiere  may  tie  an 
cxteusiye  trade  aud  Hat  iVlercbauts  maj  Qnck  iov' utuubers  to 

4ib.   I  sliairrntrcnruce  tlieciirrencj  ofj|tRay.\D»nai'9  inlatbii^ 
Cuuutiv.    Dat^d  1238,  iu  the jear  Jim.Jih  J,eii|.%dU-Akhir>r 

i*i^l^yi    '\'^  i.:>iiii  :w*.tl    J   \u*fif^h(  f^     vl         yA.  ^{^r  '<•'  M<:«oTd  y^   nni^  • 

TB,iNsr.JTioj^  of  ct  Letter  from  tne  Sultan  Besar  of\ 

^irdang  to  /Atf  Honorably  fV^^  ^^.. .  P/iUli^^^,  f^ep^f^o^^.^ 

(^JPulp  Pm^ngf^rf  ,,;,,r|   «.   ,*..;,  v-,-  S^.r^  hp-?  o5   tm..!  tf 

Signafure         Ibave  received   id}'   friend'*   i*'t)ef  b^^J^w  Agviit^iMr»«Jf'l'^5lii' 
of  llie  Sultan  ^„j^jfS(,D»  \*iib  ibe  hi":bcst  satisfaction.     Mv  fiicMid    ad\erU» 
^  **,  "  ill  that  IctCer,  to  tbe  commerce  bct\vecu  Sirdaiis  and  Pulo  Fi- 

Bang  and  expresses   a  wisb  for  its  prosperitj  and  a«  ciicreaseQ  / 
coinmunication  between  tbe  2    Countries,    -it  Will  afford  roe 
infitijt^  gratification  Ao   belc  on  terms  of  amity  wkh'.mj  frrend 
and  to    see  an  extensive  trade   between  my  count r^^  andPttla* 
Pinang  and  I  will  not  enter  into  any  commercial'  Contracts  or- 
exclusive   engagements    wiib  any  other  country. :    1  wish    t^ 
inajjce  arfangeraeots  with  tbe  Merchants,  of  jKuIo  .pinang,  and 
"irbatever  Merchandize  passes  out  of  tbi|   Kingdom  I  intend  , 
io^  send  to   Pulo    Pinang.     On  tbe  subject  of  commerce  gene«>i- 
raljjv,.!  h2L\t   communicated  ^at.  length    and    freely  >%ith  rajr  - 
friends  Agent^   Mr.  John  Anderson,  and  acquainted  him  with' 
all;  the  acjjjcles  of;; Merchandize  suitable  for  tbe  demand  iu  ihts'i 
country  and  ^  itb  regai-d  to  my  revenues  and  duties#    <**  -ci'«^'^    -  - 
Dated  18th  of  Jemadel-Awal,  1^J28;  Friday.  .bi:v:.»4 


A  p'Mifiiir^  4^ 


s-si;i: 


ai  ^d  T»OT  o^.orfJ  Tjln^  C3i     'K<^.;'8yi  "J   Liu  v^j7?s»   oidil)   i'^!>«di 

TR^S^SLJTioif  of  an   Engagemeni    IransmiUed   byMhel 

>Vh!*  resji'eiet'to  ihc'l^uei't^^^  .  CHOP 

Pina  g,  brortgfit  by  his  Ag^uCMf.    Anderson,  I   have  laken  of    KrjoriiaQ 
fhc  sirhj^Htofit  into  corfsidcratHii  and  have  had  a  full  ex  pla-  ^y^*   ^^k'^t!^ 
mition    regarding  the  commerce  6 f  Lingttat,  wiih  Mr.  Ander-  ' 
son.     Heine:  extrenieiv  desirous   to  cultivate  a  more  lotimattt-s 
correspondence  V? I th   the  Goveriwir  of   Pulo   Pinan^,    and. .to 
ciic^oifr^^Mraders'fjdm  that  pfacc   to  come  for  Lanorkat^  I  acn 
indifced  to  send  the  Governor  of  Pulo  PinaiVg'llic  Ti»^lowi>»g 
engagement    for  the'pftirprtse  of  strengthening  and  perpetuattnj^ 
the  frbrids^ip  and WrcairtirecomiiiunicaltOD  with  Puio  Pihansr. 

Ist.  I   Will  niaKe  no  exclusive  contracts  with  the  Dutch  or  ;  "^  "    ' 

i  5.;:  *i  ',  -f-  ■'f^-.    '•'-    ■•'■•'  ^  ■•   :■' ■^■-■'-''^    ■  ^'-^   '■•\:      .  -  •■•       '  =  ^^  ^,;. 

any  other  Government,  my  iatcntioa   and   wish   is  to  trade  as., 

Sod.  Any  traders  from  Pinang  shall  expefienCc^v^ry-a*^'^^ 
sistance  from  me  Ihut  they  may  have  nodifHculties^  and  tliat '^ 
Merchandise  may  be  imported  iutound  dxporied  from  Laiigi^"^ 
kut  and  PiUang  without  ii)terruptionu>iw  .  fchmii^^H^n'j   tuieiiljAj. 

3rd.  Th^i'cluties  of  Langkal^  are  fixeJ-as  folIowsJ^Vli" 'Pep: '' 
per  2  Dollars  per  100  Gantons,  Rattans  50.Pice  or-i  a^Dotfa^' 
per  100  Bundles,  Salt  4  Dollars  per  Coyan,  f<ice  8  Dollars'^er 
Coyan;  and  no  mwre  shall  be  charged  upon  these  or  ^aWy  otheir 
article!)  of  Trade.   Or  Europe  Cloths^  Opinmj  &c.  n'o'dtity  will  ' 
be  charged,  and    whosoevier   pleases'  msiy   hflnganti'selHh'^ui^^. 
in  Langkttt,   fts  it  .is^.  my  ^desire  Jto  eucOiira'geaa^i^ii^lea'grvd^'' 


>PlldBBiJ^s  to  fttciHiafe  ib^fTr^^jbut  *b»H^* i^otletilcdJyfeliit} 
^i^iilo  IijlHpoi  i6.tf5h7B5bdT?w£»  l!«ds  1     ,:?^*ii3  yiB*9id  /y^jjin 

^sw  WB  f  h  ."        •1i«»'M>a«j>r  Ifi'i.iJn^.  vy  r>l{>  tjfi-ff  Imir  5t  ♦nig   tr'm. 

A\i^^4ii-J^^i^.J^f^^f'*^'M^m  King  ojxi Siaek^i^iMkfixHmYfm 

AFTBa  JV  .VBaiK   COMPLIMBNTABY    lHTRaDCCXia»;r-. 

CHOP      ^.bjyjAy  ray  friend  be  informed  that  Hitb;regard;toJ?^:/a»vor  or 
*^^^S^ ^k ^ ^^  friendFy    coinmiinicatioh    brought    b^.j >iip,;Age«»t  J^f ,.  J4»^ii 

-^81'^/^;  **  :J;**^\?*J?f^  !*^  my^baiKls  in  safel^^aiMJ  .^  ^If^Ani^  ^^ 

*   ^'itb  thai  Ceremony  due  and    usual  a4noni^»t  Malay  Kiiifi^t. 

t  opened  its  envelope  and  perused  with  care  its    contents^  *  which 

J  perfecily  comprehend.     Moreover^   my    friend    ba^  deputed 

(o  mean  Agent    Mr.   J-ohn  Anderson,  to  communicate  with  me 

and  devise  plans  for  epeouruging  the  .Trade  between  the  Coun^ 

"tries  of  Siack  and  Pulo  Pinang.     J  reel  extremely  gratified  by 

IlliiV^pF^of^t niyTrl^Ind*^^  attentioni^tid'good  will,  aijfJ^:i-  rely  upi>» 

-ki^\,>^t^t^nce  to  me  in  case  qf  difficulties  eorarng  upjoi^.  me^ 

Further  in   regard  to  all  the  Countries  and  States  |bat  are  Tri- 

butarv  to  Slack,  I  will  give  order*  to  them  and  to  aFI  the  No^ 

aUiykm,^di*'Cora^  of  Vessels  who   an^  in  the  bab'it  of 

fu /.  )  ^'^I^Jjjj^r'^^^j^j^j^lj^j,^ lljefya^ocations ^s^ heretofore/  nor  wilM rij. 

'^tefVu^tC^iiVt.'b^d^/'theibHfroai  going  where  they  j^lease^ibnPl- 

:      fiang  or  any\)lbeepfe«5«i''afid  J  s^iiH  belbappyi'td^serf^my  (fiend's 

N3l9Cinlt^^obi^6tt3  {^oipd^Oiii  lan^  ^lieqQ^t^di'jbjbul^^^ 


ij^ji 


Aiii^iQW  itmi'skUor  the  kifeTtroorsc  wtlt  bts  muC(ial-&d?lrf^lhe 
proteclioA  of  niy  friend  and  that*  tlrere  itisy  be  nc^ 'Ce^altoii  of 
cominonicatbnf  between  Piiid  Pinkf»g'an<1^8ia€k;i4!iaTray  btarl 
may  beat  case,  T  shall  neVerJbe  careless  or  fbrgetful  of  my 
friend,  and-furtbef  with  regard  tamy  present  circumstances  . 
it  is  posiiib^e  the  Dutch  may  attack  me;  for  Malacca  is  very 
near  Siack-and^  thai  Govefnrtient  is  powerful  and  I  am  weak, 
(literaly  h^  ^^d^6ft  )ihd  t  tli^^^re'place  my  firm'^  rcliince 
upon  my  Ui^ud  ahd^  thfe  ErngfisR-^'GirverViViierit.  1  baVe^  partr- 
cularly  t^  rVqile?T  my  friend  tduejjlyVto'this'lettc^  forthvdth^ 
to  shew  his  intentions  and  disposition  towards  me,  in  order  that 
my  mind  may  be  at  ease.  I  have  given  Mr.  John  Anderson  an 
letigageriient^  rdatU e  tb  trade  wtiilh  he  wilbishew  tb  my  f^ieiid.'^  "^  ^ 
A  sWn^^rciient'rn  leiurrf  folr'thos^t)  relented  to  him;  'brTMn'i  '^  ''^'Y^J'^^ 
^'  '  Dlitea-  ll\\^%tili^4Mond4  ai'rOo'Cl<;cIt  inihiroth. 
ilooDyiu  tbe^eaf   1^8»    ,.     ,  ,      ^ 

.     0.  «»f-j  i /•   ?/5f><J  t^bii'T  'j'N^'^ifiMO'-VJa  ■'■■'^    '  <'q  »e!/'>b  bdi; 
-^«;i^  vj-xnaitxs  ['^r'    f      >jM£i»*l  ^  !r 'I    '>n£  /1^Kl^*  to  wilt 

3^^iv^r^7«/0N  ^  an  Engagement  presented  by  the  King 
qfSiacR^loMr:&ohn'Jindersanj  Jgent^  to  th^'  Govet^ 
fi-^r  ^  Pi/fo  Pmong.  "  ^ 

The  letter  from  the  Honorable  William  Edward  Phjllins,       CHOP 
Governor  of  Pnlo  Pinang^.of    which  bis  Agent^.. Mr.  Joha  of^^^.  K""Sof 
Anderson,  had  the  charge^   duly  reached  His^^Maj^^tyjwhq  .it 
seated  on  the  Throne  orSiack,  and/Xespecting  all  that  is  tb^fe-* 
in  coiitaibed  relating  to  the  ^ood  Willr  of  the  Qofecdor^f  ,Pulo 


i§0  A:^paiMbii4^ 

•<*bm)exk)ii8    lidwcen  Siack '  fend  Piit<i'  Pirtatig^  His  'Mttjestj f'^i» 
impressed  with  the  greatest  sat»fa€tion^'^bje(£a6'^€p  Sia^k-iaticf^iili* 
Dependencies-  vi4ll  4hereb>r^beconKii|ia[^ai<m^,acid2 there  .vwltll  be 
H  ^bnthidt  and-  beacficial'  i»t6rcourte  iwiih^Pit^skg^^^y^het^oih- 
Ilti  Magi'stj^  in  concert  with  his  CbleFi^liii  the  T«d«ikoiF?n^ 
1  iiai'  B c:  sia f; ■  th  e   Dat u  &pi  B  ij  i  \V  a«g«av-  the*  >  Dat»=  Mah a raj4^ 
Lela\M'udk"and  tlie  Tuan  Imautrt-  Hiir^^ohfiiii»ed  ttfe  T'i'eatjr 
ioWnerlpgl ven  to  ColUnfel  ■  Far(j.trhar,'  "Xgent^of  i ^lie  i^Govferiwfjr 
of  Pulii  Pinang:  and  irt   addition  to  that^  Hi<  >  Miajest}'  and  thV 
5  Gliicfs  above  named  make  the  foil o wing  engagettFQnClafldi.sftiid^' 
ill  to  the  (Governor  of  Pulo  Pinang,  for  thepwT4)08e  ofstrengtlfcr 
/JMiftfeL:l»i»d,  perpetuating  (heir  reciprocal  Trieud*hi[).iiaild  i|.ha|^ 
there  may  be  no   change  or  variation  in    the  couDexi^Oribet^ieea^- 
%ckaiid  Pqlc)  Pinang  for  e\er,andc>;er..,.,j^l/r  ,m   jj  ^.g 

'^i.lst.  His^  Majesty  and  the  5  Chiefs  will  not  grant  tfi*  Dut^b^ 
or  anj  other  Nation  a  Settlement  or  pernlit  them  to  hoist  theif 
Colours  or  reside  at  Stack  or  any  place  under  i^iDomfnioiuur. 

2nd.  !Iis  Majesty,  atid  Chjefs  will' not  interrupt  or  prevent 
any  Noquedahs  of  Vessels  or  Traders  from  going'toPi«ang' 
and  will  not  give  any  orders  to  trade  solely  with  Malacca^ 
bnt  they  shall  be  at  full  liberty  to  follow  their  own  iocIinatiooS' 
and  proceed  io  Pinang  as  heretofore. 

3rd.  There  shall  be  no  interference  with  the  Chiefs  of  tbr 
States  tributary  to  Siack,  and  they  shall  also  have  full  power 
io  enter  into  any  negotiations  or  make  any  engagements  witb 
Pinang,  which  shall  not  be  liable  to  be  altered  or  varied  bj 
His  Majesty  and  the  Datus,  and  the  Chiefs  shall  be  at  libertjr 
to  trade  with  Pioang  as  they  please. 


Trade  at  JSiack^Mniefitiu^  jjyiihM^Ji > ^cf^d^sfi^i  cither  ^(^ere;,,^^  ^ 
^ea,  Hi&JMaja^^}^an4  the  Gbiefs^  fiogagc  |p  fender  ^ver^.  (|>Q^^?f|- 
h\e  ja8sbla:Tjj;e;!  to^-eiiable  Jhena  (0  iHitijtrQiiu  safety  t<^jf in^ngrtjjf 
r^  ,:j6tl|ii.  t^'hc^>4^|ti<&s^^  established'  oiT  imports  from  PiuaQg.  or  ex« 
ports/ frOii^(;SiaEck' are  fixed  bj  a  list  delivered  to  JVJfrp.j«)[yl^i| 
iAndersonandlttiey: shall  not  be  altered  a;;  varied;  ;,,;'i  oluS  ^> 
*  74h.  Bis  Majcsijand  Chiefs  will  not^  countcnancror)  peKditt 
anj  Piratesto  remain  in  Siact  or  i(s  Dependenci^j  bUtoliiil 
turn  thena  out  ici  Older  that  the  Trade  between  Slack  aUdiPut* 
Pijiang  may  SottrfelMi    *•-  ?v  „   -:        .  »  >d  yjini  suci) 

-  "^    .'Stfti'lf^JJis  Majesly  or  his  Country  sliall  De  invotvetf  irif  tfrfi 

ficultyjtieN^ill^ive  notice  to  the  Gkjvernorofr  Pul6  PiiiUn^  £ud 

i        Ws!^  is^istiihcc  aivd  Mvice,  »<>  ;  ^       jru/ii^vW    .;[}(>  7. iii  io 

I-    .^      ^  '      .  . ' 

{  Such  i^  the  engageu^ent  of  the  King'  of  Siack  aadi  bit <  Chleft 

it         i  '.  ,       ■       , 

i   .    :»eut   ip  (he  Governor  of  Pinang,  /IgojclYl   feiH   ,hji§ 

Dated  the  i^lh  R&jap  io  tKe  year  f 238; lo  iil.h'dwpoA  /n« 
-^Tr:  iyh; i<- liJi/?  tItIob  .-•>^-  oJ  £T>hn>  ^(hb  ovI^  h>n  iiiv.^  Ixiu 
.-i;iui>Bnif^ni   hwo  ^bt!;  V  i^ilul  o)  ^r- '^'?il  jful  )r  y^i  lUtU-  voih  JimI 

"  ,9iol(;l'ii.i!  ;;'  J  «;i  bo'j'xnq  bne 

^d    bt)n«/    Tt^  ..4.,sil  3«1  )o(i  IjiifisM'jId^/  .^jifldlH 

«?hodil  Jii-t)0    liiidd  ftiji'iJ  tj/fj  i)iji5,  su^bCI  ad)  bnc  vJ^ioinl/' ^i  H 

o3fefit)iq    (,3jil   es  ^iifiai^  dJi//  ^bjj;-J  ol' 


53 


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